2. 表面缺陷的種類、原因、外觀特征和極限
2.1 裂縫 Cracks
裂縫是一種清晰〈結晶體〉的沿金屬晶粒邊界或橫穿晶粒的斷裂,并可能含有外來元素的夾雜物。裂縫通常是金屬在鍛造或其他成型工序或熱處理的過程中,由于受過高的應力而造成的,也可能在原材料中即存在裂縫。當工件被再次加熱時,通常由于氧化皮的剝落而使裂縫變色。
2.1.1 淬火裂縫 Quench cracks
原 因 |
淬火裂縫通常是不規則相交、無規律方向的呈現在緊固件表面。 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 任何深度、任何長度或任何部位的淬火裂縫都不允許存在。 |
2.1.2 鍛造裂縫和夾渣裂縫 Forging cracks and inclusion cracks
原 因 | 鍛造裂縫可能在切料或鍛造工序中產生,并位于螺母的頂面或底面上,或頂面(底面)與對邊平面交接處,夾渣裂縫由原材料固有的非金屬夾渣而造成。 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 |
a) 貫穿支承面的鍛造裂縫不應多于兩條,其深度也不得超過0.05D; b) 延伸到螺孔内的裂縫不應超出第一扣完整螺紋; c) 在第一扣完整螺紋上的裂縫深度不應超過0.5H1。 D——螺紋公稱直徑;H 1——螺紋實際牙高,H 1 = 0.541P;P——螺距。 |
2.1.3 全金屬有效力矩型鎖緊螺母的鎖緊部分裂縫
Cracks in the locking element of all-metal prevailing torque type nuts
原 因 | 全金屬有效力矩型鎖緊螺母的鎖緊部分裂縫,可能在切料或鍛造或收口(壓扁)過程中產生,并呈現在外部或内部表面上。 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 |
a)貫穿頂部圓周的裂縫不應多于兩條,其深度也不得超過O.O5D; b)延伸到螺孔内的裂縫不應超出第一扣完整螺紋; c)在第一扣完整螺紋上的裂縫深度不應超過O.5H1。 由于收口(壓扁)產生并位于鎖緊部分的裂縫,應不允許。 D——螺紋公稱直徑; H 1——螺紋實際牙高,H 1 = 0.541P;P——螺距。 |
2.1.4 螺母-墊圈組合件的墊圈座裂縫 Cracks in the washer retainer of nuts with captive washers
墊圈座裂縫是将墊圈固定在螺母上的過程中,金屬的邊緣或凸起部分的開裂。
原 因 | 在裝配墊圈的過程中,當壓力施加到邊緣或凸起部分時,可能產生墊圈座裂縫 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 墊圈座裂縫應控制在翻鉚以後的邊緣或凸起部分以内,并且墊圈應能自由轉動,且不脫落。 |
2.2 剪切爆裂 Shear bursts
剪切爆裂是金屬表面的開裂。
原 因 | 在鍛造過程中可能產生剪切爆裂,如在螺母的外表面或在法蘭面螺母的周邊上出現。通常剪切爆裂和螺母軸心線約成45° |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 位于螺母頂面或底面與對邊平面交接處的剪切爆裂的寬度不得大于(0.25+0.02s)mm。 法蘭面螺母的法蘭圓周上的剪切爆裂,不應延伸到支承頂直徑(dw)的最小尺寸内,其寬度也不得超過0.08dc; s——對邊寬度;dc——法蘭直徑 |
2.3 爆裂 Bursts
爆裂是金屬表面的開裂。
原 因 | 在鍛造過程中,由于原材料的表面缺陷,可能產生爆裂,如在螺母的外表面或在法蘭面螺母的周邊上出現 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 |
對角上的爆裂,不應使對角寬度減小到低于規定的最小尺寸。 位于螺母頂面或底面與對邊平面交接處的剪切爆裂的寬度不得大于(0.25+0.02s)mm。 法蘭面螺母的法蘭圓周上的爆裂,不應延伸到支承頂直徑(dw)的最小尺寸内,其寬度也不得超過0.08dc; s——對邊寬度;dc——法蘭直徑 |
2.4 裂紋 Seams
裂紋是材料上皺紋窄的開裂形成的縱向表面缺陷。
原 因 | 裂紋通常是制造緊固件的原材料中固有的缺陷 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 裂紋的深度對所有的螺紋規格均不得超過0.O5D 。 D—螺紋公稱直徑 |
2.5 皺紋 Folds
皺紋是在鍛造過程中,呈現在螺母表面的金屬折疊。
原 因 | 在鍛造螺母的過程中,位于或接近直徑(截面)變化的交接處,或螺母的頂面或底面。由于材料的位移可能產生皺紋 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 位于法蘭面螺母的法蘭圓周與支承面交接處的皺紋,不得延伸到支承面。其他皺紋允許存在。 |
2.6 凹痕 Voids
凹痕是在鍛造或镦鍛過程中,由于金屬未填滿而呈現在螺母表面上的淺坑或凹陷。
原 因 | 凹痕是由于切屑或剪切毛刺或原材料的鏽層造成的痕迹或壓印,并在鍛造或镦鍛工序中未能消除 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | h≤0.02D或最大為0.25 mm。 凹痕的面積: 支承面上的凹痕面積之和,不應超過: 支承面總面積的5%,對螺紋公稱直徑D≤24 mm的螺母; 支承面總面積的10%,對螺紋公稱直徑D>24 mm的螺母。 D—螺紋公稱直徑 |
2.7 切痕 Tool marks
切痕是縱向或圓周方向淺的溝槽。
原 因 | 切痕因制造工具與工件之間的相對運動而產生 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 螺母支承面上的切痕,其表面粗糙度不應超過Ra=3.2μm(按GB/T 1031規定)。其他表面的切痕允許存在 |
2.8 損傷 Damages
損傷是指螺母任何表面上的刻痕。
原 因 | 損傷,如凹陷、擦傷、缺口和鑿糟,因螺母在制造和運輸過程中受外界影響而產生 |
外 觀 | 沒有準确的幾何形狀、位置或方向,也無法鑒别外部影響的因素 |
極 限 |
如有必要,按特殊協議,如包裝要求,以避免運輸中的損傷。 |
3. 檢查與判定程序
使用以下程序應貫徹GB/T 90的有關規定。
3.1 常規驗收檢查
常規驗收檢查,應采用目測檢查程序以确保產品符合本标準的規定。
3.2 非破壞性檢查
按GB/T 90的規定,從驗收批中抽取樣本,并可放大10倍進行目測或其他非破壞性的檢查,如用磁力技術或渦流電流。若發現由缺陷樣品未超過允許的極限,則接受該批產品。如用戶要求進行100%的全檢,則應在訂單中注明。
3.3 破壞性檢查
在去除表面塗、鍍層後,如發現有可能超過允許極限的表面缺陷,則應選取有最嚴重表面缺陷的樣品進行破壞性試驗(GB/T 3098.12和GB/T 3098.14)。
3.4 仲裁試驗
由易切鋼制造的螺母的仲裁檢查,應按GB/T 3098.14對螺母進行擴孔實驗。根據供需雙方協議,可根據GB/T 3098.12進行附加試驗。
3.5 判定
如果在目測檢查中,發現淬火裂縫或在縮進部分有超差的裂縫,或超過尺寸極限的表面缺陷,則該批產品應予拒收。
如有任何樣品未能通過按3.3條和3.4條進行的破壞性試驗,則該批產品予以拒收。
Specifications of high strength bolts with large hexagon head, large hexagon nuts, plain washers for steel structures
Self-tappingscrew connections - Specification ofthepilotholediameterand tighteningtorque
Composite sealing gasket material
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Part 1 : Classification, determination and estimation
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Part 2: Guiding values for the corrosivity categories
Steel wire ropes for general purposes
Specifications for spring washers - Conical spring washers
Specifications for retaining rings-Circlips
Hot formed helical compression springs - Technical Requirement
High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading - Part 1: General requirements
Cold coiled helical springs technical specifications - Part 1: Extension spring
Cold coiled helical springs technical specifications - Part 2: Compressions spring
Specification For Wire Thread Inserts
General specifications for packing of mechanical and electrical product
Fasteners - General requirements for bolts,screws,studs and nuts
24° Cone Connectors - Specification
Flared couplings - Specification
Specification of metallic ring-joint gaskets for steel pipe flanges
Specifications of high strength bolts with large hexagon head, large hexagon nuts, plain washers for steel structures
Specification of gauges for general purpose screw threads
Fasteners - Marking and packaging
Plain Washers for Bolts, Screws and Nuts - General Plan
Fasteners - Surface discontinuities - Bolts, screws and studs for general requirements
Fasteners - Surface discontinuities - Bolts, screws and studs for special requirements
Technical requirements for anchors
Specifications For Drive Rivets
Technical requirement for sets of torshear type high strength bolt hexagon nut and plain washer for steel structures
Specifications for parts and units of jigs and fixtures
Grease nipples and lubricating cups technical specification
Oil level indicators technical specification
Counterbores for hexagon socket head and slotted cheese head screws
Procurement Specification For Self-Locking Nuts
Specification for tab washer
Specifications for pins
Spcifications for ring - Cutting rings
Technical requirements of malleable cast iron pipe fittings
Fasteners - Part 27: Steel screws, bolts and studs made of steel with pre-adhesive coating - Technical specifications
metal washers; technical delivery conditions
Steel flat products; Hot rolled plate 3 to 150 mm thick; Permissible deviations of dimension, weight and form
Flat products of steel; cold rolled steel strip; dimensions, tolerances on dimensions and form.
Commercial vehicles - Wheel-hub attachment dimensions
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Guiding values for the corrosivity categories
Tools for pressing - Elastomer pressure springs - Part 2: Specification of accessories
Hydraulic fluid power - Two-, three- and four-port screw-in cartridge valves - Cavities
Cold heading dies for fasteners - Specifications
Specification of Stamping Die Components
Specifications for parts and units of jigs and fixtures
Internal combustion engines - Cylinder head and flywheel nuts - Specifications
Timber structures - Dowel-type fasteners - Requirements
Aerospace series - Bolts, MJ threads, in heat resisting nickel base alloy NI-PH2601 (Inconel 718) - Classification: 1275 MPa (at ambient temperature)/650 °C - Technical specification
High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading - Part 1: General requirements
Flanges and their joints - Bolting - Part 3: Classification of bolt materials for steel flanges, class designated
Metallic products - Types of inspection documents
Flanges and their joints - bolting - Part 2: Classification of bolt materials for steel flanges, PN designated
Flanges and their joints - bolting - Part 1: Selection of bolting
Aerospace series - Inserts, screw thread, helical coil, self locking - Technical specification
Aerospace series - Inserts, screw thread, helical coil, self-locking - Assembly procedure
Specification for Selection of Steel Pipe Flanges , Gaskets and Bolting (PN designated)
Alloy and Carbon Steel Bolting for Use in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
Standard Specification for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-Coated and Bare
Mechanical fixation component for waterproofing membrane roofing
Construction machinery and equipment Specification of high strength fasteners
Fastenersart - Standard - Cap Screws, Hex Bolts, and Hex Nuts
Steel Self-Drilling Tapping Screws
Technical conditions for threaded fasteners with adhesive coating-Part 1: Microencapsulated locking coating
Technical condions for threaded fasteners with adhesive coating-Part 2: Polyamlde locking coating
Technical Supply Conditions For Threaded Steel Fasteners - Part 1 General Requirements For Bolts, Screws And Studs
General data for machine screws and tapping screws
Plain nuts and slotted nuts - Part 1: General specification
Disc springs - Calculation