2. 表面缺陷的種類、原因、外觀特征和極限
2.1 裂縫 Cracks
裂縫是一種清晰〈結晶體〉的沿金屬晶粒邊界或橫穿晶粒的斷裂,并可能含有外來元素的夾雜物。裂縫通常是金屬在鍛造或其他成型工序或熱處理的過程中,由于受過高的應力而造成的,也可能在原材料中即存在裂縫。當工件被再次加熱時,通常由于氧化皮的剝落而使裂縫變色。
2.1.1 淬火裂縫 Quench cracks
原 因 |
淬火裂縫通常是不規則相交、無規律方向的呈現在緊固件表面。 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 任何深度、任何長度或任何部位的淬火裂縫都不允許存在。 |
2.1.2 鍛造裂縫和夾渣裂縫 Forging cracks and inclusion cracks
原 因 | 鍛造裂縫可能在切料或鍛造工序中產生,并位于螺母的頂面或底面上,或頂面(底面)與對邊平面交接處,夾渣裂縫由原材料固有的非金屬夾渣而造成。 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 |
a) 貫穿支承面的鍛造裂縫不應多于兩條,其深度也不得超過0.05D; b) 延伸到螺孔内的裂縫不應超出第一扣完整螺紋; c) 在第一扣完整螺紋上的裂縫深度不應超過0.5H1。 D——螺紋公稱直徑;H 1——螺紋實際牙高,H 1 = 0.541P;P——螺距。 |
2.1.3 全金屬有效力矩型鎖緊螺母的鎖緊部分裂縫
Cracks in the locking element of all-metal prevailing torque type nuts
原 因 | 全金屬有效力矩型鎖緊螺母的鎖緊部分裂縫,可能在切料或鍛造或收口(壓扁)過程中產生,并呈現在外部或内部表面上。 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 |
a)貫穿頂部圓周的裂縫不應多于兩條,其深度也不得超過O.O5D; b)延伸到螺孔内的裂縫不應超出第一扣完整螺紋; c)在第一扣完整螺紋上的裂縫深度不應超過O.5H1。 由于收口(壓扁)產生并位于鎖緊部分的裂縫,應不允許。 D——螺紋公稱直徑; H 1——螺紋實際牙高,H 1 = 0.541P;P——螺距。 |
2.1.4 螺母-墊圈組合件的墊圈座裂縫 Cracks in the washer retainer of nuts with captive washers
墊圈座裂縫是将墊圈固定在螺母上的過程中,金屬的邊緣或凸起部分的開裂。
原 因 | 在裝配墊圈的過程中,當壓力施加到邊緣或凸起部分時,可能產生墊圈座裂縫 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 墊圈座裂縫應控制在翻鉚以後的邊緣或凸起部分以内,并且墊圈應能自由轉動,且不脫落。 |
2.2 剪切爆裂 Shear bursts
剪切爆裂是金屬表面的開裂。
原 因 | 在鍛造過程中可能產生剪切爆裂,如在螺母的外表面或在法蘭面螺母的周邊上出現。通常剪切爆裂和螺母軸心線約成45° |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 位于螺母頂面或底面與對邊平面交接處的剪切爆裂的寬度不得大于(0.25+0.02s)mm。 法蘭面螺母的法蘭圓周上的剪切爆裂,不應延伸到支承頂直徑(dw)的最小尺寸内,其寬度也不得超過0.08dc; s——對邊寬度;dc——法蘭直徑 |
2.3 爆裂 Bursts
爆裂是金屬表面的開裂。
原 因 | 在鍛造過程中,由于原材料的表面缺陷,可能產生爆裂,如在螺母的外表面或在法蘭面螺母的周邊上出現 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 |
對角上的爆裂,不應使對角寬度減小到低于規定的最小尺寸。 位于螺母頂面或底面與對邊平面交接處的剪切爆裂的寬度不得大于(0.25+0.02s)mm。 法蘭面螺母的法蘭圓周上的爆裂,不應延伸到支承頂直徑(dw)的最小尺寸内,其寬度也不得超過0.08dc; s——對邊寬度;dc——法蘭直徑 |
2.4 裂紋 Seams
裂紋是材料上皺紋窄的開裂形成的縱向表面缺陷。
原 因 | 裂紋通常是制造緊固件的原材料中固有的缺陷 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 裂紋的深度對所有的螺紋規格均不得超過0.O5D 。 D—螺紋公稱直徑 |
2.5 皺紋 Folds
皺紋是在鍛造過程中,呈現在螺母表面的金屬折疊。
原 因 | 在鍛造螺母的過程中,位于或接近直徑(截面)變化的交接處,或螺母的頂面或底面。由于材料的位移可能產生皺紋 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 位于法蘭面螺母的法蘭圓周與支承面交接處的皺紋,不得延伸到支承面。其他皺紋允許存在。 |
2.6 凹痕 Voids
凹痕是在鍛造或镦鍛過程中,由于金屬未填滿而呈現在螺母表面上的淺坑或凹陷。
原 因 | 凹痕是由于切屑或剪切毛刺或原材料的鏽層造成的痕迹或壓印,并在鍛造或镦鍛工序中未能消除 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | h≤0.02D或最大為0.25 mm。 凹痕的面積: 支承面上的凹痕面積之和,不應超過: 支承面總面積的5%,對螺紋公稱直徑D≤24 mm的螺母; 支承面總面積的10%,對螺紋公稱直徑D>24 mm的螺母。 D—螺紋公稱直徑 |
2.7 切痕 Tool marks
切痕是縱向或圓周方向淺的溝槽。
原 因 | 切痕因制造工具與工件之間的相對運動而產生 |
外 觀 | |
極 限 | 螺母支承面上的切痕,其表面粗糙度不應超過Ra=3.2μm(按GB/T 1031規定)。其他表面的切痕允許存在 |
2.8 損傷 Damages
損傷是指螺母任何表面上的刻痕。
原 因 | 損傷,如凹陷、擦傷、缺口和鑿糟,因螺母在制造和運輸過程中受外界影響而產生 |
外 觀 | 沒有準确的幾何形狀、位置或方向,也無法鑒别外部影響的因素 |
極 限 |
如有必要,按特殊協議,如包裝要求,以避免運輸中的損傷。 |
3. 檢查與判定程序
使用以下程序應貫徹GB/T 90的有關規定。
3.1 常規驗收檢查
常規驗收檢查,應采用目測檢查程序以确保產品符合本标準的規定。
3.2 非破壞性檢查
按GB/T 90的規定,從驗收批中抽取樣本,并可放大10倍進行目測或其他非破壞性的檢查,如用磁力技術或渦流電流。若發現由缺陷樣品未超過允許的極限,則接受該批產品。如用戶要求進行100%的全檢,則應在訂單中注明。
3.3 破壞性檢查
在去除表面塗、鍍層後,如發現有可能超過允許極限的表面缺陷,則應選取有最嚴重表面缺陷的樣品進行破壞性試驗(GB/T 3098.12和GB/T 3098.14)。
3.4 仲裁試驗
由易切鋼制造的螺母的仲裁檢查,應按GB/T 3098.14對螺母進行擴孔實驗。根據供需雙方協議,可根據GB/T 3098.12進行附加試驗。
3.5 判定
如果在目測檢查中,發現淬火裂縫或在縮進部分有超差的裂縫,或超過尺寸極限的表面缺陷,則該批產品應予拒收。
如有任何樣品未能通過按3.3條和3.4條進行的破壞性試驗,則該批產品予以拒收。
Taper keys of keyways
Hexalobular internal driving feature for bolts and screws
Fasteners-Ends of parts with external thread(ISO 4753:2011, MOD)
Fasteners - Bolts, screws and studs - Nominal lengths and thread lengths (ISO 888:2012, MOD)
Countersinks for countersunk head screws
Connections with waisted stud - Tape classification
Flared couplings - Flared end
Hexalobular internal driving feature for bolts and screws
Knurl
Drill diameter for use prior to tapping screw threads
Square and rectangular keyways
Woodruff keyways
General purpose bolts and screws - Radius under the head
Center holes
Rivet Shank Diameters (Except Blind Rivets) [ISO 1051:1999]
Stress area and bearing area for threaded fasteners
Countersunk flat head screws - Part2: Penetration depth of cross recesses
Offset cruciform recess fro rotary fastening devices
Clearance holes for rivets
Hot-rolled channel steel
Hexagon lobuar for fasteners - Type E
Fasteners - Clearanc holes for bolts and screws
Fasteners - Split pin holes and wire holes (ISO 7378:1983)
Countersunk head screws - Head configuration and gauging
Cross recesses for screws
Fastners - Widths across flats of hexagon products
Self-tapping screws for metric ISO threads - Part 2: Guide values for hole diameters
Thread run-outs and thread undercuts
Tapping screw connections - Guideline values for core hole diameters and use
12 point socket for bolts and screws
60° centre holes - Types R. A. B. and C
Thread rolling screws for ISO metric thread guidelinge values for hole diameters
Thread ends and lengths of projection of bolt ends for metric ISO threads according to DIN 13
Knurle
Connections for hydraulic fluid power and general use - Ports and stud ends with ISO 261 metric threads and O-ring sealing - Part 1: Ports with truncated housing for O-ring
Hexalobular internal driving feature for bolts and screws
Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with ISO 228-1 threads with elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing - Part 1: Threaded ports
Dimensioning and indication of knurling
Fasteners—Ends of parts with external ISO metric thread
Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with ISO 228-1 threads with elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing - Part 4: Stud ends for general use only with metal-to-metal sealing (type B)
Hexalobular internal driving feature for bolts and screws
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation
General purpose bolts and screws─Metric series─Radii under the head
Rivet shank diameters
Aerospace - Spline drives - Wrenching configuration - Metric series
Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with ISO 261 threads with elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing - Part 1: Threaded ports
Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with ISO 261 threads with elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing - Part 2: Stud ends with elastomeric sealing (type E)
Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with ISO 261 threads with elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing - Part 3: Stud ends with metal-to-metal sealing (type B)
Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with ISO 725 threads and O-ring sealing - Part 3: Light-duty (L series) stud ends
Countersunk flat hed screws—Part 2:Penetration depth of cross recesses
Fasteners—Surface discontinuities— Part1:Bolts,screws and studs for general requirements
Fasteners—Surface discontinuities— Part3:Bolts,screw and studs for special requirements
Internal drive, offset cruciform recess (Torq-Set) for rotary fastening devices. Metric series
Fasteners—Thread undercuts for external metric ISO
Cross recessed-H type
Cross recessed-Z type
Countersunk head screws—Head configuration and guaging
Fasteners—Hexagon products—Widths across flats
Fasteners─Clearance holes for bolts and screws
Thread run-out for fasteners with thread in accordance with ISO 261 and ISO 262
Copper tubes of circular section - Dimensions
Hexalobular internal driving feature for bolts and screws
General purpose bolts and screws - Metric series -- Radii under the head
Straight cylindrical involute splines -- side fit -- Generalities, dimensions and inspection
Knurling
Automatic Cold Header - Hole Size
Recess Dimensions for Flat 82° Countersunk Head Screws
Dimensions of Threads and Points for Types BF and BT Thread-Cutting Tapping Screws
Dimensions of Threads and Points for Type D, F, G, and T Thread-Cutting Tapping Screws
Dimensions of Type TRS Tapping Screws
Standard Test-Plate Thickness and Hole Sizes for Drive-Test Inspection of Tapping Screws
Dimensions of Alternate Styles of Points for Thumb and Wing Screws
Hot rolled flat steel bars and steel wide flats for general purposes - Dimensions and tolerances on shape and dimensions
Cold rolled uncoated and zinc or zinc-nickel electrolytically coated low carbon and high yield strength steel flat products for cold forming - Tolerances on dimensions and shape
Aerospace series - Installation holes for inserts, screw thread, helical coil, self-locking - Design standard
Countersunk head screws - Head configuration and gauging
Tapping rivats - Thread and end
Fasteners - Clearanc holes for bolts and screws
Cross Recesses For Screws
Standard Test-Plate Thickness and Hole Sizes for Drive-Test Inspection of Tapping Screws
Dimensions of Threads and Points for Types BF and BT Thread-Cutting Tapping Screws
Dimensions of Threads and Points for Type D, F, G, and T Thread-Cutting Tapping Screws
Type TRS Tapping Screws
Dimensions of Hexagon Sockets [Table 18]
Body and grip lengths for socket head cap screws [Table 4]
Metic threads and points for tapping screws
Type BF and BT, Thread Cutting Tapping Screws [Table 7]
Type D,F,G and Type T Thread Cutting Tapping Screws [Table 8]
Aerospace series - Six lobe recess - Dimensions and tolerances
Threaded ends of fitting