| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Profilometer | 轮廓仪 |
An instrument used to quantify the roughness of a surface. For a contact profilometer, a diamond stylus sweeps across the surface along a series of parallel lines. Noncontact profilometers use optical techniques to map the surface irregularities. 用于量化表面粗糙度的仪器。对于接触式轮廓仪，钻石触针沿一系列平行线扫过表面。非接触式轮廓仪使用光学技术绘制表面不规则。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Slug wrench | 缓动扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有铁砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通过用大锤敲击铁砧产生的。 |
| Liquid nitriding | 液体氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which molten nitrogen-bearing, fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and cyanates are exposed to parts at subcritical temperatures. 一种表面硬化方法，其中含有氰化物和氰酸盐的熔融含氮熔盐浴在亚临界温度下暴露于零件。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奥氏体稳定剂 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3 temperature and an increase of the A4 temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1 temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素扩展了相应相图中的γ相场，这表现为二元合金Fe-M中A3温度的降低和A4温度的升高，以及A1温度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奥氏体稳定剂在铁素体中的溶解度远低于在奥氏体中的溶解度。在奥氏体稳定剂的影响下，奥氏体可以在低至室温时变得热力学稳定。 |
| Hot-wire analyzer | 热电阻丝型分析仪 |
An electrical atmosphere analysis device that is based on the fact that the electrical resistivity of steel is a linear function of carbon content over a range from 0.05% C to saturation. The device measures the carbon potential of furnace atmospheres (typically). This term is not to be confused with the hot-wire test which measures heat extraction rates. 一种基于以下事实的电气氛分析设备：钢的电阻率是从0.05%C到饱和范围内的碳含量的线性函数。该设备测量炉内气氛的碳势（通常）。不要将此术语与测量热提取率的热线测试相混淆。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Specimen | 样品 |
A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration, that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample. 用于破坏性或无损检测的测试对象，通常具有标准尺寸或配置。可以从样品的每个单位切割一个或多个样品。 |
| Nominal stress | 名义应力 |
The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 通过简单弹性理论在净截面上计算的点处的应力，不考虑孔、槽、圆角等应力提升器产生的应力影响。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于从容器中排出空气和不凝性气体以保持在亚大气压的泵。皮拉尼和热导率计是用于测量真空系统内绝对压力（真空水平）的真空计，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Unison ring | 协调环 |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可调导向叶片或定子叶片的涡轮机中，一组叶片连接到的环，当环旋转时，所有叶片角度都可调整。 |
| Assembly drawing | 装配图纸 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 显示零件如何组装以生产组件或整机的工程图。它可能包括显示内部特征、对装配至关重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件编号的部分。 |
| Shim | 垫片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一块薄的材料，如厚度精确已知的金属，放置在两个表面之间，以确保它们之间的距离正确。放置在两个表面之间以获得适当配合、调整或对齐的一块薄材料。还可以对工件进行分析，以测量熔炉碳势（也就是说，在熔炉中，工件将快速渗碳至与熔炉碳势能相等的水平）。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏压（单位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由压力差控制的流体装置中，该差值的大小。 |
| Modulus of rupture | 断裂模量 |
Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. 弯曲试验或扭转试验中的标称断裂应力。在弯曲中，断裂模量是断裂时的弯矩除以截面模量。在扭转中，断裂模量是断裂时的扭矩除以极截面模量。 |
| Lüders lines | 吕德斯线 |
Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible with the unaided eye, that form along the length of sheet metal or a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45° to the loading axis. Caused by localized plastic deformation, they result from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Lüders bands, Hartmann lines, Piobert lines, or stretcher strains. 拉长的表面标记或凹陷，通常肉眼可见，沿金属板或拉伸试样的长度形成，与加载轴的角度约为45°。由于局部塑性变形，它们是不连续（不均匀）屈服的结果。也被称为吕德斯带、哈特曼线、皮奥伯特线或拉伸线。 |
| Rolled thread | 滚制螺纹 |
A thread formed by plastically deforming the surface of the blank rather than by cutting operations. Increases fatigue life and thread strength, but is not possible (or perhaps economical) on larger sizes. 通过塑性变形坯料表面而不是通过切割操作形成的螺纹。增加疲劳寿命和螺纹强度，但不太可能（或者说是经济上不太可能）用于较大的尺寸。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 离心风机 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一种带有转子的机器，转子由安装在轮毂周围的许多叶片组成，用于移动空气或其他气体。气体轴向进入转子并在增加的压力下径向排出。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 连续沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanstätten structure. 来自过饱和固溶体的沉淀，其中沉淀颗粒通过长程扩散生长而无需基质再结晶。连续析出物从在整个基体中或多或少均匀分布的核生长而来。它们通常是随机取向的，但可能形成魏氏结构。 |
| Diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 总能量（单位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 与系统相关的所有形式能量的总和，包括动能、势能、内能、磁能、化学能和电能。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 热效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 对于热机或热力循环，净功输出与系统净热输入的比率。 |
| Testing machine | 试验机 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向试件施加稳定或振荡或冲击载荷的机器。载荷可以是拉伸的、压缩的、剪切的、弯曲的或扭转的。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 声音在物体（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓应力或应变的超声波测量的术语。 |
| Angle of attack (α) | 攻角（α） |
(Unit °) The angle between a reference line on a lifting body and the vector direction of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. In the case of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade, the usual reference line is the chord line. （单位°）升力体上的参考线与升力体与其运动通过的流体之间的相对速度的矢量方向之间的角度。在机翼、涡轮或压缩机叶片的情况下，通常的参考线是弦线。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度测试 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm² but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一种试验，其中不同的硬压头在不同载荷下压入固体表面，以产生永久压痕，所产生的压力称为硬度。布氏试验采用球形压头；维氏硬度测试是一个方形金字塔。压痕硬度H与单轴屈服应力Y之间的关系约为H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm²为单位，但现在通常在Pa.2中给出。划痕和锉刀硬度测试要么与一种材料能够标记另一种材料（矿物的莫氏硬度标度）有关，要么与刚性压头在表面上滑动产生的凹槽大小有关。3.回弹硬度涉及掉落压头或旋转臂端部压头撞击表面后的回弹高度。 |
| Inclusions | 夹杂物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金属基体中的小块非金属杂质。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺纹小径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹根部或内螺纹顶部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Allotropy | 同素异形体 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多态性的近义词。同素异形体通常仅限于描述元素、终端相和合金中的多晶型行为，其行为与主要组成元素的行为非常相似。 |
| Differential heating | 差动加热 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加热有意在物体内产生温度梯度，从而在冷却后，在物体内出现所需的应力分布或特性变化。 |
| Major diameter | 螺纹大径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder that just touches the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹顶部或内螺纹根部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸计 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一种用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化，在零件加载时测量零件长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的拉力试验。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奥氏体不锈钢 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奥氏体不锈钢是非磁性的。它们含有显着添加的铬（16–30%），但具有奥氏体（FCC）晶体结构，通过在6–20%的成分范围内添加镍来稳定。碳含量范围约为0.03至0.15%。含有大约18%铬和8%镍的“18-8”不锈钢是该级别的典型不锈钢。奥氏体不锈钢即使在高温下也具有高强度和耐腐蚀性，良好的延展性，良好的低温性能和良好的焊接性。用于飞机和运输设备、餐具、化学和食品加工设备、手术器械和低温容器。 |
| Decarburization | 脱碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于与接触表面的介质中的一种或多种化学物质发生反应，含碳合金表面层的碳损失。 |
| Depth gauge | 深度计 |
1. A precision instrument, typically consisting of a machine-divided steel rule passing through a hardened-steel cross head, used to measure the depths of slots, holes, shoulders, projections, etc. 2. A device used by divers to indicate the water depth. 1. 一种精密仪器，通常由穿过硬化钢十字头的机器分割钢尺组成，用于测量槽、孔、肩部、突起等的深度。 2. 潜水员用来指示深度的装置水深。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 应力腐蚀开裂阈值应力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 实验确定的临界总截面应力，低于该应力，在规定的试验条件下不会发生应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒变大。 |
| Effective discharge area (Unit m²) | 有效排放面积（单位m²） |
A nominal area for flow through a pressure relief valve used to determine the valve’s flow capacity given the pressure difference across it, the fluid density and correction factors to allow for compressibility, the back pressure and the coefficient of discharge. 流经泄压阀的标称面积，用于确定阀门的流量，给定压力差、流体密度和允许可压缩性的校正因子、背压和排放系数。 |
| Diesel engine | 柴油发动机 |
(compression–ignition engine) A piston engine operating on the Diesel cycle in which the air is compressed to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the fuel and combustion is initiated as the fuel is injected into the hot air. Diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios (typically in the range 12 to 24) than petrol engines. Although named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor, Diesel engine is often spelled with a lower case d, contrary to normal practice. （压燃式发动机）在柴油循环中运行的活塞式发动机，在该循环中，空气被压缩至高于燃料自燃温度的温度，当燃料喷射到热空气中时，燃烧开始。柴油发动机在比汽油发动机更高的压缩比下运行（通常在12到24的范围内）。虽然以发明人鲁道夫·迪塞尔命名，但迪塞尔发动机通常拼写为小写d，这与正常做法相反。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋转阀 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一种圆柱形或锥形塞，其中有一个横向孔，当该孔与相邻管道对齐时，流体可通过该孔流动。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 结晶断裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金属断裂面上明亮反射的晶面图案，由许多单个晶体的解理断裂产生。 |
| Blueing | 发蓝 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 应用蓝色染料（“工程师蓝”）来识别接触表面上的高点，或用于标记。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕变疲劳 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金属和其他材料（例如具有时间相关行为的聚合物）在高同源温度下的组合蠕变和疲劳的影响。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）当量来定义的。 |
| Transmission | 传输 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 从动力源传输功率和扭矩的系统；例如轴、皮带和滑轮或齿轮系。对于机动车辆，包括变速箱、离合器、传动轴、差速器和终传动轴。 |
| Vapour-pressure thermometer | 蒸汽压力温度计 |
(vapour-filled thermometer) A type of fluidexpansion thermometer in which the working fluid is a volatile liquid. （蒸汽填充温度计）一种流体膨胀温度计，其中工作流体为挥发性液体。 |
| Atomization | 雾化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通过喷嘴（雾化器）喷射从液体（例如柴油或汽油）中产生细小液滴喷雾。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（单位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Mode of failure | 故障模式 |
The various ways in which a material can fail when subjected to loading, surface damage, chemical attack, heating, cooling, or radiation, in either isolation or combination. The failure modes include fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion, erosion, and embrittlement. 材料在受到载荷、表面损伤、化学侵蚀、加热、冷却或辐射时，可能发生失效的各种方式，无论是单独还是组合。失效模式包括断裂、疲劳、蠕变、腐蚀、侵蚀和脆化。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微观应力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 与普通应变测量中的标距相比，从拉伸到压缩的距离（大概接近晶粒尺寸）较小的残余应力。它们无法通过解剖方法检测到，但有时可以通过x射线衍射图案中的线位移或线加宽来测量。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺纹 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺纹加工是一种通过使用实心或自开模具在圆柱形或锥形表面上切削外螺纹的加工工艺。模具螺纹加工是一种比滚丝加工更慢的外螺纹加工方法，但它比车床中的单点螺纹加工要快。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 弹簧载荷（单位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通过弯曲、压缩、延伸或扭转连接的弹簧而施加在部件上的载荷。如果部件上的任何约束被移除，则可以释放弹簧中存储的机械能。 |
| Critical diameter | 临界直径 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%马氏体可完全硬化的棒材直径。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Caterpillar | 毛虫式履带 |
(crawler vehicle) A vehicle that ‘lays its own road’ by running on endless belts, driven by toothed wheels, on each side. Used on soft ground where spreading of the load reduces contact stress. （履带式车辆）通过在每一侧由齿轮驱动的环形皮带运行来“铺设自己的道路”的车辆。用于负载分散可减少接触应力的松软地面。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨铸铁 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一种铸铁，在熔融时用镁或铈等元素进行处理，以诱导游离石墨形成为球粒或球晶，从而赋予铸造金属可测量的延展性。又称球墨铸铁、球晶石墨铸铁和SG铸铁。 |
| Bypass valve | 旁通阀 |
A valve that directs flow through a bypass. 引导流过旁路的阀门。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 变形（单位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于压力、热变化、水分变化或其他原因导致的身体形态变化。在固体力学中，由外部或内部载荷引起的身体各部分或整个身体的形状或大小的任何可逆（弹性）或永久（塑性）变化。它包括拉伸、压缩、弯曲和扭曲。物体中相同的变形状态可以表现为伸长和剪切的不同组合。为了说明总应变中有多少是剪切，将其分为膨胀分量和偏差分量，前者改变体积但不改变形状，后者改变形状但不改变体积。 |
| Freezing point | 冰点 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物质从液态变为固态的温度。大多数物质的冰点随着压力的增加而增加。从固体到液体的逆过程是熔化；熔点与凝固点相同。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Eyebolt (eyescrew) | 吊环螺栓（眼螺丝） |
A bolt threaded at one end and bent to a loop at the other end. A bolt or screw with a closed loop in place of a head. 一端有螺纹，另一端弯曲成环的螺栓。带有闭合环代替头部的螺栓或螺钉。 |
| Vernier | 游标 |
A short auxiliary scale that slides along the main instrument scale to permit more accurate fractional reading of the least main division of the main scale. 一种短辅助刻度，沿主仪表刻度滑动，以便更准确地读取主刻度的最小主刻度。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制垫圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 设计用于沉头螺钉的垫圈。在某些应用中用于增强外观。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蚀 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金属表面由于与周围环境的电化学氧化而劣化。在氧化反应中，金属原子放弃电子，这些电子通过还原反应（通常与氢和/或氧）转移形成另一种化学物质。一个常见的例子是在潮湿的空气或水中在铁或钢上形成氧化铁锈Fe(OH)3。铁锈很容易脱落，将新鲜铁暴露在大气中，而一些金属的腐蚀产物形成一层粘附层，防止新鲜金属发生进一步的氧化反应，这种效果称为钝化。实例包括铝上的氧化铝、铬上的氧化铬、含铬合金上的氧化铬如不锈钢，以及铜和锌上形成的铜绿。腐蚀防护有多种形式。避免裂缝和应力的良好设计非常重要。在某些情况下，可以向环境中添加称为抑制剂的物质，以降低其腐蚀性。腐蚀的电化学性质导致一些金属比其他金属具有更大的氧化倾向。锌比铁具有更强的倾向性，这可用于镀锌。这是阴极保护的一个例子，其中一种金属与活性更强的金属（称为牺牲阳极）电连接，牺牲阳极通过释放电子进行氧化，从而保护第一种金属。涂层可用于抗腐蚀。油漆、电镀和扩散涂层是最常见的，阳极氧化的电化学过程用于有意在铝合金上形成一层钝化氧化物。材料选择起着重要作用。例如，铬含量高的不锈钢广泛用于腐蚀性环境。 |
| Arbitration bar | 抗弯试棒 |
A test bar, cast with a heat of material, used to determine chemical composition, hardness, tensile strength, and deflection and strength under transverse loading in order to establish the state of acceptability of the casting. 用热材料铸造的测试棒，用于确定化学成分、硬度、抗拉强度、横向载荷下的挠度和强度，以确定铸件的可接受状态。 |
| Sample average | 样本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 气压 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大气由于其重量（对地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用气压计测量，通常以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真应力（σ）（单位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通过将给定时刻施加在构件上的荷载除以其作用的横截面积而获得的值。与工程应力相比。施加在试样上的荷载除以其作用的当前横截面积。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷载除以其作用的原始横截面面积得出的工程应力，ε是真实应变。 |
| Compressor | 压缩机 |
A turbomachine, of either axial or radial type, that increases the pressure of a gas or vapour. 一种增加气体或蒸汽压力的轴向或径向涡轮机。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads | 螺母、螺栓头或螺纹的有效半径 |
Distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. Must be determined by integration. 零件几何中心与配合零件之间的合力通过的点圆之间的距离。必须通过积分来确定。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中间退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造过程中和最终处理之前的一个或多个阶段对锻造金属进行退火。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Compression wave | 压缩波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨胀波）在流体或固体中，压缩介质传播的行波或波前。 |
| Lead screw | 丝杠 |
The master screw running along the length of the bed of a lathe from which all screws threads on that machine are cut. Master screw used for cutting a screw thread in a lathe. 沿车床床身长度方向运行的主螺钉，该机床上的所有螺钉和螺纹都从主螺钉上切割下来。用于在车床上切削螺纹的主螺钉。 |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Critical strain | 临界应变 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 刚好足以引起再结晶的应变；由于应变很小，通常只有百分之几，再结晶只发生在少数核上，从而产生由非常大的晶粒组成的再结晶结构。 |
| Shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 对于稳定流动的流体（液体或气体），压力、每单位体积的动能和每单位体积的势能之和在流体中的任何点都是恒定的。使用这种关系，可以通过在两个点测量流体的压力来测量流体的速度，就像使用压力计或皮托管一样。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要条件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓连接所遭受的每种类型的故障都由三个或四个条件确定。根据故障模式的不同，情况会有所不同，但数量不得超过四个。消除特定类型故障的任何一个基本条件都可以防止该类型故障。 |
| Stiffness | 刚度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金属或形状抵抗弹性变形的能力。（2）所述应力增加速率相对于在所述金属或形状中诱导的应变增加速率；产生给定应变所需的应力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Age softening | 时效软化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些应变硬化合金，尤其是铝合金，在室温下会发生强度和硬度的自发降低。 |
| Fit | 装配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用术语，用于表示配合零件设计中公差和公差的特定组合可能导致的紧密性范围。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Carburizing flame | 渗碳火焰 |
A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame. 一种气体火焰，会在气焊操作中将碳引入一些加热的金属中。渗碳火焰是还原火焰，但还原火焰不一定是渗碳火焰。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 当加载部件或结构的能量释放率低于临界值时，裂纹自行停止扩展。如果可以预测，可以将其纳入结构完整性评估。 |
| Process annealing | 中间退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一个不精确的术语，表示用于改善可加工性的各种处理方法。为了使术语有意义，必须说明材料的条件和使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Hot quenching | 热淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一个不精确的术语，用于涵盖各种淬火程序，其中淬火介质规定温度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一种相对长而薄的物体，其横截面设计用于在相对于流体运动时产生升力。主要应用于飞机和高性能机动车辆。 |
| Mechatronics | 机电一体化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 机械工程、电气工程、电子工程和软件工程的集成。 |
| Ventilation | 通风系统 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房间、建筑物、乘用车或其他封闭空间中循环新鲜空气的系统。 |
| Elastic limit | 弹性极限 |
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全释放应力时能够承受的最大应力，且不会留下任何永久应变（变形）。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常会突然断裂，不会产生永久变形。脆性材料的例子有一些铸铁、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸时仅超过其屈服点一小部分就会断裂，则称其为脆性螺栓。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亚共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Fahrenheit | 华氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32ºF) and the boiling point of water (212ºF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 温标基于水的冰点（32ºF）和水的沸点（212ºF）。这些点之间的间隔被分成180等份。尽管被摄氏刻度所取代，华氏刻度有时仍用于非科学测量。 |
| Humidify | 加湿 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 将水蒸气添加到空气或其他气体中以增加其湿度。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨机 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一种用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨机，由装有松散钢球或陶瓷球的水平旋转滚筒组成。 |
| Terminal velocity (Unit m/s) | 终端速度（单位：m/s） |
The velocity reached by an object in free fall through a fluid when the upward drag and buoyancy forces just balance the object’s weight. For an object with a density lower than that of the fluid, the terminal velocity is vertically upwards. 当向上的阻力和浮力正好平衡物体的重量时，物体自由下落通过流体达到的速度。对于密度低于流体密度的物体，终端速度垂直向上。 |
| Sampling | 抽样 |
The process of measuring a series of values of a time-varying quantity. 测量一系列时变量值的过程。 |
| Structure | 结构体 |
An assembly, usually load bearing, of connected (pinned, riveted, screwed, bolted, welded, etc.) components, such as bars, tubes, beams, and plates. 由连接（销接、铆接、螺纹连接、螺栓连接、焊接等）部件组成的组件，通常为承重组件，如杆、管、梁和板。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡试验筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一种闭路循环水隧洞，其中静压可降至足够低的水平，以便进行气蚀研究。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲劳缺口系数（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 无缺口试样的疲劳强度与相同材料和条件的有缺口试样的疲劳强度之比；两种强度都是在相同数量的应力循环下确定的。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 锁紧螺母管螺纹 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 锁紧螺母管螺纹是最大直径的直螺纹，可在管道上切割。其形式与美国或布里格斯标准锥管螺纹相同。一般情况下，只需要通规。它们由一个表示最小内螺纹锁紧螺母螺纹的直螺纹塞和一个表示最大外螺纹锁紧螺帽螺纹的直形螺纹环组成。该螺纹仅用于将零件固定在一起，或用于将轴环固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要紧密螺纹接头的情况下。 |
| Fillet | 圆角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓头和螺栓杆之间的过渡区域，或其他直径变化之间的过渡区域。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接头 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 两块板之间的铆接、焊接或粘结连接，通过将一块板重叠在另一块板上而形成。对接接头上方和下方具有板的搭接接头避免了与简单搭接接头相关的弯矩。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可压缩性（单位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 当物质受到压力增加时体积减少或密度增加的量度。它被定义为体积模量的倒数。液体和固体通常被认为是不可压缩的，而气体是高度可压缩的。 |
| Semi-rotary pump | 半回转泵 |
A form of self-priming pump, often hand-operated, suitable for pumping water and light oils such as diesel oil and petrol. As shown in the diagram, liquid is sucked into one side of the pump through flap valves and simultaneously ejected from the other side on one stroke. The sequence is reversed on each successive stroke. 一种自吸泵，通常是手动的，适用于泵送水和轻油，如柴油和汽油。液体通过翻板阀吸入泵的一侧，同时在一个冲程中从另一侧排出。在每个连续冲程上，顺序颠倒。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 结构完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷载条件下，评估部件和结构因屈曲、断裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金属元素和合金的原子、晶体学、微观结构、机械和物理特性及其应用。 |
| Crosshead | 十字头 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一种往复式构件，在导轨之间滑动，活塞杆一侧固定在其上，连杆另一侧固定在该构件上，用于将往复式运动转换为旋转运动。2.机械试验机早期设计中的活动梁。3.一种螺钉头，其具有采用配合螺丝刀的+形槽。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Precision | 精确 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 单个重复测量或测试结果之间的一致性。测量误差的标准偏差可用作“不精确性”的度量 |
| Hot hardness | 热硬度 |
The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高温下的硬度，常用来对刀具的性能进行排名。 |
| Wallner lines | Wallner线 |
A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines, usually producing a set of V-shaped lines, sometimes observed when viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction between a shock wave and a brittle crack front propagating at high velocity. Sometimes Wallner lines are misinterpreted as fatigue striations. 一组相交的平行线的独特图案，通常产生一组V形线，有时在电子显微镜下高倍观察脆性断裂表面时观察到。Wallner线归因于高速传播的冲击波和脆性裂纹前沿之间的相互作用。有时Wallner线被误解为疲劳条纹。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中固溶体在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）具有平衡图上共析点所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Melting point (Unit K or °C) | 熔点（单位K或°C） |
The temperature at which a solid material undergoes the phase change to a liquid at a specified pressure, usually 1 atm. Pure metals and eutectics have single-valued melting points, while alloys with other compositions melt over a range of temperature such that there is a well-defined start and end to the melting process, but there are states in between where solid and liquid are both present. 在特定压力下，固体材料发生相变为液体的温度，通常为1大气压。纯金属和共晶具有单值熔点，而具有其他成分的合金在一定温度范围内熔化，熔化过程有一个明确的起点和终点，但其间存在固态和液态并存的状态。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德国标准化研究所。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 热电动势 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 当一个结处于不同于另一个结的温度时，在含有两种不同金属的电路中产生的电动势。 |
| Compression fitting | 压缩接头 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一种用于管道的螺纹接头，通过紧密配合的环（称为套圈或橄榄形）在拧紧时的永久变形来防止泄漏。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Wave spring | 波形弹簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一种压缩弹簧，类似于螺旋弹簧，但由沿圆周成波浪形的条状物制成。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 组合尺寸标注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程图上使用链式尺寸标注和平行标注。 |
| Absolute viscosity | 绝对粘度 |
A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other moving with unit velocity. 流体内部剪切特性的量度，表示为两个水平面中的任何一个上的单位面积切向力，两个水平面被给定流体的一个单位厚度隔开，其中一个平面固定，另一个以单位速度移动。 |
| Striation | 条纹组织 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一种疲劳断裂特征，通常在电子显微照片中观察到，表明每次应力循环后裂纹前沿的位置。条纹之间的距离表示在一个应力循环期间裂纹前沿穿过该晶体的前进，垂直于条纹的线表示局部裂纹扩展的方向。 |
| Coining | 压印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一种锻造操作，采用紧密配合的凸模和模具，不允许金属逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面图案印在坯料上。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大应力强度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲劳循环中应力强度因子的最大值。 |
| Burning | 燃烧化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通过加热导致初期熔化或晶间氧化而永久损坏金属或合金。参见过热、晶界液化。（2）在磨削过程中，使工件热到足以引起变色或通过回火或硬化改变微观结构。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 连续式炉 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一种用于热处理材料的炉子，该炉子连续通过炉子，进入一个门并从另一个门排出。参见带式高炉、直燃隧道式高炉、旋转罐式炉、振动炉。 |
| Radian (rad) | 弧度（rad） |
A coherent derived SI unit defined as the plane angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc having a length equal to the radius. Thus 2π radians are equivalent to 360° and 1 rad ≈ 57.3°. 一种相干导出的国际单位制单位，定义为在圆心处被长度等于半径的弧对向的平面角。因此，2π弧度相当于360°和1弧度≈57.3°. |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蚀性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相对运动和规定条件下，一个表面、颗粒或颗粒集合在被迫抵靠固体表面时趋向于引起磨粒磨损的程度。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽发电厂冷凝器上的低于大气压的压力导致整体效率显着提高。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滚动摩擦系数 |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物体滚动表面的力与法向力之比。与滑动摩擦不同，滚动摩擦取决于接触片的大小和滚动元件的半径，其行为取决于接触是弹性的、粘弹性的还是塑性的以及滞后损失。 |
| Impact | 撞击 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物体或部件的突然加载，如车辆碰撞或锤击。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一种在六角面上有槽的螺母，与具有钻孔的螺栓一起使用，以便将开口（开口）销插入穿过螺母和螺栓以防止拧松。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Volume flow rate | 体积流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m³/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （体积流量）（单位m³/s）单位时间内流经表面或管道或其他管道的材料体积，通常为流体或粉末。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 断裂机制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 导致断裂的微观结构机制，如空隙的萌生、生长和聚结、解理。 |
| Wedge | 楔子 |
A short triangular prism whose major surfaces subtend an acute angle, that can be driven between two objects or parts of an object to split, tighten, or secure them, or to widen an opening or raise a heavy object. The acute angle gives a high mechanical advantage. 一种短的三棱镜，其主面对着一个锐角，可在两个物体或物体的一部分之间驱动，以将它们分开、拧紧或固定，或加宽开口或举起重物。锐角具有很高的机械优势。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 当暴露于高于约1500°C的温度时不熔化或在高于约550°C的连续温度下快速劣化的金属或陶瓷。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金属的脆性断裂，断裂位于形成金属的晶粒或晶体之间。又称晶间破裂。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸稳定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或铸造时的精确形状的能力。 |
| Breaking stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 烧结 |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一种固态扩散致密化工艺，用于从粉末、粒状、网状、穿孔片或纤维形式的原材料中生产物体，尤其是多孔物体，方法是加热至低于熔点的温度，直到成分结合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金属。烧结材料的应用包括过滤、分离、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化温度的高温下加热时，通过分子或原子引力将大量颗粒的相邻表面结合起来。烧结增强了粉末质量，通常会产生致密化，在粉末金属中还会产生再结晶。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Crack-growth rate | 裂纹增长速度 |
Rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to statically or dynamically applied load. 由于静态或动态施加的载荷，裂纹在材料中的扩展速率。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭转角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭转角）（单位°或弧度）相对于选定截面的角度，垂直于扭转轴，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩时通过该角度旋转。 |
| Rated load (Unit N) | 额定负荷（单位：N） |
The maximum load that a structure or component has been designed to carry. 结构或部件设计承受的最大荷载。 |
| Gamma iron | 加马铁 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 纯铁的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）温度范围内稳定。 |
| Fracture strength | 断裂强度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （断裂应力）（单位Pa）材料断裂时的应力。对于给定的材料，它不是绝对的，因为它取决于断裂力学定律，并且取决于尺寸。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美国国家标准协会的缩写。 |
| Strain-age embrittlement | 应变时效脆化 |
A loss in ductility accompanied by an increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°C (400 °F), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature. 塑性变形后低碳钢（尤其是边缘钢或封顶钢）时效时发生的延展性损失，伴随着硬度和强度的增加。脆化程度是老化时间和温度的函数，在大约200°C（400°F）的温度下，在几分钟内发生，但在室温下需要几小时到一年。 |
| Helical spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spring manufactured by forming elastic wire into a helix which may be cylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped, or hourglass in overall form. Closed-coiled springs are used in tension; open-coiled in both tension and compression. 一种弹簧，通过将弹性线材制成螺旋形而制成，螺旋形的整体形状可以是圆柱形、圆锥形、桶形或沙漏形。拉力采用闭合盘簧；在拉伸和压缩中都开卷。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金钢经淬火产生马氏体，在550°C以上回火时产生细小沉淀的过程，这抑制了位错运动，扭转了在较高回火温度下强度降低的趋势。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲轴 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往复式单缸或多缸机器主轴的一部分。曲轴可以分段组装或作为单个部件锻造。在发动机中，活塞的往复运动将动力传递给曲轴并使其旋转，而在泵中，曲轴被驱动，其旋转使活塞往复运动。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接从渗碳作业中淬火渗碳零件。（2） 也用于直接从可锻操作淬火珠光体可锻零件。 |
| Thread rolling | 滚丝 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺纹滚压（也称为滚压螺纹）是一种冷成型工艺，通过将硬化钢模具的压痕滚压到圆柱形或锥形坯料的表面来生产螺纹或其他螺旋或环形形状。多边形坯料也进行螺纹轧制，以制造螺纹成型和自锁螺钉。优选的多边形形状为三棱形，并在平模机中生产。 |
| Variance | 方差 |
A measure of the squared dispersion of observed values or measurements expressed as a function of the sum of the squared deviations from the population mean or sample average. 观测值或测量值的平方离散度的度量，表示为总体平均值或样本平均值的平方偏差之和的函数。 |
| Closed-die forging | 闭模锻造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一对具有待制造部件的阴模的模具（闭模）内通过压缩形成工件，多余的金属在模具相遇处作为飞边排出。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接过程中熔化的连接金属的微观结构截面所显示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Strain gage | 应变计 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一种测量金属拉伸和类似试验中产生的少量应变的装置。将一卷细线安装在一张纸、塑料或类似载体基质（背衬材料）上，该载体基质呈矩形，通常约25mm（1.0in.）长，这是粘在测试金属的一部分。随着线圈随试样延伸，其电阻成正比增加，这被称为粘结电阻应变计。其他类型的量规测量实际变形。机械、光学或电子设备有时用于放大应变以便于读取。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕变时间关系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定应力下蠕变应变与时间之间的代数或数值关系。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺纹 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一种夹角为29°的螺纹，主要用于机床上的进给丝杠。 |
| Fastener | 紧固件 |
A fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 紧固件是一种机械装置，用于将两个或多个物体相对于彼此固定在确定的位置。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶断裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶体材料中的断裂，其中裂纹路径主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Aerated bath nitriding | 空气搅拌液体渗氮法 |
A type of liquid nitriding in which air is pumped through the molten bath creating agitation and increased chemical activity. 一种液体氮化，其中空气被泵入熔池，产生搅拌并增加化学活性。 |
| Adhesive strength | 粘合强度 |
The strength of an adhesively bonded joint, usually measured in tension (perpendicular to the plane of the bonded joint) or in shear 粘合接头的强度，通常以拉伸（垂直于粘合接头的平面）或剪切测量 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| Transfer machines | 转印机 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 当零件在自动输送机上移动时，这些专用机床用于对零件或夹具中的零件执行各种加工操作，自动输送机是机床设置的一部分。在设置中，零件可以从其入口点直线移动到其出口点，或者设置可以构造为U形，以便零件在其起点附近排出。 |
| Flame straightening | 火焰矫直 |
Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通过使用气体火焰进行局部加热来纠正金属结构的变形。 |
| Stress raisers | 局部应力集中 |
Changes in contour or discontinuities in structure that cause local increases in stress. 导致局部应力增加的轮廓变化或结构不连续性变化。 |
| Elastic interactions | 弹性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 当螺栓拧紧时，它会“在其自身附近”部分压缩接头构件稍后拧紧附近的螺栓时，进一步压缩该区域的接头。这允许第一个螺栓稍微松弛（失去一点预载）。但拧紧接头另一侧的螺栓可能会增加早期在近侧拧紧的一些螺栓的预载。在装配过程中，储存在单个螺栓中的弹性能量的这些位移和变化称为弹性相互作用。 |
| Condensation shock | 冷凝冲击 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 对于通过发散喷嘴的湿气体超音速流动，在温度降至饱和温度的点下游的某个点处，冷凝以自发成核的形式发生。凝结过程进行得很快，导致相当厚的不连续性，称为凝结激波。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 两端都有螺纹的杆。无头螺纹紧固件，两端有螺纹，中间部分有无螺纹主体，或从一端到另一端有螺纹。与两个螺母或一个螺母和一个螺纹孔一起使用。一种普通的圆柱形部件，其两端具有适当长度的螺纹部分，或在整个长度上具有连续螺纹。一端拧入机器或工件，然后将第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Standard fit | 标准匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根据标准间隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Solenoid | 螺线管 |
A coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. Solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 绕在金属芯（通常为铁）上的导线线圈，当电流通过线圈时产生磁场，从而在芯上产生力。电磁阀广泛用于产生线性运动以驱动阀（电磁阀）和其他装置。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Gear ratio | 传动比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 对于接触的两个齿轮，主动齿轮上的齿数与从动齿轮上的齿数之比。 |
| Mass flow rate (ṁ) (Unit kg/s) | 质量流量（ṁ）（单位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (ṁ″), with unit kg/s.m², is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ṁ″ = ṁ/A or ṁ″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 单位时间内流过表面或通过管道或其他管道的材料质量，通常是流体或粉末。相应的质量通量（ṁ″），单位为kg/s.m²，是通过真实表面或通过管道的质量流量除以表面或横截面积A，即ṁ″=ṁ/A或ṁ″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 铁素体不锈钢 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 铁素体不锈钢具有铁素体（BCC）晶体结构，含有10-28%的铬，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均为重量%）。它们具有磁性，可通过冷加工硬化。它们具有良好至中等的机械性能，在高温下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性，在400至540°C的温度下易脆化。用于涡轮零件、高温阀、汽车排气部件和核反应堆堆芯部件。 |
| Forging | 锻造处理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 将生钢制成特定形状的过程。锻造产品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夹和障碍销。 1. 一种通过手工或机器锤击金属（落锻、压力机）制造部件的方法。2.通过锻造工艺制成的零件。 |
| Belt furnace | 带式炉 |
A continuous-type furnace which uses a mesh-type or cast-link belt to carry parts through the furnace. 一种连续式炉，它使用网状或铸造链带将零件运送通过炉子。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞莱气压计 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一种垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水银上方的空间处于真空状态。水银在管道中上升的高度是大气压力的量度。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2 or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一种使用激光快速加热表面的表面硬化工艺。进入零件内部的热传导将快速冷却表面，留下浅马氏体层。通过移动CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使钢硬化，激光束聚焦至直径几毫米。物体表面的一点迅速加热到奥氏体范围，然后迅速冷却，形成回火马氏体。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲劳强度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金属在指定数量的应力循环变化下可以承受的应力。可以在指定的循环次数内持续而不失效的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。 |
| Maximum load (Pmax) | 最大负载（Pmax） |
(1) The load having the highest algebraic value in the load cycle. Tensile loads are considered positive and compressive loads negative. (2)Used to determine the strength of a structural member; the load that can be borne before failure is apparent. （1）负载循环中具有最高代数值的负载。拉伸荷载视为正荷载，压缩荷载视为负荷载。（2）用于确定结构构件的强度；失效前可承受的载荷是明显的。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 应力范围（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr = Smax – Smin 一个循环中最大和最小应力之间的代数差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Milling | 铣削 |
A machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. Milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. Because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一种加工工艺，通常用于金属和塑料，其中多齿旋转刀具去除材料以产生平坦或异形表面、槽、槽等。金属由旋转多齿刀具去除；主轴每转一圈，每个齿都会去除少量金属。因为工件和刀具可以同时在多个方向上移动，所以几乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一种环形合成橡胶环，位于加工成平面或圆柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Barometer | 气压计 |
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. There are two main types – the mercury barometer, and the aneroid barometer. 用于测量大气压力的仪器。有两种主要类型——水银气压计和无液气压计。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺纹 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 顺时针或向右转动时进入配合部件的螺纹。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Double aging | 双级时效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用两种不同的时效处理来控制由过饱和基质形成的沉淀物类型，以获得所需的性能。第一次时效处理，有时称为中间处理或稳定处理，通常在比第二次更高的温度下进行。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| Normality | 常态 |
The principle that the vector sum of plastic strain increments is perpendicular to the yield surface. 塑性应变增量矢量和垂直于屈服面的原理。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 压力恢复（单位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通过发散喷嘴或扩散器的未分离流的静压逐渐增加。 |
| Standard deviation (σ) | 标准偏差（σ） |
A statistical term used to quantify the Scatter in a set of data points. If the standard deviation is small, most of the data points are ‘‘nearly equal.’’ A large deviation means less agreement. The most usual measure of the dispersion of observed values or results expressed as the positive square root of the variance. The square root of variance, a measure of the spread of data about the mean value. 用于量化一组数据点中分散度的统计术语。如果标准偏差很小，则大多数数据点“几乎相等”大的偏差意味着更少的一致性。观测值或结果离散度的最常用度量，表示为方差的正平方根。方差的平方根，衡量平均值的数据分布。 |
| Silky fracture | 丝状断口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一种金属断裂，断裂的金属表面具有精细的纹理，通常外观暗淡。具有坚韧和坚固金属的特征。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通过将金属浸入热氧化盐或盐溶液中产生的黑色饰面。 |
| Cohesive zone | 凝聚力区 |
In fracture-mechanics modelling and simulation, the region at the crack tip over which an assumed traction (load-displacement) relation has to be overcome to permit initiation and propagation of a crack. 在断裂力学建模和模拟中，必须克服假定的牵引（载荷-位移）关系以允许裂纹萌生和扩展的裂纹尖端区域。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| Load | 负载 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 对于试验机，施加在试件上的力，以磅力、牛顿或千克力等单位测量。 |
| Bearing strain | 轴承应变 |
The ratio of the deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承孔在作用力方向上的变形与轴承测试中销直径的比值。 |
| Edge distance | 边距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，从轴承试样的边缘到孔中心的距离。 |
| Profile | 轮廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物体的横截面形状，如机翼或凸轮。 |
| Wheel | 轮 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一个实心圆盘，或一个带有辐条的圆环，辐条从一个中心毂放射出来，或附在一个绕其旋转的轴上，或与一个旋转轴一起旋转。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Transgranular | 穿晶 |
Through or across crystals or grains. Also known as intracrystalline or transcrystalline. 穿过或横穿晶体或颗粒。也称为晶内或晶间。 |
| Resistance thermometer | 电阻温度计 |
A thermometer in which the sensing element is basically a metal wire, usually of platinum, for which the variation of resistance with temperature is known accurately. A resistance pyrometer is a resistance thermometer intended for use up to about 1 000°C. 一种温度计，其中传感元件基本上是一根金属线，通常是铂，可以准确地知道电阻随温度的变化。电阻高温计是一种电阻温度计，用于高达约1000°C的温度。 |
| Absorber | 吸收器 |
1. An auxiliary vibratory system that favourably modifies the vibration characteristics of a main system. 2. Part of an absorption refrigeration system in which the refrigerant is absorbed by a transport medium. 3. The absorber plate is the receiver of a concentrating solar collector where the radiation is absorbed. 1.一种辅助振动系统，可有利地改变主系统的振动特性。2.吸收式制冷系统的一部分，其中制冷剂被传输介质吸收。3.吸收板是吸收辐射的聚光太阳能集热器的接收器。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 声学高温计 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一种非侵入式高温计，其原理是气体中的声速与其绝对温度的平方根成正比。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查尔斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （盖-吕萨克定律）在恒定压力下，固定质量气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。恒压下气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。 |
| Carbon restoration | 碳修复 |
Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing. 通过将该层渗碳到基本上原始的碳水平来替换先前处理中在表面层中损失的碳。有时称为再碳化。 |
| Transmissibility | 传递率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振动干扰的系统的传递力与干扰力之比。该比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度来定义。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Hot dipping | 热浸 |
(hot-dip galvanizing) A process of coating an iron, steel, or aluminium object with a thin layer of zinc by passing it through a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of about 460°C. （热浸镀锌）通过使铁、钢或铝物体通过温度约为460°C的熔融锌浴，在铁、钢或铝物体上镀上一层薄薄的锌层的工艺。 |
| External load | 外部负载 |
Forces exerted on fastener and=or joint members by such external factors as weight, wind, inertia, vibration, temperature expansion, pressure, etc. Does not equal the Working load in the fastener. 由重量、风、惯性、振动、温度膨胀、压力等外部因素施加在紧固件和/或接头构件上的力。不等于紧固件中的工作负载。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的条件下，在密封容器中对金属或合金进行退火。在对铁合金进行箱式退火时，通常将装料缓慢加热至低于转变范围的温度，但有时会高于或低于转变范围，然后缓慢冷却；这个过程也称为紧密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Caustic quenching | 苛性淬火 |
Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 用5%至10%氢氧化钠（NaOH）水溶液淬灭。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高强度低合金钢 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA钢）是含有各种微合金元素的钢，如少量的铜、镍、铬、钼、铌、钛和钒，与普通碳钢相比，具有更好的强度（高达900MPa）和腐蚀性能。这些改进归功于晶粒细化和沉淀硬化、炼钢过程中更好的化学控制以及精确的轧制温度。 |
| Angström (Å) | 昂斯特罗姆（Å） |
An obsolete (non-SI) unit of length, sometimes still employed for atomic and crystallographic measurements. The conversion to SI is 1 Å = 10−10 m. 一种已被淘汰的（非SI）长度单位，有时仍用于原子和晶体学测量。转换为SI为1Å=10-10m。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用绳子、链条、钢筋等拉动车辆移动。2.用于加固的纤维束。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 与规范不同的部分公差。在大规模生产中，使用自动机器时，零件应完全或部分可互换，在批量生产中，零件应理想匹配，无需选择。在实践中，由于刀具磨损、原材料变化、热效应等原因，批量生产的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，将精度偏差（称为公差）指定给基本尺寸上允许的尺寸。 |
| Centrifugal clutch | 离心离合器 |
A clutch that engages and disengages at a defined speed of rotation of the driving shaft, as when expanding friction shoes act against the inside of a drum. 一种离合器，以驱动轴规定的旋转速度接合和分离，如当膨胀的摩擦片作用在滚筒内部时。 |
| Square | 正方 |
1. A regular quadrilateral, i.e. a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. An instrument to check angles of internal and external surfaces and flatness. 1.正四边形，即具有四条等边和四个直角的多边形。2.一种检查内外表面角度和平面度的仪器。 |
| Vibration-testing machine (vibrator) | 振动试验机（振动器） |
Any machine that subjects components or systems to vibration at known amplitudes and frequencies in order to determine the response. vibratory equipment Vibrating process equipment, such as shakers, used to separate small and large particles, or feeders to supply particulate or granular material that may otherwise clog. 使部件或系统以已知振幅和频率振动以确定响应的任何机器。振动设备振动工艺设备，如用于分离小颗粒和大颗粒的振动筛，或用于供应可能堵塞的颗粒或粒状材料的给料机。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉胀材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比为负的人造材料，其横截面在受到纵向拉应力时会膨胀，在受到纵向压应力时会收缩。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接头 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由两个平行悬臂梁压在梁之间的部件上形成的接头。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 结构材料塑性变形的证据。也称为塑性流动或蠕变。 |
| Screw machine | 螺丝机 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一种用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的机床。 |
| AISC | AISC |
The American Institute of Steel Construction. 美国钢结构学会。 |
| Critical temperature | 临界温度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果压力恒定，则与临界点同义。（2） 高于该温度时，气相不能通过压力升高而冷凝为液体。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度亏损（单位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如边界层或尾迹，由于摩擦，与自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Acoustic separation | 声学分离 |
(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （单位m）使用驻声波（通常是超声波）将流体中的粒子分离，以将它们驱动到节点（声学粒子浓度）。 |
| Least count | 最小计数 |
The smallest value that can be read from an instrument having a graduated scale. Except on instruments provided with a vernier, the least count is that fraction of the smallest division which can be conveniently and reliably estimated; this fraction is ordinarily one-fifth or one-tenth, except where the graduations are very closely spaced. 可从具有刻度尺的仪器中读取的最小值。除配备游标的仪器外，最小计数是可以方便可靠地估计的最小除法的分数；这个分数通常是五分之一或十分之一，除非刻度间隔非常近。 |
| Spalling | 剥落 |
The separation of macroscopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips. 以薄片或碎片形式从表面分离宏观颗粒。 |
| Static fatigue | 静态疲劳 |
A term referring to a time-dependent reduction in strength with a static (noncyclic) load. The term may refer to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking or the effect of creep on the strength of plastics. Delayed fracture caused by environmental effects under dead-weight loading of materials such as glass. The name is unfortunate, as cyclic loads are not involved and glass is not susceptible to fatigue. 指静态（非循环）载荷下强度随时间变化的降低。该术语可指氢致延迟开裂或蠕变对塑料强度的影响。在玻璃等材料的自重荷载下，由环境影响引起的延迟断裂。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡机 |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一种装置，用于评估旋转部件的静态和动态平衡状态，并指示为获得平衡而添加的砝码的大小和位置。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一种齿轮扳手，可增加输入扭矩并提供输出扭矩读数。实际上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的组合。 |
| Preload relaxation | 预载松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓头下的轴承应力过大（由局部斑点高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母轴承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能会在首次向螺栓施加预载荷后导致预载荷松弛。 |
| Tera (T) | 特拉（T） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 1012; thus terawatt (TW) is a unit of power equal to one trillion watts. 指示乘数1012的SI单位前缀；因此，太瓦（TW）是等于1万亿瓦的功率单位。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大气压的压力下进行退火。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 温度（单位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物质分子动能的定量量度，以及它的冷热程度。 |
| Steady pin | 定位销 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑轮在其轴上转动的销钉、键或销。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡环）在轴向定位圆形横截面部分的外部或内部保持环。它由一个不完整的环组成，在间隙的任一侧都有孔，可以通过钳形工具将其扩展以进入轴中的凹槽或收缩以进入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Strain | 拉紧 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物体的大小或形状因力而变化的单位。也称为标称应变。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 拨动（拨动夹） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由两个销杆组成的装置，在同一平面的两个端点之间几乎成一条直线。将杠杆对齐会在端部之间产生较大的力。用于获得较大的机械优势或用作锁定机构。 |
| Fitted bolt | 装配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一种螺栓，其头部正下方有一个普通的无螺纹部分。 |
| Compressive strength | 抗压强度 |
Maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. For ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 材料能够产生的最大压缩应力。如果脆性材料因破裂而无法压缩，则抗压强度具有一定值。对于韧性、可锻性或半粘性材料（不会因破裂而导致压缩失效），获得的抗压强度值是一个任意值，取决于被视为材料有效失效的变形程度。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
| Lubricant | 润滑剂 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 为了减少两个表面之间的摩擦或磨损而置于两个表面间的任何物质。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大应力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在应力循环中具有最高代数值的应力，拉应力被认为是正的，压应力被认为是负的。名义应力是最常用的。 |
| Clamping force | 夹紧力 |
The equal and opposite forces which exist at the interface between two joint members. The clamping force is created by tightening the bolts, but is not always equal to the combined tension in the bolts. Hole interference problems, for example, can create a difference between clamping force and bolt loads. 存在于两个连接构件之间的界面处的相等和相反的力。夹紧力是通过拧紧螺栓产生的，但并不总是等于螺栓中的组合张力。例如，孔干涉问题可能会在夹紧力和螺栓载荷之间产生差异。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| Vibrometer | 测振仪 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一种用于测量振动表面运动的装置，通常使用非接触激光技术。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一种方形、六角形或其他形状的金属紧固件，具有内螺纹，可拧在螺栓、螺柱或心轴上。与外螺纹螺栓一起使用的内螺纹紧固件。通常为六边形，但也有许多其他几何形状，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夹持工具。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
| Elastic energy | 弹性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其弹性行为范围内变形所需的能量，忽略因内耗引起的小热损失。试样在被测标距内每单位体积材料吸收的能量。它是通过测量应力-应变曲线下达到规定弹性应变的面积来确定的。另见弹性模量和应变能。 |
| Permanent set | 永久变形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 释放荷载后，先前受力物体中剩余的变形或应变。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 临界负荷（单位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.导致已知长度的现有裂纹扩展并因此导致部件或结构断裂的施加荷载。2.导致具有给定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷载。 |
| Active vibration suppression | 主动振动抑制 |
The reduction of undesirable vibration in components by feedback control. 通过反馈控制减少部件中的不良振动。 |
| Vent | 发泄 |
A small valve that allows the release of pressurized fluid from a pipe, pressure vessel, etc., often to the atmosphere. 一种小阀门，允许将加压流体从管道、压力容器等中释放到大气中。 |
| Dynamic load rating (Unit N) | 额定动载荷（单位N） |
The allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 当负载不是静态时，组件或结构上的允许负载。 |
| Verified loading range | 验证加载范围 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 对于试验机，试验机在规定允许偏差范围内给出结果的指示载荷范围。 |
| Strain hardening | 应变硬化 |
An increase in hardness and strengthcaused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Also known as work hardening. (workhardening) The increase in stress above the initial yield stress required to deform a metal to greater strains in the plastic range at temperatures below the recrystallization range (cold working). Unloading after some strain or work input gives a harder and stronger material. 在低于再结晶范围的温度下，塑性变形导致硬度和强度的增加。也称为加工硬化。（加工硬化）在低于再结晶范围（冷加工）的温度下，使金属在塑性范围内变形至更大应变所需的高于初始屈服应力的应力增加。在一定的应变或功输入后卸载，会得到更硬、更强的材料。 |
| Plane-strain fracture toughness (KIc) | 平面应变断裂韧性（KIc） |
The crack extension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. 裂纹尖端平面应变条件下的裂纹扩展阻力。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作应力（单位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的应力。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夹 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夹，开口销）大致与字母R形状相同的线夹。线夹的直线部分穿过钻在轴或杆上的孔，从而将车轮固定在轴上，或防止轴轴向移动。 |
| Erosion | 侵蚀 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固体表面与流体、多组分流体或撞击液体或固体颗粒之间的机械相互作用，原始材料从固体表面逐渐损失。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂纹尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂纹主平面尺寸的线性度量。这种测量通常用于计算描述应力场和位移场的量。在实践中，裂纹尺寸的值是通过测量物理裂纹尺寸、原始裂纹尺寸或有效裂纹尺寸的程序获得的，视情况而定。 |
| Lockbolt | 锁紧螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上类似于螺栓的紧固件，但与环槽（而不是螺纹）接合的轴环（而不是螺母）。套环在阳紧固件上的凹槽上锻造，以产生预紧力。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氢损伤 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 当氢存在于某些金属中时可能发生的脆化、开裂、起泡和氢化物形成的总称。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸长力产生伸长的力或载荷。1.从两端拉出的杆、带、电缆、弹簧、线、线等的状态。2.（张力）（单位N）与张力相关的力。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 与主要荷载引起的应力不同，但主要荷载产生的应力；例如，桶装压缩试件和锻件周围产生的环向应力。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一种带有方形或矩形端头的螺栓，可嵌入机床工作台的T形槽中，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Fracture toughness | 断裂韧性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂纹扩展阻力测量的通用术语。该术语有时仅限于断裂力学试验的结果，这些结果直接适用于断裂控制。该术语通常包括非基于断裂力学分析的切口或预裂纹试样的简单试验结果。基于使用经验或与断裂力学试验的经验相关性，后一类试验的结果通常有助于断裂控制。 |
| Hypoeutectoid alloy | 亚共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共析的合金系统中，与共析成分相比，其成分具有过量母材的任何合金，并且其平衡微观结构包含一些共析结构。 |
| Slip line | 滑移线 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑动平面在观察表面上的轨迹；只有在变形前对表面进行抛光，才能观察到痕迹。通常对金属晶体的观察（在光学显微镜下）是一组称为滑移带的滑移线。 |
| Compression crease | 压缩折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在压缩具有高体积分数长丝的复合材料期间形成的折痕。这些复合材料通过形成与加载轴成一定角度的折痕而在压缩中失效。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 总水头（hT）（单位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT = pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 总压力pT以液体柱（通常为水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g为重力加速度，ρ为液体密度。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重载紧固件中的局部塑性变形允许一个零件陷入较软或更重载的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺纹嵌入螺母螺纹等。 |
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