| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加应力或释放残余应力而发生的与原始尺寸、形状或轮廓的任何偏差。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| Diagonal pitch (Unit m) | 对角线间距（单位米） |
The distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. The term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 当部件中的零部件交错时，一行或一列中零部件的位置与下一行或下一列中相应零部件的位置之间的距离。该术语适用于铆钉、叶栅中的涡轮或压缩机叶片、机翼表面的涡流发生器等。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂强度（单位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m², the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按规定速率撕裂预裂片材所需的张力除以片材厚度。特别用于塑料、橡胶、织物和弹性体。由于单位不是应力单位，而是相当于J/m²，韧性单位，“强度”一词是完全错误的。 |
| Cheese head | 圆柱头 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺钉或螺栓上的圆柱头。为了驱动，它可以是开槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Torque meter | 扭矩计 |
An instrument for measuring torque using spring-loaded, piezoelectric, or strain-gauged devices. 使用弹簧加载、压电或应变测量装置测量扭矩的仪器。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺纹 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺纹加工是一种通过使用实心或自开模具在圆柱形或锥形表面上切削外螺纹的加工工艺。模具螺纹加工是一种比滚丝加工更慢的外螺纹加工方法，但它比车床中的单点螺纹加工要快。 |
| Supercharging | 增压 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| Actual power | 实际功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （实际马力）（单位W或hp）在随后通过变速箱等传输之前，在发动机输出轴上传递的功率。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力计 |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于进行拉伸和压缩试验的台式装置。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 与规范不同的部分公差。在大规模生产中，使用自动机器时，零件应完全或部分可互换，在批量生产中，零件应理想匹配，无需选择。在实践中，由于刀具磨损、原材料变化、热效应等原因，批量生产的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，将精度偏差（称为公差）指定给基本尺寸上允许的尺寸。 |
| Barcol hardness test | 巴氏硬度测试 |
An indentation test, similar to the Shore hardness test but using a pointed indentor with a flat tip, used to determine the hardness of such materials as rigid plastics and composites. 一种压痕测试，类似于肖氏硬度测试，但使用带有扁平尖端的尖头压头，用于确定硬质塑料和复合材料等材料的硬度。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系数（μ） |
(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （动摩擦系数、滑动摩擦系数、摩擦系数，μ）两个接触表面之间摩擦力F与法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。静摩擦是指没有相对滑动时；有摩擦时的动摩擦。对于相互滑动的结构部件，摩擦系数是引起滑动的力与垂直于滑动部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系数是无量纲的，其值介于0和1之间。代表一种材料沿另一种材料的表面滑动或滚动所需的力的数字。如果一个物体的重量为N并且摩擦系数为μ，那么在没有加速度的情况下沿水平表面移动它所需的力F为F=μN。静摩擦系数决定了启动运动所需的力；动摩擦系数决定了保持运动所需的力。动摩擦通常小于静摩擦。两个物体之间的力（F）与将这些物体压在一起的法向力（N）的无量纲比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Yield stress | 屈服应力 |
The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as structural steels, at which large strains take place without further increase in stress. 高韧性材料（如结构钢）的应力水平，在该应力水平下发生大应变而不会进一步增加。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Stress relaxation | 应力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定挠曲条件下，零件（如螺栓）内的应力水平缓慢降低，该零件承受重荷载。蠕变的“表亲”，是在恒定应力条件下几何结构的缓慢变化。在恒定温度下，由于蠕变，固体在恒定应变下的应力随时间变化的减小。金属的应力松弛行为通常显示在应力松弛曲线中。 |
| Furnace | 炉 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一种燃烧室，其中燃烧固体、液体或气体燃料以向锅炉或其他工艺设备供应热气。示例包括燃烧室、锅炉炉（蒸汽发生炉）、热风炉、燃油炉、上升气流炉和水冷炉。2.用于加热和熔化材料的腔室，有时具有受控气氛或真空（真空炉）。例如高炉、直接和间接电弧炉、感应炉（高频炉）、马弗炉、反射炉和太阳能炉。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Band clutch | 带式离合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一种摩擦离合器，其驱动是通过一条带在离合器边缘上收缩来实现的。 |
| Gear ratio | 传动比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 对于接触的两个齿轮，主动齿轮上的齿数与从动齿轮上的齿数之比。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Peel strength (Unit N) | 剥离强度（单位：N） |
(peel test) The strength of an adhesive bond between two materials as measured by the force required in a given direction to peel apart adhered strips. This force depends on the dimensions and thickness of the adhered strips and their yield stress, together with the fracture toughness of the bond. （剥离试验）两种材料之间的粘合强度，通过给定方向上剥离粘合条所需的力来测量。该力取决于粘合条的尺寸和厚度及其屈服应力，以及粘合剂的断裂韧性。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松动 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 离心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一种泵，液体通过泵壳的眼轴向进入，然后通过叶轮加速，从而在输送到环形扩散器（蜗壳）之前增加其动能和压力，从而进一步增加液体压力并从中流出树叶。 |
| Elongation | 伸张率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 机械测试中使用的术语，用于描述试样在受力时的延伸量。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皱 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金属板深冲过程中，在法兰边缘和拉深半径之间的金属区域内获得的波浪状状态。当设置不平衡压缩力时，在其他成形操作中也可能发生起皱。 |
| Density | 密度 |
The mass per unit volume of a solid material. (mass density, ρ) (Unit kg/m³) The mass per unit volume of a substance that satisfies the continuum assumption. The reciprocal of specific volume. 固体材料每单位体积的质量。（质量密度，ρ）（单位kg/m³）满足连续统假设的物质每单位体积的质量。和比容相关联。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度亏损（单位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如边界层或尾迹，由于摩擦，与自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Washer | 垫圈 |
An annular disc of metal, rubber, plastic, ceramic, etc., placed between two surfaces in contact either to spread the load (for example, between a surface and a tightened nut or a bolt head), to provide a seal, or to separate or align components. 由金属、橡胶、塑料、陶瓷等制成的环形圆盘，放置在两个接触面之间，以分散载荷（例如，在一个表面和拧紧的螺母或螺栓头之间），提供密封，或分离或对齐部件。 |
| Load range, P | 负载范围P |
In fatigue, the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum loads in a fatigue cycle. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最大和最小载荷之间的代数差。 |
| Lobe | 凸轮 |
The projecting part such as rotor lobe or the cam lobe. 转子凸角或凸轮凸角等突出部分。 |
| Flange bolt | 法兰螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在头部下方带有内置垫圈状法兰的螺栓。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| Fillet radius | 圆角半径 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在紧固件的两个相交表面处的凹形接合处。通常用于描述螺纹紧固件的头部和柄部之间的连接处（头部圆角下方）。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂纹尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂纹塑性变形的影响，物理裂纹尺寸增大。有时，根据物理裂纹尺寸的测量值加上塑性区调整的计算值来计算有效裂纹尺寸。计算有效裂纹尺寸的首选方法是将载荷-挠度轨迹正割的柔度与试样类型校准的弹性柔度进行比较。 |
| Coalescence | 聚结 |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通过吸收以牺牲剩余为代价的晶粒的生长或以通过吸收或再沉淀为代价的以剩余为代价的相或颗粒的生长。 |
| Wave spring | 波形弹簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一种压缩弹簧，类似于螺旋弹簧，但由沿圆周成波浪形的条状物制成。 |
| Time quenching | 时间淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的术语，其中被淬火零件的冷却速率必须在冷却循环的某个时间突然改变。 |
| Proof strength (Unit Pa) | 验证强度（单位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2 or Rp0.2 is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （验证应力，Rp）在永久应变的某个固定值下的屈服强度（偏移屈服强度），由偏离但平行于弹性加载线的线与工程应力-工程应变曲线的交点给出。偏移是任意的，但通常为0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久应变（验证应变）。用于没有明确定义屈服点的材料。对于0.2%的验证应力，采用符号Rp0.2。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| U-bend | U形管 |
U-bend A 180° bend in a pipe. 180°弯曲的管道。 |
| Temperature factor | 温度系数 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。说明了热膨胀和温度引起的声速变化的影响。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度计测量弹性体、塑料和橡胶等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度仪测量直径为1.1–1.4mm的硬化钢棒（压头）在用校准弹簧快速施加的给定力下渗入试验材料的深度。有两种主要的压头设计：A型（适用于较软的材料），其杆端为截头35°锥形，逐渐变细至直径0.79 mm；D型（较硬的材料），端部为30°锥形，尖端半径为0.1mm。A型的弹簧力为8.05N，D型为44.45N。硬度值与渗透深度相关（最大限制为2.5mm），因此，对于零渗透，硬度为100，对于最大渗透，硬度是零。相关标准为ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所选材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纤维素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Electroplating | 电镀 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用电解将一种金属沉积到另一种金属上。待镀金属形成电解池中的阴极，待沉积金属形成阳极。 |
| Auxiliary power unit (APU) | 辅助动力装置（APU） |
In aircraft–gas–turbine applications, a small gas turbine used to provide start-up power, electrical and hydraulic power, and compressed air for cabin ventilation. In other applications, an APU may be a gas turbine or internal-combustion engine used to provide emergency power. 在飞机-燃气轮机应用中，小型燃气轮机用于提供启动动力、电力和液压动力以及用于机舱通风的压缩空气。在其他应用中，APU可以是用于提供应急动力的燃气轮机或内燃机。 |
| Microindentation hardness test | 显微压痕硬度测试 |
Hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a diamond indenter of specific geometry, under a test load of 1 to 1000 gramforce, into the surface of the test material and to measure the diagonal or diagonals of the indentation optically. 使用校准机器进行硬度试验，以在1至1000克力的试验载荷下，将特定几何形状的金刚石压头压入试验材料表面，并光学测量压痕的对角线。 |
| Young’s modulus | 杨氏模量 |
A term used synonymously with modulus of elasticity. The ratio of tensile or compressive stresses to the resulting strain. 与弹性模量同义的术语。拉伸或压缩应力与产生应变的比率。 |
| Fog quenching | 雾淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在细蒸汽或薄雾中淬火。 |
| Compression failure | 压缩失败 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纤维复合材料中的屈曲、断裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在压缩中的承载能力的降低或消除。 |
| Scuffing | 擦伤 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全阀 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度过高，允许气体在真空下进入系统的阀门。 |
| Ultimate strength | 极限应力 |
The maximum tensile strength a bolt or material can support prior to rupture. Always found in the plastic region of the stress–strain or force–elongation curve, and so is not a design strength. Also called Tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength. 螺栓或材料在断裂前可支撑的最大抗拉强度。总是出现在应力-应变或力-伸长率曲线的塑性区域，因此不是设计强度。也称为抗拉强度和极限抗拉强度。材料在不断裂的情况下能够承受的最大应力（拉伸、压缩或剪切），通过将最大载荷除以试样的原始横截面积来确定。也称为标称强度或最大强度。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Compression spring | 压缩弹簧 |
A spring that resists compression forces, usually in the form of a helix with separated coils (giving a linear axial stiffness) or a cone with separated coils (giving a non-linear axial stiffness). 一种抵抗压缩力的弹簧，通常采用带有分离线圈的螺旋形式（提供线性轴向刚度）或带有分离线圈的锥形（提供非线性轴向刚度）。 |
| Push rod | 推杆 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在顶置气门活塞发动机中，通过气门摇臂打开和关闭气门的杆。连杆由曲轴箱中的凸轮轴驱动。 |
| Compounding | 复合串联 |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽机（复合蒸汽机）或脉冲涡轮机中，通过串联的两个或多个级逐渐降低压力（膨胀）。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Rated power (Unit kW or hp) | 额定功率（单位：千瓦或马力） |
(rated capacity, rated horsepower) The maximum power output that can be sustained continuously for any power-producing machine or system, such as an engine or a power plant. （额定容量、额定马力）任何发电机器或系统（如发动机或发电厂）可连续维持的最大功率输出。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里温度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性转变温度，低于此温度金属或合金为铁磁性，高于此温度则为顺磁性。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射线厚度计 |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一种由X射线源和探测器组成的装置，用于测定片状或平板状材料的厚度，包括金属、纸张、塑料、橡胶和陶瓷。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺钉 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一个5毫米或更大的螺钉，其螺纹一直延伸到头部，并与相邻构件的螺纹孔或外加螺母啮合,用于将两个部件固定在一起，方法是将螺钉穿过一个部分的间隙孔，然后拧入另一个部分的螺纹孔。头部可以是六角形、圆形、扁平形、圆角形或套筒形。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量规 |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于测量螺栓应力或应变的超声波仪器。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Permissible variation | 允许偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 对于试验机，所示数量值的最大允许误差。用误差百分比表示允许偏差是很方便的。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 压力容器（如锅炉）设计用于在正常条件下运行的压力。 |
| Tension testing | 张力测试 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一种确定材料在单轴载荷下的行为的方法，这种载荷倾向于拉伸金属。将已知长度和直径的纵向试样夹持在两端，并以缓慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到发生断裂。也称为拉伸测试。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中异辛烷的体积百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Brake fluid | 制动液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于将力传递到盘式制动器中的活塞或鼓式制动器中的轮缸的液压油。要求包括高沸点和低吸湿性。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奥氏体不锈钢 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奥氏体不锈钢是非磁性的。它们含有显着添加的铬（16–30%），但具有奥氏体（FCC）晶体结构，通过在6–20%的成分范围内添加镍来稳定。碳含量范围约为0.03至0.15%。含有大约18%铬和8%镍的“18-8”不锈钢是该级别的典型不锈钢。奥氏体不锈钢即使在高温下也具有高强度和耐腐蚀性，良好的延展性，良好的低温性能和良好的焊接性。用于飞机和运输设备、餐具、化学和食品加工设备、手术器械和低温容器。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 热疲劳 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于温度梯度的存在而产生的疲劳，温度梯度随时间变化，从而在结构中产生循环应力。 |
| Strength (Unit Pa) | 强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum stress, in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof, that may be monotonically applied to a material, component, or structure before failure (defined as fracture, yielding, buckling, etc. as appropriate). 在破坏前（视情况定义为断裂、屈服、屈曲等），材料、部件或结构在拉伸、压缩、剪切或其组合中可能单调施加的最大应力。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Specimen | 样品 |
A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration, that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample. 用于破坏性或无损检测的测试对象，通常具有标准尺寸或配置。可以从样品的每个单位切割一个或多个样品。 |
| Breaking stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Coaxial | 同轴 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同轴线的部件的术语，例如同心轴。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤顶 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一种起重装置（千斤顶），由螺母和方形螺纹轴组成，其顶部为承重垫。螺母的旋转可升高或降低衬垫。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金属在远低于其再结晶温度的温度下通过轧制（冷轧）、拉拔、锻造（冷锻）等方式发生塑性变形，这不仅会导致永久的形状变化，还会增加强度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化温度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金发生部分熔融的最低温度。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.机器、齿轮系等的输入速度与输出速度之间的比率。2.在机构的一个部分处施加的力的位移与在不同部分处的载荷的移动之间的比率。 |
| Assembly drawing | 装配图纸 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 显示零件如何组装以生产组件或整机的工程图。它可能包括显示内部特征、对装配至关重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件编号的部分。 |
| Hypereutectic alloy | 过共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，任何合金，其组成与共晶组成相比具有过量的合金元素，并且其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 对于低于材料比例极限的剪切应力，剪切应力与相应剪切应变之比。剪切模量值通常通过扭转试验确定。也称为刚度模量。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Hardenability | 淬透性 |
Defined as the ability of a ferrous material to acquire hardness after austenitization and quenching. The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface where the metal exhibits a specific hardness (50 HRC, for example) or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. 定义为黑色金属材料在奥氏体化和淬火后获得硬度的能力。铁合金从高于上临界温度的温度淬火时形成马氏体的相对能力。淬透性通常以淬火表面下方的距离来测量，金属在淬火表面处表现出特定硬度（例如50HRC）或微观结构中马氏体的特定百分比。 |
| Rockwell hardness test | 洛氏硬度测试 |
An indentation-hardness test using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness. A direct-reading hardness test based on depth of indentation, in which a minor load (typically 30 to 100 N) is applied before the major load (typically 120 to 1 500 N). There are different scales using conical or spherical indenters for different ranges of hardness. An indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. 使用校准机器进行的压痕硬度测试，该机器利用恒定载荷下的压痕深度作为硬度测量值。一种基于压痕深度的直读硬度测试，其中在主要载荷（通常为120至1500N）之前施加较小载荷（通常是30至100N）。对于不同的硬度范围，使用锥形或球形压头有不同的刻度。在某些任意固定条件下，基于指定穿透器穿透试样深度的压痕硬度试验。 |
| Cup washer | 杯形垫圈 |
A dished leather or neoprene washer fitted to the rod end in some piston-style pumps. 在某些活塞式泵中，安装在杆端的碟形皮革或氯丁橡胶垫圈。 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （时间频率，f）（单位Hz）振荡中每秒的周期数或循环过程的重复率。 |
| Acoustic droplet ejection | 声液滴喷射 |
The ejection of small droplets from the surface of a liquid that results from focusing high-intensity ultrasound near the surface. 由于在表面附近聚焦高强度超声波而从液体表面喷射出小液滴。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽压表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一种压力表，用于测量管道、锅炉、汽缸或其他与蒸汽一起工作的装置中的表压。 |
| Shear strength | 抗剪强度 |
The maximum shear stress that a material is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated from the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and is based on the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. 材料能够承受的最大剪切应力。抗剪强度根据剪切或扭转试验期间的最大载荷计算，并基于试样横截面的原始尺寸。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在内部火焰中过量氧气产生的气体火焰。 |
| Kinetic energy | 动能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物体因运动而拥有的能量。它是赋予物体使其运动的能量。撞击时，它被转换成其他形式的能量，如应变、热、声和光。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕销 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 从曲柄上伸出的一个螺柱，作为连接杆的附件。锻造合金最初铸造，然后通过挤压、锻造或轧制等工艺成形为最终形状的金属合金。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（单位°）切削刀具的底部或侧面与加工表面之间的角度。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一种齿轮扳手，可增加输入扭矩并提供输出扭矩读数。实际上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的组合。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺纹 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一种夹角为29°的螺纹，主要用于机床上的进给丝杠。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 额定压力（单位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 压力容器、锅炉、储罐、管道等设计用于安全运行的内部压力。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩诺硬度试验 |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一种已被淘汰的方法，通过测量将球形侵彻体压入金属至规定深度所需的载荷来确定压痕硬度。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡环）在轴向定位圆形横截面部分的外部或内部保持环。它由一个不完整的环组成，在间隙的任一侧都有孔，可以通过钳形工具将其扩展以进入轴中的凹槽或收缩以进入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸弯曲试验 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金属板成形性的模拟试验，其中金属板条在其端部夹紧在锁珠中，并通过冲头在中心变形。选择试验条件，以便在冲头接触区域发生断裂。 |
| Transverse strain | 横向应变 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于试样加载轴的平面内的线性应变。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 没有重力的情况（即失重）。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白渗氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮气的情况下模拟氮化操作。这通常通过使用惰性材料代替氮化剂或通过在铁合金上施加合适的保护涂层来实现。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭转应力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭转作用在横截面上产生的剪切应力。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 两级压缩机 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一种机器，其中气体在低压气缸中从低压压缩到中压，然后在高压气缸中压缩到最终压力。如果两个气缸由中冷器分离，则效率提高。 |
| Extra spring | 额外弹簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大约对应于高于全硬的冷加工状态，超过该状态进一步冷加工将不会显着增加强度和硬度。 |
| Cohesive zone | 凝聚力区 |
In fracture-mechanics modelling and simulation, the region at the crack tip over which an assumed traction (load-displacement) relation has to be overcome to permit initiation and propagation of a crack. 在断裂力学建模和模拟中，必须克服假定的牵引（载荷-位移）关系以允许裂纹萌生和扩展的裂纹尖端区域。 |
| Fillister head | 槽头 |
Similar to a pan head but with a smaller head diameter and a taller head, with higher vertical sides. 类似于盘头，但头部直径较小，头部较高，垂直边较高。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通过活塞的往复运动、叶片的旋转或叶轮的旋转而使液体、气体、蒸汽或泥浆流动的机器。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量转移和转换过程中的不可逆性，将能量转换为低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 涡轮叶片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃气、蒸汽或水力涡轮机的转子和定子的翼型叶片。2.冲击轮的杯形叶片。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一种用于硬化可硬化铁合金表面的工艺，其中使用强烈的火焰将表面层加热到转变温度上限以上，然后立即对工件进行淬火。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趋势。 |
| Breaking load | 断裂载荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加载到破裂的试样或结构构件上的最大载荷（或力）。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小负载（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲劳中，循环中施加载荷的最小代数值。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 热力学状态 |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系统或工作流体根据其性质的状态。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉钉 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种空心铆钉，使连接只能从组件的一侧进行。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一种环形合成橡胶环，位于加工成平面或圆柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Torque monitor | 扭矩监测器 |
A torque tool control system which monitors the amount of torque being developed by the tool during use, but does not control the tool or the torque produced. 一种扭矩工具控制系统，监控工具在使用过程中产生的扭矩量，但不控制工具或产生的扭矩。 |
| Strain gage | 应变计 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一种测量金属拉伸和类似试验中产生的少量应变的装置。将一卷细线安装在一张纸、塑料或类似载体基质（背衬材料）上，该载体基质呈矩形，通常约25mm（1.0in.）长，这是粘在测试金属的一部分。随着线圈随试样延伸，其电阻成正比增加，这被称为粘结电阻应变计。其他类型的量规测量实际变形。机械、光学或电子设备有时用于放大应变以便于读取。 |
| Joint | 关节接合处 |
The part of a robot arm permitting either rotational or translational motion. Each joint provides a single degree of freedom, and thus a minimum of six is required if the robot is to be able to position and orientate the end effector anywhere within the workspace. A joint is described by four parameters: the joint angle, joint offset, joint twist, and link length. The joint angle is the angle between an extrapolation of the previous link length and the present link length, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the joint axis. This is variable in a rotational joint and fixed in a translational joint. The joint offset is the distance between the link length for the previous link and that for the present link, measured along the joint axis. This is variable for a translational joint and fixed for a rotational joint. The joint twist for the nth joint is the angle between the axes of joints Jn and Jn+1, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the link length and viewed from the position of the Jn+1 joint. The link length is the mutually perpendicular distance between planes passing through the axes of joint Jn and Jn+1. Both the joint twist and link length are fixed in all joints. 机器人手臂上允许旋转或平移运动的部分。每个接合处都有自由度，如果机器人要能够在工作空间内的任何位置定位和定向末端执行器，则至少需要六个接合处具有自由度。关节接合处由四个参数描述：关节角度、关节偏移、关节扭曲和链接长度。关节角度是在垂直于关节轴的平面内逆时针测量的先前连杆长度和当前连杆长度的外推之间的角度。这在旋转关节中是可变的，在平移关节中是固定的。关节偏移是沿关节轴测量的前一个连杆和当前连杆的连杆长度之间的距离。这对于平移关节是可变的，对于旋转关节是固定的。第n个关节的关节扭曲是关节Jn和Jn+1轴之间的角度，在垂直于连杆长度的平面内逆时针测量，从Jn+2关节的位置观察。连杆长度是穿过关节轴Jn和Jn+1的平面之间相互垂直的距离。关节扭曲和连杆长度在所有关节中都是固定的。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性变形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加应力下的永久（非弹性）变形，使材料应变超过其弹性极限。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬质合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 难熔金属碳化物（如碳化钨）在金属基体粘结剂（如钴、镍或铁）中的烧结混合物。它们具有高熔点、韧性、抗压强度和耐磨性。应用包括用于砂轮和纸张、切削工具、钻头、拉丝模和圆珠笔尖。当应用于机床时，有时称为硬金属。 |
| Ratchet coupling | 棘轮联轴器 |
A joint employing a ratchet system between two shafts, so that not only does the driven shaft run in one direction only, but also the driven shaft can, if necessary, run more quickly than the driving shaft. 在两个轴之间采用棘轮系统的接头，这样不仅从动轴只能在一个方向上运行，而且在必要时，从动轴可以比驱动轴运行得更快。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗气蚀诱导剂 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的轴流泵，通过增加进口压头防止主泵出现气穴。 |
| Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) | 常温常压（NTP） |
Reference conditions defined by NIST as 20°C and 1 atm. NIST定义的参考条件为20°C和1atm。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 摄氏热量单位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （摄氏热量单位，CHU）一个已被淘汰的（即非国际单位制）单位，等于在一个标准大气压的压力下将一磅纯净的无空气水的温度从14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接触强度（单位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 换算成应力的接触体之间的最大允许载荷。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中间退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造过程中和最终处理之前的一个或多个阶段对锻造金属进行退火。 |
| Controlled cooling | 控制冷却 |
Cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties. 以预定方式从升高的温度冷却，以避免硬化、开裂或内部损坏，或产生所需的微观结构或机械性能。 |
| Manometer | 压力计 |
An instrument used in the measurement of a pressure difference in a fluid (manometry). 用于测量流体压力差（测压）的仪器。 |
| Shoulder | 轴肩 |
The portion of a shaft, stepped component, or flanged component, where a change in diameter or other dimension occurs. Even for a nominal step change, in practice there will be a radius where shoulder and shaft meet in order to avoid too severe a stress concentration. 轴、阶梯部件或法兰部件的直径或其他尺寸发生变化的部分。即使是名义阶跃变化，在实践中，肩部和轴相交处也会有一个半径，以避免出现过严重的应力集中。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸计 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一种用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化，在零件加载时测量零件长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的拉力试验。 |
| Secant modulus | 割线模量 |
The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on a stress-strain curve. Compare with chord modulus. 从原点到应力应变曲线上任何指定点的割线斜率。与弦模量进行比较。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 当加载部件或结构的能量释放率低于临界值时，裂纹自行停止扩展。如果可以预测，可以将其纳入结构完整性评估。 |
| Diaphragm compressor | 隔膜式压缩机 |
A machine in which compression is achieved by the reciprocating motion of a flexible membrane of metal, plastic, or elastomeric material. This arrangement is ideally suited to pumping high-purity, toxic, or explosive gases. A similar machine incorporating check valves is a self-priming positive-displacement pump (diaphragm pump, membrane pump). 通过金属、塑料或弹性材料的柔性薄膜的往复运动实现压缩的机器。这种布置非常适合泵送高纯度、有毒或爆炸性气体。装有止回阀的类似机器是自吸容积泵（隔膜泵、隔膜泵）。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏压（单位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由压力差控制的流体装置中，该差值的大小。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸线 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程图上的一条线，上面有一个数字，表示特征的长度，通常以毫米为单位。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定寿命图 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 实验得出的疲劳寿命数据图；可能是用于表示此类数据的最复杂和最完整的流行图表。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夹 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夹，开口销）大致与字母R形状相同的线夹。线夹的直线部分穿过钻在轴或杆上的孔，从而将车轮固定在轴上，或防止轴轴向移动。 |
| Strain | 拉紧 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物体的大小或形状因力而变化的单位。也称为标称应变。 |
| Sample median | 样本中间值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 当样本中的所有观测值按数量级排列时的中间值。如果测试的样本数为偶数，则使用两个中间值的平均值。这是人口中位数的一个点估计值，或50%的点。 |
| Physical testing | 物理测试 |
Methods used to determine the entire range of physical properties of a material. In addition to density and thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, physical testing methods can be used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color, crystalline form, and melting point. 用于确定材料整个物理特性范围的方法。除了密度和热、电、磁特性外，物理测试方法还可用于评估简单的基本物理特性，如颜色、结晶形式和熔点。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查尔斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （盖-吕萨克定律）在恒定压力下，固定质量气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。恒压下气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲轴 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往复式单缸或多缸机器主轴的一部分。曲轴可以分段组装或作为单个部件锻造。在发动机中，活塞的往复运动将动力传递给曲轴并使其旋转，而在泵中，曲轴被驱动，其旋转使活塞往复运动。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度测试 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm² but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一种试验，其中不同的硬压头在不同载荷下压入固体表面，以产生永久压痕，所产生的压力称为硬度。布氏试验采用球形压头；维氏硬度测试是一个方形金字塔。压痕硬度H与单轴屈服应力Y之间的关系约为H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm²为单位，但现在通常在Pa.2中给出。划痕和锉刀硬度测试要么与一种材料能够标记另一种材料（矿物的莫氏硬度标度）有关，要么与刚性压头在表面上滑动产生的凹槽大小有关。3.回弹硬度涉及掉落压头或旋转臂端部压头撞击表面后的回弹高度。 |
| DTI | DTI |
Direct tension indicator. A fastener used primarily in the structural steel industry, designed to indicate that a certain minimum amount of tension has been developed in the fastener during assembly. 直接张力指示器。一种主要用于结构钢行业的紧固件，旨在表明在装配过程中紧固件中产生了一定的最小张力。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| Slip joint | 滑动接头 |
A mechanical connection which allows limited endwise relative movement of two components such as pipes, rods, and ducts. 一种机械连接，允许两个部件（如管道、杆和管道）进行有限的轴向相对运动。 |
| Aging treatment | 时效处理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 针对时效硬化的热处理；它包括溶液和沉淀处理。 |
| Sampling frequency (Unit Hz) | 采样频率（单位Hz） |
(sampling rate) The number of measurement samples per unit time taken from a continuous analogue signal to produce a discrete signal. It is the inverse of the time between successive measurements (sampling interval, sampling period, or sampling time). （采样率）从连续模拟信号中提取以产生离散信号的每单位时间的测量样本数。它是连续测量之间时间的倒数（采样间隔、采样周期或采样时间）。 |
| Induction tempering | 感应回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| Fahrenheit | 华氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32ºF) and the boiling point of water (212ºF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 温标基于水的冰点（32ºF）和水的沸点（212ºF）。这些点之间的间隔被分成180等份。尽管被摄氏刻度所取代，华氏刻度有时仍用于非科学测量。 |
| Pitting | 点蚀 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦学中的一种磨损，其特征是存在由疲劳、局部粘附、磨损、腐蚀或空穴等过程形成的小而尖锐的表面空穴。 |
| Jack | 杰克装置 |
A lifting device that exerts large forces over small displacements, achieved by mechanical gearing or hydraulics. 通过机械传动或液压装置在小位移上施加大力的提升装置。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许使用压力（单位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何压力系统可运行的最高压力，通常比最大允许工作压力低10%至20%。 |
| Granular fracture | 粒状断裂 |
A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken that is characterized by a rough, grainlike appearance, rather than a smooth or fibrous one. It can be subclassified as transgranular or intergranular. 金属破碎时产生的一种不规则表面，其特征是粗糙的颗粒状外观，而不是光滑或纤维状的外观。它可以细分为穿晶或晶间。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 净重（单位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其内容物）的毛重与空容器皮重之间的差值。 |
| Check valve | 止回阀 |
(clack valve, non-return valve) A mechanical device that allows fluid flow in one direction only. The numerous designs include ball, diaphragm, disc, lift, split disc, and swing check valves. （瓣阀、止回阀）一种仅允许流体单向流动的机械装置。众多设计包括球阀、隔膜阀、盘阀、升降阀、分体盘阀和旋启式止回阀。 |
| Nanomanufacturing | 纳米制造 |
1. The manufacture of nanoscale materials. 2. The manufacture of components or devices that have critical dimensions of order 1 nm. 1.纳米材料的制造。2.具有1nm级临界尺寸的部件或装置的制造。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起动阀（调节器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 将蒸汽从锅炉送入蒸汽机汽缸的阀门。 |
| Square thread | 方螺纹 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺纹的一种形式，螺纹的横截面形成正方形，使螺纹的宽度等于螺纹之间的间距。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微动腐蚀 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于两个表面之间的腐蚀和轻微振荡运动，接触表面之间的界面加速劣化。（2）一种以化学反应为主的微动磨损形式。微动腐蚀通常以颗粒的去除和随后形成的氧化物为特征，这些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此会增加磨损。微动腐蚀可能涉及其他化学反应产物，这些化学反应产物可能不是磨料。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Slant fracture | 倾斜裂缝 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一种断裂现象，典型的平面应力断裂，其中金属分离面与施加应力的轴成一定角度（通常约45°）倾斜。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Spring | 弹簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 储存机械能并在变形时施加力的弹性部件。作用力F与弹簧x偏转的曲线斜率dF/dx称为弹簧率或弹簧模量k，单位为N/m。对于线性弹簧，F（x）曲线成比例，k称为弹簧常数。一种弹性装置，在应力或压力下屈服，但在应力和压力消除后恢复到其原始状态或位置。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳钢在油浴中的硬化。分为常规、快速、马氏体淬火或热淬火。 |
| Repeatability | 重复性 |
A term used to refer to the test-result variability associated with a limited set of specifically defined sources of variability within a single laboratory. 一个术语，用于指与单个实验室内一组有限的特定变异源相关的测试结果变异性。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 将冷加工的有色金属合金软化到规定的硬度或抗拉强度水平的最终局部退火。 |
| Barometer | 气压计 |
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. There are two main types – the mercury barometer, and the aneroid barometer. 用于测量大气压力的仪器。有两种主要类型——水银气压计和无液气压计。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窝材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大类材料具有海绵状结构，包含许多小的封闭或开放（互连）孔或细胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、软木、海绵和木材，有许多众所周知的用途。使用发泡剂或发泡剂（如空气、碳酸铵、碳酸氢钠等）生产各种泡沫塑料，以在热塑性或热固性聚合物加工过程中产生孔隙。硬质泡沫具有中等抗压强度，可模制和机加工。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作负荷（单位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的张力；残余预载荷和部分（通常）任何外部载荷的组合产生的张力。连接图通常用于预测紧固件在使用中的近似工作载荷。部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的荷载。 |
| Plane strain | 平面应变 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中的应力条件，其中在垂直于施加拉应力轴和裂纹扩展方向（即平行于裂纹前沿）的方向上存在零应变；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加载厚板。在平面应变条件下，断裂失稳平面垂直于主拉应力轴。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等变换 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等温或等压相变，其中相关的两个相在整个过程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶断裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶体材料中的断裂，其中裂纹路径主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Induction hardening | 感应淬火 |
A surface-hardening process in which only the surface layer of a suitable ferrous workpiece is heated by electromagnetic induction to above the upper critical temperature and immediately quenched. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，只有合适的含铁工件的表面层通过电磁感应加热到高于上临界温度，并立即淬火。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金属元素和合金的原子、晶体学、微观结构、机械和物理特性及其应用。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲劳强度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金属在指定数量的应力循环变化下可以承受的应力。可以在指定的循环次数内持续而不失效的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Thermal reactor | 热反应器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一种扩大的排气歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式发动机的气缸盖上，其中一氧化碳和未燃烧碳氢化合物的氧化作用增强。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容积式压缩机 |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何类型的压缩机，包括活塞式和旋转螺杆式，在单位时间内以高压输送固定体积的气体。容积泵每单位时间输送固定体积的流体，通常为液体。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 转动螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有时用于描述紧固件拧紧时螺母（或螺栓头）的总体旋转。更常用于定义一种特定的紧固程序，在该程序中，首先以预选扭矩拧紧紧固件，然后通过使螺母额外转动，如“三平面”（180°）进一步拧紧。 |
| Belt drive | 带传动 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通过穿过滑轮的连续平带或带齿柔性带（带）将运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴。与链条传动相比，皮带传动往往用于低扭矩应用。由于普通传动带的拉伸可能会导致传动松弛（皮带蠕变）或主动或从动皮带轮上的皮带打滑（皮带打滑），从而导致传动功率降低。 |
| Absolute viscosity | 绝对粘度 |
A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other moving with unit velocity. 流体内部剪切特性的量度，表示为两个水平面中的任何一个上的单位面积切向力，两个水平面被给定流体的一个单位厚度隔开，其中一个平面固定，另一个以单位速度移动。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 应用热力学 |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程热力学、热力学）热、功和系统特性之间关系的科学，以及燃料中的热能可以转化为机械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源转换的各个方面的研究，包括发电、制冷、所涉及物质的相关特性以及它们之间的关系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本规律。 |
| Imperial system | 英制单位体系 |
The units of measurement developed in the UK. Formerly known as the fps system, which is an abbreviation for the ‘foot-pound-second system of units. 英国开发的计量单位。以前称为fps系统，是“英尺-磅-秒（foot-pound-second）单位制”的缩写。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在涡扇发动机中，旁通流的质量流量与通过发动机核心的质量流量之比。 |
| Magnetic materials | 磁性材料 |
Materials in which the magnetic moment of adjacent atoms can adopt either parallel or antiparallel alignment. Ferromagnetism occurs when the magnetic moments adopt parallel alignment. When adjacent magnetic moments cancel due to antiparallel alignment, the material exhibits antiferromagnetism and has no overall magnetic moment. Examples of the latter include ferrous oxide and manganese oxide. The phenomenon of ferrimagnetism occurs when adjacent magnetic moments adopt antiparallel alignment but have unequal magnitude. The region of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material in which the magnetic moments are aligned is known as a magnetic domain and adjacent regions are separated by domain walls. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit weak forms of magnetism that results from independent (uncoupled) alignment of magnetic atomic dipoles induced by an applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials can acquire high degrees of magnetization in relatively weak magnetic fields. They have different hysteresis characteristics and are classified as either hard magnets or soft magnets. Hard magnets retain large magnetization in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are used as permanent magnets. Conventional materials include magnet steels alloyed with tungsten or cobalt. Rare-earth magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements produce significantly stronger magnetic fields. The most common of these are samarium-cobalt and neodymiumiron-boron permanent magnets. Their strength allows them to be small and used in numerous applications, including cordless tools, disk drives, headphones, toys, and motors for automotive components such as wipers, fans, washers, and windows. Soft magnets may be magnetized and demagnetized relatively easily. When subjected to an alternating magnetic field the energy loss due to hysteresis is small. Common materials include iron-silicon alloys (known as electrical steels), nickel-iron alloys (permalloy), soft ferrites, and amorphous nanocrystalline alloys, the last of which can be produced in the form of tape by meltspinning. Soft magnets are used to enhance the magnetic flux produced by an electric current. 相邻原子的磁矩可以采用平行或反平行排列的材料。当磁矩采用平行排列时，会产生铁磁性。当相邻磁矩因反平行排列而抵消时，材料表现出反铁磁性，没有总磁矩。后者的实例包括氧化亚铁和氧化锰。当相邻磁矩采用反平行排列但大小不等时，就会出现铁磁现象。磁矩对齐的铁磁或铁磁材料区域称为磁畴，相邻区域由磁畴壁分隔。抗磁和顺磁材料表现出弱磁性形式，这是由外加磁场诱导的磁原子偶极子的独立（非耦合）排列引起的。铁磁性和铁磁性材料可以在相对弱的磁场中获得高磁化度。它们具有不同的磁滞特性，分为硬磁铁和软磁铁。硬磁铁在没有外加磁场的情况下保持较大的磁化强度，用作永磁体。常规材料包括与钨或钴合金化的磁钢。由稀土元素合金制成的稀土磁体产生明显更强的磁场。其中最常见的是钐钴和钕硼永磁体。它们的强度使其体积小，可用于多种应用，包括无绳工具、磁盘驱动器、耳机、玩具和汽车部件（如雨刷、风扇、洗衣机和车窗）的电机。软磁体可以相对容易地磁化和退磁。当受到交变磁场时，由于磁滞引起的能量损失很小。常见材料包括铁硅合金（称为电工钢）、镍铁合金（坡莫合金）、软铁氧体和非晶纳米晶合金，最后一种可以通过熔钉以胶带的形式生产。软磁铁用于增强电流产生的磁通量。 |
| Available resource | 可用资源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （总资源）（单位J）理论上可从可再生能源（例如海浪、风或总入射太阳能）获得的年度总能量。 |
| Gas compressor | 气体压缩机 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一种在低压下吸入气体并在高压下输送气体的机器，通常伴随着温度升高。压缩机设计包括轴流式、离心式、隔膜式、往复式和旋转式（包括叶片式压缩机）。 |
| Calorie | 卡路里 |
(cal, gram calorie, small calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 4.186 8 J. It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure airfree water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at standard atmospheric pressure. （卡，克热量，小热量）一种已被淘汰的（即非SI）能量单位，等于4.1868J。它是在标准大气压力下将1克纯无空气水的温度从14.5℃升高到15.5℃所需的能量。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切应变 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角变化的切线，作为对力的响应，在两条原本通过物体中的一个点相互垂直的线之间。也称为剪切应变。 |
| Elasticity | 弹性 |
The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一种材料的特性，通过这种特性，由应力引起的变形在去除应力后消失。完全弹性体在应力释放后完全恢复其原始形状和尺寸。 |
| Fracture stress | 断裂应力 |
The true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 断裂开始时最小横截面积上的真实正应力。该术语通常适用于无缺口试样的拉伸试验。 |
| Grip length | 夹紧长度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夹紧在一起的所有部件的总厚度，包括垫圈、垫圈和接头构件。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Aerated bath nitriding | 空气搅拌液体渗氮法 |
A type of liquid nitriding in which air is pumped through the molten bath creating agitation and increased chemical activity. 一种液体氮化，其中空气被泵入熔池，产生搅拌并增加化学活性。 |
| Dynamic modulus | 动态模量 |
The ratio of stress to strain under cyclic conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or tension). 循环条件下的应力与应变之比（根据在剪切、压缩或拉伸中的自由或强制振动测试中获得的数据计算得出）。 |
| Counter sink | 台面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物体上切割或塑造一个凹陷，使螺钉的头部可以齐平或低于表面。 |
| Hot hardness | 热硬度 |
The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高温下的硬度，常用来对刀具的性能进行排名。 |
| Viscoelasticity | 粘弹性 |
A property involving a combination of elastic and viscous behavior. A material having this property is considered to combine the features of a perfectly elastic solid and a perfect fluid. A phenomenon of time-dependent, in addition to elastic, deformation (or recovery) in response to load. 结合弹性和粘性的特性。具有这种性质的材料被认为是完美弹性固体和完美流体的结合体。除了弹性变形（或恢复）外，还随时间变化的一种现象。 |
| Wind tunnel | 风洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于测试和研究的可控气流管道。类型包括排污、闭路、开路回路和开路段。闭路隧道可加压或排空。工作段通常位于流量调节元件的下游，可包括增压室、蜂窝、滤网、湍流格栅和收缩管。紧靠下游通常有一个扩散器。对于基础研究，通常的要求是在低涡流和湍流强度的工作段中实现均匀稳定流动。对于某些应用，流动可能是密度分层、剪切、不稳定或高湍流强度。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭轴振动 |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋转不平衡轴的快速来回角扭转，在临界转速下达到最大值。轴偏心、质量分布不平衡、振荡扭矩、未对准等都会影响扭转振动。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋给料机 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一种用于处理散装物料的机构，其中旋转的螺旋螺杆使物料轴向向前移动。类似于螺旋输送机，但需要以受控速率非常精确地排出物料。它在螺杆完全充满的情况下运行。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 绝对比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同温度下，任何体积的物质的重量与等体积的参考物质的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，两者都是在真空中测量的，以避免任何浮力的影响。 |
| Waviness | 波纹度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波纹度是与几何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由机床-工件系统在加工过程中的低水平振荡决定。通常，波长范围为1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范围为几微米至几百微米。 |
| Effective length of a bolt | 螺栓的有效长度 |
The grip length plus some portion of the bolt (often one-half of the thickness of the nuts) which lies within the nut(s) plus some portion (often one-half the thickness) of the head. 握持长度加上位于螺母内的螺栓的某些部分（通常是螺母厚度的二分之一）加上头部的某些部分（通常是厚度的二分之一）。 |
| Air classifier | 空气分级机 |
(air elutriator) A device in which an airstream, which may be swirling, sorts particles by a combination of size, shape, and mass. （空气淘析器）一种装置，在该装置中，气流（可能是漩涡）根据大小、形状和质量的组合对颗粒进行分类。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 热电材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一种热电现象特别强烈的材料，如珀尔帖效应、塞贝克效应和汤姆森效应。 |
| Compression ratio | 压缩率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is SW and the clearance volume is CL, the compression ratio is given by ( SW + CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其冲程顶部的燃烧室的容积与活塞位于其冲程底部的气缸总体积的比例。对于活塞发动机，如果扫气量为SW，间隙容积为CL，则压缩比由(SW+CL)/CL给出，即它是体积比而不是压力比。 |
| Roughness | 粗糙度 |
The deviations from the wavy surface itself, caused by geometry of the cutting tool and its wear, machining conditions, microstructure of the workpiece, vibrations in the system, and so on. Surface roughness changes as a surface goes through the wearing-in process, but may then stabilize. 由刀具的几何形状及其磨损、加工条件、工件的微观结构、系统中的振动等引起的与波状表面本身的偏差。表面粗糙度随着表面经过磨合过程而变化，但随后可能会稳定下来。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 冲击强度1.（单位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高应变率条件下导致失效（通过屈服或断裂）的应力。2.（单位J）有时用于描述在夏比或悬臂梁式冲击试验中使样品断裂所需的能量，即使单位不是强度单位。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| Liquid carburizing | 液体渗碳 |
Surface hardening of steel by immersion into a molten bath consisting of cyanides and other salts. 通过浸入由氰化物和其他盐组成的熔池中对钢进行表面硬化。 |
| Statistic | 统计 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根据样本中的观察值计算得出的汇总值。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 转变温度（单位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定义的温度，位于金属断裂特性（通常通过缺口试样的试验确定）快速变化的温度范围内，如从主要纤维（剪切）断裂到主要结晶（解理）断裂。（2） 有时用于表示延性随温度快速变化的范围内的任意定义的温度。（转变点）1.具有面心立方晶体结构的金属合金的断裂机制从韧性孔洞生长转变为脆性解理的温度。2.材料从一种晶体状态转变为另一种晶体的温度。 |
| Single-shear test | 单剪试验 |
(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一种剪切试验，类似于用于圆棒试样的双剪切试验，但仅使用一个固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板试样的剪切试验。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Sample percentage | 样本百分比 |
The percentage of observed values between two stated values of the variable under consideration. It is a point estimate of the percentage of the population between the same two stated values. 所考虑变量的两个规定值之间的观测值百分比。它是对相同两个规定值之间的总体百分比的点估计。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Lüders lines | 吕德斯线 |
Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible with the unaided eye, that form along the length of sheet metal or a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45° to the loading axis. Caused by localized plastic deformation, they result from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Lüders bands, Hartmann lines, Piobert lines, or stretcher strains. 拉长的表面标记或凹陷，通常肉眼可见，沿金属板或拉伸试样的长度形成，与加载轴的角度约为45°。由于局部塑性变形，它们是不连续（不均匀）屈服的结果。也被称为吕德斯带、哈特曼线、皮奥伯特线或拉伸线。 |
| Swept volume (Unit m³) | 扫描体（单位m³) |
In the cylinder of a piston engine or other device, the volume between top and bottom dead centre positions of a piston; equal to πR2S where R is the piston radius and S is the stroke. 在活塞发动机或其他装置的气缸中，活塞上止点和下止点位置之间的体积；等于πR2S，其中R是活塞半径，S是冲程。 |
| Dead space | 死区 |
(dead volume) (Unit m³) That volume of a gas-filled thermometer in which the gas is not at the same temperature as that being measured. （死容）（单位m³）充气温度计的体积，其中气体的温度与被测温度不同。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Blind rivet | 盲孔铆钉 |
A rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种铆钉，可以仅从组件的一侧进行连接。 |
| Absorber | 吸收器 |
1. An auxiliary vibratory system that favourably modifies the vibration characteristics of a main system. 2. Part of an absorption refrigeration system in which the refrigerant is absorbed by a transport medium. 3. The absorber plate is the receiver of a concentrating solar collector where the radiation is absorbed. 1.一种辅助振动系统，可有利地改变主系统的振动特性。2.吸收式制冷系统的一部分，其中制冷剂被传输介质吸收。3.吸收板是吸收辐射的聚光太阳能集热器的接收器。 |
| Coefficient of discharge (CD) | 流量系数（CD） |
For flow through a nozzle or orifice plate, the ratio of the actual mass flow rate to the theoretical mass flow rate calculated assuming the flow to be isentropic. The coefficient of velocity (velocity coefficient) is the corresponding ratio of the actual average velocity to the theoretical value. For incompressible flow, the theoretical flow rate and velocity can be calculated using Bernoulli’s equation. 对于通过喷嘴或孔板的流量，实际质量流量与假设流量为等熵计算的理论质量流量之比。速度系数（速度系数）是实际平均速度与理论值的对应比。对于不可压缩流，可以使用伯努利方程计算理论流量和速度。 |
| Cotter pin | 开口销 |
(cotter) 1. A tapered wedge or pin passing through a tapered slot or hole in one member and bearing against a second member to fix it in location. 2. A split cotter is commonly called a split pin. A pin with two legs. With legs together, the pin is placed through the hole in a clevis pin. The legs are then opened outward to prevent the cotter pin from backing out of the hole. The cotter pin, in turn, prevents the load-bearing clevis pin from backing out of its retaining hole. （开口）1.锥形楔子或销钉穿过一个构件中的锥形槽或孔，并支撑在第二个构件上以将其固定到位。2.开口开口通常称为开口销。相当于有两条腿的别针，将支腿放在一起，销钉穿过U形夹销上的孔。然后将支腿向外打开以防止开口销从孔中退出。开口销反过来防止承重U形夹销从其固定孔中退出。 |
| Clearance | 间距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （单位m或μm）1.装配体中配合组件之间的距离（如果有）。2.机器中两个运动部件之间的距离，或运动部件和静止部件之间的距离（例如活塞和气缸盖之间的间隙）。3.带螺纹时，主要间隙是内螺纹根部的设计形状与其配合的外螺纹牙顶之间的距离；小间隙是内螺纹牙顶和外螺纹牙根之间的对应尺寸。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕变时间关系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定应力下蠕变应变与时间之间的代数或数值关系。 |
| Cold die quenching | 冷模淬火 |
A quench utilizing cold, flat, or shaped dies to extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive, and is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas. 利用冷、平或成型模具从零件中提取热量的淬火。冷模淬火速度慢、成本高，并且仅限于表面积较大的较小零件。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋转阀 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一种圆柱形或锥形塞，其中有一个横向孔，当该孔与相邻管道对齐时，流体可通过该孔流动。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美国国家标准协会的缩写。 |
| Rivet | 铆钉 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一种一端有头的短杆，插入待连接板上对齐的孔中，然后通过锤击或成型在突出的杆身上制作第二个头。最常见的头部形状是扁平、圆顶和倒锥形。在阵列中，铆钉间距是相邻铆钉中心之间的距离。故障可能由不同的机制或模式发生。一种一体式紧固件，由头部和主体组成，用于将两个或多个部件紧固在一起，方法是将主体穿过每个部件上的孔，然后在主体端部形成第二个头部。除非取下头部，否则无法移除。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 废热回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 从烟道和废气中或从工业过程中加热的液体中回收热能。回收装置包括预热器、回热器、再生器和余热锅炉。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作应力（单位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的应力。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理断裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一种通过分裂（劈裂）产生的裂缝断裂，通常是多晶金属的断裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，产生明亮的反射面。它是一种结晶性断裂，与低能脆性断裂有关。与剪切断裂相对。如板岩或云母等材料的层之间。在脆性金属和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面发生解理。 |
| Tensiometer | 张力计 |
An instrument used to measure surface tension. 用来测量表面张力的仪器。 |
| Tightness, acceptable | 密封性，可接受的 |
Wholly leak-free joints are impossible, at least if the contained fluid is a gas, so it has been proposed that the design of a gasketed joint should start with the selection of an ‘‘acceptable’’ leak rate. The designer would dimension bolts and joint members so that the actual leak rate would never exceed this. Three standard levels of tightness have been proposed as well. 至少在所含流体为气体的情况下，完全无泄漏的接头是不可能的，因此有人建议，垫圈接头的设计应从选择“可接受”的泄漏率开始。设计师将确定螺栓和接头构件的尺寸，以便实际泄漏率永远不会超过此值。还提出了三种标准的密封性等级。 |
| Electrode | 电极 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 电池或腐蚀电池中释放电子（阳极）或吸引电子（阴极）的两个金属体。 |
| Shell hardening | 壳型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，合适的钢工件在加热和淬火硬化后，会形成一层马氏体层或壳，该层或壳紧随工件的轮廓，并包围一个基本上为珠光体相变产物的核心。这一结果通过截面尺寸、钢淬透性和淬火强度之间的适当平衡来实现。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接头 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦学中，通过相对运动的两个表面中较软的表面的塑性变形形成凹槽。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺纹耗尽 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或轧制的螺纹部分，但提供全深度螺纹与主体或头部之间的过渡。官方称之为螺纹冲蚀或消失，但术语“耗尽”更为流行。（跳动是官方为旋转偏心度保留的，由总指示器读数等定义。） |
| Grain | 晶粒 |
1. An individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. Most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) A non-SI unit of mass. The conversion to SI is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10−5 kg. 1.多晶固体中的单个晶体。大多数工程材料，如金属和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非国际单位制的质量单位。转换为SI为1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| Nut factor | 螺母系数 |
An experimental constant used to evaluate or describe the ratio between the torque applied to a fastener and the Preload achieved as a result. 用于评估或描述施加在紧固件上的扭矩与由此获得的预载之间的比率的实验常数。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式湿度计 |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通过吸收到吸湿介质中来确定大气中水蒸气含量的仪器。 |
| Striation | 条纹组织 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一种疲劳断裂特征，通常在电子显微照片中观察到，表明每次应力循环后裂纹前沿的位置。条纹之间的距离表示在一个应力循环期间裂纹前沿穿过该晶体的前进，垂直于条纹的线表示局部裂纹扩展的方向。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆时针旋转时前进的螺钉。 |
| Yield point (Unit Pa) | 屈服点（单位Pa） |
The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Only certain metals—those which exhibit a localized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic deformation—produce a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and lower yield points. The load at which a sudden drop in the flow curve occurs is called the upper yield point. The constant load shown on the flow curve is the lower yield point. (yield strength, yield stress, Rel, Rel) The stress at which the onset of permanent (plastic) deformation (yielding) occurs in a body under increasing loading. In some materials, a yield-point phenomenon occurs in which stress falls on initial yielding and plastic deformation continues without increase in stress as strain increases further. The yield criterion is the combination of normal and shear stresses which produces yielding under multiaxial loading. 材料中的第一应力，通常小于可达到的最大应力，在该应力下应变增加而应力不增加。只有某些金属——表现出从弹性变形到塑性变形的局部、非均匀类型的金属——才会产生屈服点。如果屈服后应力降低，可区分上屈服点和下屈服点。流量曲线突然下降时的荷载称为上屈服点。流量曲线上显示的恒定载荷为较低屈服点。（屈服强度，屈服应力，Rel）在不断增加的载荷下，物体发生永久（塑性）变形（屈服）时的应力。在某些材料中，会出现屈服点现象，即应力在初始屈服时下降，随着应变进一步增加，塑性变形继续，而应力没有增加。屈服准则是在多轴载荷下产生屈服的正应力和剪应力的组合。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 设计荷载（单位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或结构在正常运行条件下预期承受的最大负载。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡试验筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一种闭路循环水隧洞，其中静压可降至足够低的水平，以便进行气蚀研究。 |
| Adhesive strength | 粘合强度 |
The strength of an adhesively bonded joint, usually measured in tension (perpendicular to the plane of the bonded joint) or in shear 粘合接头的强度，通常以拉伸（垂直于粘合接头的平面）或剪切测量 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 热力学性质 |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 温度、压力和定义工作流体状态的密集属性：比内能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料条件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有内部尺寸的上限的情况。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齿轮传动 |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原则上，切向接触的圆盘之间的摩擦可用于在轴之间传递旋转和动力，但动力水平非常有限，速比受滑动的影响。为了使驱动积极，使用齿轮代替，齿轮中的齿延伸到理想滚动接触的圆盘直径（节圆直径）的上方和下方。该图显示了直齿轮的名称，这是平行轴之间最简单的齿轮传动类型，其形状为圆柱形，直齿平行于旋转轴。 |
| Radial engine | 径向发动机 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 气缸沿径向围绕曲轴布置的活塞式发动机，这种设计通常用于早期飞机发动机。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺纹杆 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺钉的主体，其直径介于螺纹大径的最小和最大限制之间。 |
| Compressed liquid | 压缩液体 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于与其温度对应的饱和压力的压力的液体。 |
| Transfer moulding | 转移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （树脂传递模塑，RTM）一种对聚合物进行压缩模塑的方法，其中模具在操作开始前关闭。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在车床上加工一个垂直于旋转轴的平面。 |
| Spalling | 剥落 |
The separation of macroscopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips. 以薄片或碎片形式从表面分离宏观颗粒。 |
| Freezing point | 冰点 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物质从液态变为固态的温度。大多数物质的冰点随着压力的增加而增加。从固体到液体的逆过程是熔化；熔点与凝固点相同。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在机床工作台上用一种特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容纳T形螺栓的方头，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Sigma phase | σ相 |
A hard, brittle, nonmagnetic intermediate phase with a tetragonal crystal structure, containing 30 atoms per unit cell, space group P42/mnm, occurring in many binary and ternary alloys of the transition elements. The composition of this phase in the various systems is not the same, and the phase usually exhibits a wide range in homogeneity. Alloying with a third transition element usually enlarges the field of homogeneity and extends it deep into the ternary section. 一种硬、脆、非磁性中间相，具有四方晶体结构，每单位晶胞含有30个原子，空间群P42/mnm，存在于许多过渡元素的二元和三元合金中。该相在各种系统中的组成不尽相同，并且该相通常表现出宽范围的均匀性。与第三过渡元素的合金化通常会扩大均匀性范围，并将其延伸到三元区。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）当量来定义的。 |
| Cementite | 渗碳体 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化铁一种铁和碳的化合物，化学上称为碳化铁，化学式近似为Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶体结构。当它在钢中以相形式出现时，锰和其他碳化物形成元素的存在将改变其化学成分。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的压力。大约等于9.81Pa。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| Pressure surface | 压力面 |
The high-pressure surface of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade. In normal aircraft applications, this is the lower surface of a wing. For applications, such as to high-performance motor vehicles, where the aerofoil is inverted to generate downforce, it is the upper surface. 机翼、涡轮或压缩机叶片的高压表面。在正常的飞机应用中，这是机翼的下表面。对于高性能机动车辆等应用，机翼翻转以产生下压力，它是上表面。 |
| Mean stress (Unit Pa) | 平均应力（单位 Pa） |
The average of the maximum and minimum stresses for a material subjected to a stress cycle, as in a fatigue test. 承受应力循环的材料的最大和最小应力的平均值，如在疲劳试验中。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Standardization | 标准化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.关于设计、制造、材料、性能、惯例、要求、强度等的国家和国际协议，确保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能产生共同结果。2.部件的制造，以便在装配新部件或维修旧部件时，无需“装配”即可实现部件的互换性。 |
| Countersinking | 埋头孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 从钻孔的边缘向外张开以形成截锥形凹陷，以容纳具有锥形头的螺钉，从而提供齐平的配件。 |
| Structural engineering | 结构工程 |
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design of buildings, dams, bridges, and other large structures. 土木工程的一个分支，涉及建筑物、水坝、桥梁和其他大型结构的设计。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨胀 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部载荷、压缩、温度变化、化学作用等引起的体积变化。 |
| Composite property | 复合属性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在热力学中，根据封闭系统及其周围环境的性质定义的性质，例如非流动火用函数。 |
| Horsepower | 马力 |
Unit indicating the rate at which work is done. The electrical equivalent of one horsepower is 746 watts. 单位表示完成工作的速率。一马力的电当量为746瓦。 |
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