| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Threading machine | 螺纹机 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割杆、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺纹或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的内螺纹的机器。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制垫圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 设计用于沉头螺钉的垫圈。在某些应用中用于增强外观。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 铁素体不锈钢 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 铁素体不锈钢具有铁素体（BCC）晶体结构，含有10-28%的铬，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均为重量%）。它们具有磁性，可通过冷加工硬化。它们具有良好至中等的机械性能，在高温下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性，在400至540°C的温度下易脆化。用于涡轮零件、高温阀、汽车排气部件和核反应堆堆芯部件。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于软态和半硬态之间。 |
| Vertical engine | 立式发动机 |
A piston engine having the cylinders above the crankshaft. 气缸位于曲轴上方的活塞发动机。 |
| Impact | 撞击 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物体或部件的突然加载，如车辆碰撞或锤击。 |
| Breaking load | 断裂载荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加载到破裂的试样或结构构件上的最大载荷（或力）。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕变断裂强度（单位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金属和聚合物蠕变试验结束时的断裂应力，通常与时间作图以给出应力-断裂曲线。 |
| Failure | 失效 |
The result when a body, component, or structure is incapable of performing the task for which it was designed. The term is often used without reference to what causes failure, such as fracture, buckling, excessive deformation, wear, or erosion. Failure criteria (failure theories, theories of strength) are mathematical expressions for the combinations of stress, strain, or strain energy at which materials fail, which are employed in design to dimension components. 主体、部件或结构无法执行其设计任务时的结果。该术语通常未提及导致失效的原因，如断裂、屈曲、过度变形、磨损或侵蚀。失效准则（失效理论、强度理论）是材料失效时应力、应变或应变能组合的数学表达式，用于部件尺寸设计。 |
| Snap temper | 快速回火 |
A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature. 在淬火后立即对高淬透性钢进行预防性临时应力消除处理，以防止因在规定的更高温度下回火延迟而开裂。 |
| Surface hardness | 表面硬度 |
(superficial hardness) Indentation hardness on, and for some distance below, the surface of a component, as opposed to its bulk hardness. Depending on the resolution required, micro- or nano-hardness testing machines are employed. （表面硬度）与整体硬度相反，部件表面及其下方一定距离的压痕硬度。根据所需的分辨率，可使用微型或纳米硬度测试机。 |
| Plug | 螺塞 |
1. An object, usually tapered, used to block a hole to prevent fluid from escaping or flowing. 2. The central moveable part of a valve. 3. In the flow of a yield-stress fluid through a pipe or duct, the central region is often assumed to take the form of a plug with uniform axial velocity. 4. In thermoforming, a shaping tool that forces a heated plastic sheet into a female mould. 1.一种物体，通常为锥形，用于堵塞孔以防止流体逸出或流动。2.阀门的中心可移动部分。3.在屈服应力流体通过管道或管道的流动中，中心区域通常假定为具有均匀轴向速度的塞子形式。4.在热成型技术中，一种成型工具，将加热的塑料板压入阴模中。 |
| Allotropy | 同素异形体 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多态性的近义词。同素异形体通常仅限于描述元素、终端相和合金中的多晶型行为，其行为与主要组成元素的行为非常相似。 |
| Flange bolt | 法兰螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在头部下方带有内置垫圈状法兰的螺栓。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 将冷加工的有色金属合金软化到规定的硬度或抗拉强度水平的最终局部退火。 |
| Alloy | 合金 |
1. A metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. A plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. This results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由两种或多种元素组成的金属材料，其中一种通常是添加了其他元素的金属，例如铁碳或铝铜（二元合金）；镍铬铁（三元合金）。2.由两种或多种不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。这导致无法通过聚合获得的材料。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度亏损（单位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如边界层或尾迹，由于摩擦，与自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 长细比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均匀柱的有效无支撑长度除以横截面积的最小回转半径。 |
| Wrap-around bend | 环绕弯曲 |
The bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. This term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 当试样缠绕在圆柱形心轴周围的闭合螺旋中时获得的弯曲。该术语有时适用于180°或更小的半导弯曲。 |
| Belt drive | 带传动 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通过穿过滑轮的连续平带或带齿柔性带（带）将运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴。与链条传动相比，皮带传动往往用于低扭矩应用。由于普通传动带的拉伸可能会导致传动松弛（皮带蠕变）或主动或从动皮带轮上的皮带打滑（皮带打滑），从而导致传动功率降低。 |
| Plug gauge | 塞规 |
A steel gauge used to determine the dimension or dimensions of a hole. It may be straight or tapered, and is typically circular, but in principle can have any cross section. 用于确定孔的尺寸的钢制量规。它可以是直的或锥形的，通常是圆形的，原则上可以有任何横截面。 |
| Composite property | 复合属性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在热力学中，根据封闭系统及其周围环境的性质定义的性质，例如非流动火用函数。 |
| Carburizing | 渗碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通过与合适的含碳材料接触加热至通常高于Ac3的温度，将碳吸收和扩散到固体铁合金中。一种表面硬化形式，产生从表面向内延伸的碳梯度，通过直接从渗碳温度淬火或冷却至室温，然后重新奥氏体化和淬火，使表层硬化。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 弹簧载荷（单位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通过弯曲、压缩、延伸或扭转连接的弹簧而施加在部件上的载荷。如果部件上的任何约束被移除，则可以释放弹簧中存储的机械能。 |
| Seal | 密封件 |
A component which controls or prevents leakage of fluids into or out of parts of a machine. 控制或防止流体流入或流出机器部件的部件。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非热变化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在没有热波动的情况下进行的反应；也就是说，不需要热激活。相反，在恒温下发生的反应是等温转变。在这种情况下，热活化是必要的，并且反应作为时间的函数进行。 |
| B-basis | B-基础 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 机械性能值超过该值时，至少90%的值预计会下降，置信度为95%。 |
| Bimetallic strip | 双金属片 |
A strip formed by welding, riveting or brazing together two metals having different coefficients of expansion, which causes the strip to curl when its temperature changes. Typical combinations are steel and copper or steel and brass. 将两种膨胀系数不同的金属焊接、铆接或钎焊在一起形成的带材，当温度变化时，带材会卷曲。典型的组合是钢和铜或钢和黄铜。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 当暴露于高于约1500°C的温度时不熔化或在高于约550°C的连续温度下快速劣化的金属或陶瓷。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查尔斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （盖-吕萨克定律）在恒定压力下，固定质量气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。恒压下气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。 |
| Shank | 螺杆 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| Diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺纹 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一种夹角为29°的螺纹，主要用于机床上的进给丝杠。 |
| Absolute expansion | 绝对扩张 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考虑到容纳液体的容器的任何膨胀后，液体随温度的真实体积膨胀。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蚀磨损 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 与环境发生显着化学或电化学反应的磨损。 |
| Dislocation density | 位错密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每单位体积的位错线的总长度，或穿过单位横截面积的位错线的数量。 |
| Lobe | 凸轮 |
The projecting part such as rotor lobe or the cam lobe. 转子凸角或凸轮凸角等突出部分。 |
| Vibration | 振动 |
1. A periodic change with time of the displacements of elements making up a component or structure. 2. The study of the oscillatory motion of bodies and systems and the frequencies, amplitudes, and forces associated with them. 1.组成部件或结构的元件位移随时间的周期性变化。2.研究物体和系统的振荡运动以及与之相关的频率、振幅和力的学科。 |
| Lathe | 车床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一种机床，其中夹持在主轴箱中的工件靠着切削工具旋转，以生产车削、钻孔、端面或螺纹部件。 |
| Cavitation | 空蚀空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部压力降低而在液体中形成充满蒸汽或气体的空腔，通常原因是流体的加速，例如收敛喷嘴的流动。如果液体中没有溶解气体，当压力降至饱和蒸汽压力以下时，会发生蒸汽空化。如果气泡是由于高温形成的，则该过程称为沸腾。如果存在溶解气体，则由于压力降低、温度升高或扩散（脱气），会发生气穴。在船用螺旋桨尖端和液压机械中，空化气泡的破裂可能会引起噪音和振动，并导致以点蚀形式出现的表面损坏。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 两端都有螺纹的杆。无头螺纹紧固件，两端有螺纹，中间部分有无螺纹主体，或从一端到另一端有螺纹。与两个螺母或一个螺母和一个螺纹孔一起使用。一种普通的圆柱形部件，其两端具有适当长度的螺纹部分，或在整个长度上具有连续螺纹。一端拧入机器或工件，然后将第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Screw area (Unit m²) | 螺丝面积（单位m²） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋桨尖端所描述的圆的面积。 |
| Form of thread | 螺纹形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一个螺距长度的螺纹在轴向平面中的轮廓。 |
| Bearing strain | 轴承应变 |
The ratio of the deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承孔在作用力方向上的变形与轴承测试中销直径的比值。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Temper color | 回火颜色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一种薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮，当钢在低温或短时间内在空气或轻度氧化气氛中回火时形成。颜色范围从稻草色到蓝色，取决于氧化皮的厚度，随回火时间和温度而变化。 |
| Preload | 预载 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次拧紧螺母时螺纹紧固件中产生的张力。经常与工作载荷或螺栓力或螺栓张力互换使用但容易使用不当。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽压表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一种压力表，用于测量管道、锅炉、汽缸或其他与蒸汽一起工作的装置中的表压。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶断裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集体中的晶粒或晶体之间发生的开裂或断裂。也称为晶间断裂。 |
| Grub screw | 平头螺丝 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一种短的无头螺钉，一端有一个凹槽，用于安装螺丝刀或钥匙。 |
| Load | 负载 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 对于试验机，施加在试件上的力，以磅力、牛顿或千克力等单位测量。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2 or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一种使用激光快速加热表面的表面硬化工艺。进入零件内部的热传导将快速冷却表面，留下浅马氏体层。通过移动CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使钢硬化，激光束聚焦至直径几毫米。物体表面的一点迅速加热到奥氏体范围，然后迅速冷却，形成回火马氏体。 |
| Absolute viscosity | 绝对粘度 |
A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other moving with unit velocity. 流体内部剪切特性的量度，表示为两个水平面中的任何一个上的单位面积切向力，两个水平面被给定流体的一个单位厚度隔开，其中一个平面固定，另一个以单位速度移动。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奥氏体不锈钢 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奥氏体不锈钢是非磁性的。它们含有显着添加的铬（16–30%），但具有奥氏体（FCC）晶体结构，通过在6–20%的成分范围内添加镍来稳定。碳含量范围约为0.03至0.15%。含有大约18%铬和8%镍的“18-8”不锈钢是该级别的典型不锈钢。奥氏体不锈钢即使在高温下也具有高强度和耐腐蚀性，良好的延展性，良好的低温性能和良好的焊接性。用于飞机和运输设备、餐具、化学和食品加工设备、手术器械和低温容器。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受应力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每单位承载面积的力。 |
| Screw compressor | 螺杆压缩机 |
A positive-displacement rotary compressor in which gas is progressively compressed by two intermeshing, counter-rotating, helical screws. 一种容积式旋转压缩机，其中气体由两个相互啮合、反向旋转的螺旋螺杆逐渐压缩。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s²) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s². （自由落体加速度，重力加速度，g）（单位m/s²）自由落体在真空中的加速度，在海平面处的平均值约为9.81m/s²。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 气动控制阀 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （气动阀）一种阀门，其中阀杆的位置随开口面积的变化而变化，由压缩空气作用在隔膜上产生的净力决定，隔膜克服压缩弹簧的力进行操作。根据弹簧的布置，在供气故障的情况下，阀门可以打开或关闭。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合处关系图 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 说明紧固件和连接件上的力和变形的数学图。 |
| Solenoid | 螺线管 |
A coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. Solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 绕在金属芯（通常为铁）上的导线线圈，当电流通过线圈时产生磁场，从而在芯上产生力。电磁阀广泛用于产生线性运动以驱动阀（电磁阀）和其他装置。 |
| Teeth | 齿 |
The projecting elements on gears, cutting tools, etc. 齿轮、刀具等上的突出元件。 |
| Assembly drawing | 装配图纸 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 显示零件如何组装以生产组件或整机的工程图。它可能包括显示内部特征、对装配至关重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件编号的部分。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 贝氏体硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化处理主要导致贝氏体的形成。 |
| Transmission | 传输 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 从动力源传输功率和扭矩的系统；例如轴、皮带和滑轮或齿轮系。对于机动车辆，包括变速箱、离合器、传动轴、差速器和终传动轴。 |
| Compression fitting | 压缩接头 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一种用于管道的螺纹接头，通过紧密配合的环（称为套圈或橄榄形）在拧紧时的永久变形来防止泄漏。 |
| Fin neck carriage bolt | 翼颈圆头方颈螺栓 |
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一种普通的圆形椭圆头螺栓，有两个相对的翼片以防止旋转。 |
| Screw thread | 螺纹 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圆柱体的外表面或内表面上呈螺旋形或在圆锥体的外表面和内表面上以锥形螺旋形的均匀截面或形状的脊。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 热容率（c）（单位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁC where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁC其中C是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（CP）。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕变时间关系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定应力下蠕变应变与时间之间的代数或数值关系。 |
| Conduit | 导管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金属、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物体，与其横向尺寸相比相对较长，并且有流体流过。 |
| Congruent melting point (Unit K) | 全等熔点（单位K） |
congruent melting point (Unit K) The temperature at which a solid substance at a specified pressure changes phase to a liquid of identical composition. 一致的熔点（单位K）固体物质在特定压力下相变为具有相同成分的液体时的温度。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通过含有磨料颗粒的高速水射流切割岩石等材料。 |
| Tangent screw | 微动螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于调整六分仪和游标卡尺等测量仪器的蜗杆。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亚共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Pitch-circle diameter (Unit m) | 节圆直径（单位：m） |
The diameter of the circle (the pitch circle) centred on a component’s axis, around which holes or bolts are equally spaced. 以部件轴为中心的圆（节圆）的直径，孔或螺栓围绕其等距分布。 |
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流体渗透多孔固体或气体被液体溶解的过程。 |
| Wrist | 腕关节 |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 机器人上的最后三个关节，模拟人类手腕提供的旋转，从而允许其通过手腕插座连接到的末端执行器的方向。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| Elastic limit | 弹性极限 |
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全释放应力时能够承受的最大应力，且不会留下任何永久应变（变形）。 |
| Morse taper | 莫氏锥度 |
A self holding, standard taper largely used on drilling tools, drilling machine spindles, and some lathes. 一种自持式标准锥度，主要用于钻孔工具、钻床主轴和一些车床。 |
| Cathode | 阴极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 电池或腐蚀电池中吸引电子的电极。 |
| Physical properties | 物理性质 |
Properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及试样变形或破坏的材料特性，例如密度、电导率、热膨胀系数、磁导率和晶格参数。不包括化学反应性或更适当地视为机械的性质。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 过共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Tyre | 轮胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 车轮罩安装在轮辋上的柔性环形罩，用于支撑车辆（如机动车、飞机或自行车）的重量，并将动力和扭矩传递到路面。有些充气轮胎是直接充气的，有些轮胎有单独的内胎充气。对于某些应用，使用实心轮胎。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸长力产生伸长的力或载荷。1.从两端拉出的杆、带、电缆、弹簧、线、线等的状态。2.（张力）（单位N）与张力相关的力。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中负荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的区域上的部件上的载荷，理想化为楔形或刀刃的线载荷和锥体的点载荷。 |
| Transfer ratio | 传输比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （传递常数）一个复变量，表示传感器输出与产生该输出的输入之间的比率。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余强度（单位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂纹、热冲击等引起的缺陷的受损体的强度。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六边形的螺母。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 涡轮分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10−8 Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（压力降至约10−8Pa）泵，其中动量通过快速旋转的叶片盘传递给气体分子。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 计算机辅助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，计算机集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用计算机，不仅可以控制制造和组装的机器和机器人，还可以进行工艺规划，以及在生产过程中监控材料和组件的进度等。 |
| A-basis | A-基础 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 99% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. Also called A-allowable. 机械性能值超过该值时，至少99%的值预计会下降，置信度为95%。也被称为A-容许。 |
| Hot-wire test | 热线测试 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. Faster heat-extracting quenchants will permit more electric current to pass through a standard wire because it is cooled more quickly. Compare with hot-wire analyzer. 用于测试各种淬火剂的热提取率的方法。与热线分析仪相比，更快的热提取淬火剂将允许更多电流通过标准导线，因为标准导线冷却更快。 |
| Springback | 回弹 |
The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金属在经历成形操作后趋于恢复其原始形状或轮廓的程度。 |
| Gauge pressure (Unit Pa) | 表压（单位Pa） |
The level of static pressure above the ambient pressure. 高于环境压力的静压水平。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺纹小径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹根部或内螺纹顶部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（单位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有单个主旋翼的直升机中，机身沿与旋翼相反的方向旋转的趋势。 |
| Differential heating | 差动加热 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加热有意在物体内产生温度梯度，从而在冷却后，在物体内出现所需的应力分布或特性变化。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 烧结 |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一种固态扩散致密化工艺，用于从粉末、粒状、网状、穿孔片或纤维形式的原材料中生产物体，尤其是多孔物体，方法是加热至低于熔点的温度，直到成分结合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金属。烧结材料的应用包括过滤、分离、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化温度的高温下加热时，通过分子或原子引力将大量颗粒的相邻表面结合起来。烧结增强了粉末质量，通常会产生致密化，在粉末金属中还会产生再结晶。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.机器、齿轮系等的输入速度与输出速度之间的比率。2.在机构的一个部分处施加的力的位移与在不同部分处的载荷的移动之间的比率。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 热平衡（热预算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 仅涉及跨系统边界的热传递和存储能量的能量平衡。 |
| Gasket factors | 垫片系数 |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 实验得出的“常数”用于定义垫圈的行为或可接受行为所需的组件和使用条件。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通过活塞的往复运动、叶片的旋转或叶轮的旋转而使液体、气体、蒸汽或泥浆流动的机器。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 热效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 对于热机或热力循环，净功输出与系统净热输入的比率。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光烧结 |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一种制造技术，通过这种制造技术，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金属（直接金属激光烧结，DMLS）材料逐层（每个厚度通常为 20 微米）构建，每一层都由扫描激光烧结。 |
| Torr | 托尔 |
A non-SI unit of pressure commonly used in vacuum systems; defined by 760 torr = 1 atm so that 1 torr = 133.322 368 4 Pa, and approximately equivalent to the pressure corresponding to 1 mm of mercury. 真空系统中常用的非SI压力单位；由760托=1大气压定义，因此1托=133.3223684帕，近似等于对应于1毫米汞柱的压力。 |
| Transgranular | 穿晶 |
Through or across crystals or grains. Also known as intracrystalline or transcrystalline. 穿过或横穿晶体或颗粒。也称为晶内或晶间。 |
| Arbitration bar | 抗弯试棒 |
A test bar, cast with a heat of material, used to determine chemical composition, hardness, tensile strength, and deflection and strength under transverse loading in order to establish the state of acceptability of the casting. 用热材料铸造的测试棒，用于确定化学成分、硬度、抗拉强度、横向载荷下的挠度和强度，以确定铸件的可接受状态。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂层 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一种漆，当涂在未加载的车身上时，从车身加载时在漆中产生的裂纹图案中显示出最大拉应力的方向。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直径（单位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋弹簧或空心圆柱体或球体的内径和外径的平均值 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可压缩性（单位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 当物质受到压力增加时体积减少或密度增加的量度。它被定义为体积模量的倒数。液体和固体通常被认为是不可压缩的，而气体是高度可压缩的。 |
| Grinding stress (Unit Pa) | 磨削应力（单位Pa） |
The residual stresses left in the surface of a component after grinding, owing to non-uniform cooling from the high surface temperatures produced. 由于产生的高表面温度造成的不均匀冷却，磨削后留在部件表面的残余应力。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 间距（单位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同涡轮或压缩机叶片的叶栅中，平行于前缘测量的连续叶片之间的距离。2.对于螺纹，平行于螺纹轴线测量的相邻螺纹形状之间的距离。3.对于飞机，机头和水平线之间的垂直关系。俯仰轴是飞机机翼平面内垂直于中心线的轴，飞机绕中心线旋转。俯仰运动是飞机机头的相应向上或向下运动。俯仰姿态是飞机中心线与水平线之间的角度。当中心线水平时，当机头高于其位置时，角度为正。 |
| Head height | 头部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 头部高度应为平行于产品轴线从封头顶部到支承面测量的总距离，并应包括垫圈表面的厚度。提升等级和制造商标识不包括在头部高度中。 |
| Thermochemical treatment | 热化学处理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of the object by exchange with the medium. 在适当选择的介质中进行热处理，以通过与介质交换产生物体化学成分的变化。 |
| Die casting | 压铸 |
A process in which molten metal, particularly alloys of aluminium, magnesium, copper, and zinc, is forced under pressure (10 to 200 MPa) into a reusable hardened-steel mould machined into a die. 在压力（10至200MPa）下将熔融金属（特别是铝、镁、铜和锌的合金）强制进入加工成模具的可重复使用的硬化钢模具中的过程。 |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | 计算机辅助设计（CAD） |
Generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is where component dimensions resulting from CAD are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由计算机进行设计和计算，更具体地说，使用计算机图形和模型来传达设计概念。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造（CAD/CAM）是由CAD产生的组件尺寸通过电子方式直接传递到机器进行制造。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂缝 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于弹性应力分析的裂纹简化模型。在无应力物体中，裂纹有两个光滑表面，它们在物体内沿称为裂纹前缘的平滑曲线重合并连接；在二维表示中，裂纹前缘称为裂纹尖端。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| Least count | 最小计数 |
The smallest value that can be read from an instrument having a graduated scale. Except on instruments provided with a vernier, the least count is that fraction of the smallest division which can be conveniently and reliably estimated; this fraction is ordinarily one-fifth or one-tenth, except where the graduations are very closely spaced. 可从具有刻度尺的仪器中读取的最小值。除配备游标的仪器外，最小计数是可以方便可靠地估计的最小除法的分数；这个分数通常是五分之一或十分之一，除非刻度间隔非常近。 |
| Active accommodation | 主动适应能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用来自传感器的信息，例如在视觉系统中，允许机器人显示对环境的适应。 |
| Indentation hardness | 压痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm²) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通过硬度测试确定的材料抗压痕的能力。压头可以是球形或菱形，在规定的载荷下压入金属表面一段时间。（单位Pa或，非国际单位制，kgf/mm²）通过压头测量硬度，压入材料，形成永久压痕。硬度由载荷除以压痕的投影（有时是表面）面积得出。塑性理论表明，硬度约为单轴屈服应力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角连接两个管道端部的配件。2.示例关节机器人上的第三关节对应于人的肘部。 |
| Hypoeutectoid alloy | 亚共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共析的合金系统中，与共析成分相比，其成分具有过量母材的任何合金，并且其平衡微观结构包含一些共析结构。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷处理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后进行的处理，以将残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，包括冷却和保持在低于环境温度的温度。 |
| Single-shear test | 单剪试验 |
(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一种剪切试验，类似于用于圆棒试样的双剪切试验，但仅使用一个固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板试样的剪切试验。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 简单机器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是负载（输出力）与作用力（输入力）的比值。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸弯曲试验 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金属板成形性的模拟试验，其中金属板条在其端部夹紧在锁珠中，并通过冲头在中心变形。选择试验条件，以便在冲头接触区域发生断裂。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 断裂机制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 导致断裂的微观结构机制，如空隙的萌生、生长和聚结、解理。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 热电材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一种热电现象特别强烈的材料，如珀尔帖效应、塞贝克效应和汤姆森效应。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 对于稳定流动的流体（液体或气体），压力、每单位体积的动能和每单位体积的势能之和在流体中的任何点都是恒定的。使用这种关系，可以通过在两个点测量流体的压力来测量流体的速度，就像使用压力计或皮托管一样。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲劳缺口系数（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 无缺口试样的疲劳强度与相同材料和条件的有缺口试样的疲劳强度之比；两种强度都是在相同数量的应力循环下确定的。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一种用于硬化可硬化铁合金表面的工艺，其中使用强烈的火焰将表面层加热到转变温度上限以上，然后立即对工件进行淬火。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦学 |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 与相对运动中相互作用的表面有关的科学和技术。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷却曲线 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 显示材料冷却过程中时间和温度之间关系的曲线。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶体的一部分在一定的晶体学方向上相对于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性变形，通常在特定的晶体主义平面上。有时被称为滑翔。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 锐缺口强度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半径非常小（接近加工能力极限）的试样测量的缺口抗拉强度；锐缺口强度值通常取决于缺口根部半径。 |
| Combined stresses | 复合应力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有参考轴作用的受轴向、弯曲、扭转载荷等组合作用的部件中某点的应力状态。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面张力（σ，γ）（单位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液体和气体或两种不混溶液体之间的界面处，作用在界面处的液体分子上的不平衡内聚力导致表面张力的性质，从而导致张力的发展，就像皮肤或薄膜一样。 |
| Fine pitch | 细牙螺纹 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 细螺距螺纹通常用于汽车行业。它们更容易被敲入较硬的材料中，并且不太容易松动。 |
| Vibration isolation | 隔振 |
The prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to another part of the same system, such as a building or other structure. Isolation may be achieved using dampers (vibration damping) or by active feedback-control methods. Mechanical vibration is often attenuated by means of components immersed in oil such as in dashpots (viscous damping). Vibration suppression can be achieved (a) using dampers and absorbers tuned to a particular frequency to suppress vibratory forces in structures and other systems (passive suppression) or (b) by the measurement of vibration at key locations in a structure and the application of cancellation forces (active suppression). 防止振动从系统的一个部件传递到同一系统的另一部分，如建筑物或其他结构。可以使用阻尼器（减振）或主动反馈控制方法实现隔离。机械振动通常通过浸入油中的部件来衰减，例如缓冲罐（粘性阻尼）。可以通过（a）使用调谐到特定频率的阻尼器和吸收器来抑制结构和其他系统中的振动力（被动抑制），或（b）通过测量结构中关键位置的振动并施加抵消力（主动抑制），实现振动抑制。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 从缺口试样表面到缺口底部的距离。在圆柱形试样中，通过加工环形槽去除的原始横截面积的百分比。 |
| Partial annealing | 不完全退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote a treatment given cold-worked material to reduce the strength to a controlled level or to effect stress relief. To be meaningful, the type of material, the degree of cold work, and the time-temperature schedule must be stated. 一个不精确的术语，用于表示冷加工材料的处理，以将强度降低到受控水平或消除应力。为了有意义，必须说明材料类型、冷加工程度和时间-温度计划。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通过火焰直接加热的退火。 |
| Air composition | 空气成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的温度和1个大气压的压力下，空气的海平面成分（体积百分比）主要是78.084%的氮气、20.947%的氧气和0.934%的氩气。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氢、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨组成。不同的来源给出的组成略有不同。不包括水蒸气（通常为0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Uniform strain | 均匀应变 |
The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test. 在应变局部化（颈缩）开始之前发生的应变；拉伸试验中最大载荷的应变。 |
| Shell hardening | 壳型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，合适的钢工件在加热和淬火硬化后，会形成一层马氏体层或壳，该层或壳紧随工件的轮廓，并包围一个基本上为珠光体相变产物的核心。这一结果通过截面尺寸、钢淬透性和淬火强度之间的适当平衡来实现。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度试验 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校准机器进行的一种压痕硬度试验，在规定条件下，将具有规定边缘角的菱形棱锥金刚石压头压入受试材料表面，并在移除荷载后测量长对角线。其中压头是一个细长的菱形棱锥，以平行四边形的形式给出压痕，其中较长的对角线约为较短的七倍。用于研究固体材料的各向异性。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一种形成关节的可拆卸机构。关节的两个组件的连接器。1.连接两个或多个轴或机构部件的任何机械紧固件，以传递动力。2.连接两辆车的装置。 |
| Compression wave | 压缩波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨胀波）在流体或固体中，压缩介质传播的行波或波前。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪、雾、露水和颗粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。这些酸分别来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人为排放。酸烟灰由未燃烧的碳颗粒组成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大气中。这些颗粒是化石燃料燃烧不良造成的。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 应力范围（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr = Smax – Smin 一个循环中最大和最小应力之间的代数差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滚动摩擦系数 |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物体滚动表面的力与法向力之比。与滑动摩擦不同，滚动摩擦取决于接触片的大小和滚动元件的半径，其行为取决于接触是弹性的、粘弹性的还是塑性的以及滞后损失。 |
| Bearing failure | 轴承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 当横向载荷除以承载面积产生导致永久塑性变形的应力时，铆接或螺栓连接中发生的失效。 |
| Fracture surface | 断裂面 |
The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken. 一块金属破碎时产生的不规则表面。 |
| Stator | 定子 |
A ring of non-rotating blades or nozzles in a compressor, turbine, or other turbomachine, which directs fluid flow into an adjacent rotor. 涡轮压缩机、涡轮或其他涡轮机械中的一圈不旋转的叶片或喷嘴，将流体引导到相邻的转子中。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Elastic resilience | 弹性回弹 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加应力直至弹性极限所吸收的能量；或者当应力从弹性极限释放时可以恢复的能量值。 |
| Bright nitriding | 光亮氮化 |
Nitriding in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中氮化，以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Time quenching | 时间淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的术语，其中被淬火零件的冷却速率必须在冷却循环的某个时间突然改变。 |
| Tera (T) | 特拉（T） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 1012; thus terawatt (TW) is a unit of power equal to one trillion watts. 指示乘数1012的SI单位前缀；因此，太瓦（TW）是等于1万亿瓦的功率单位。 |
| Structural engineering | 结构工程 |
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design of buildings, dams, bridges, and other large structures. 土木工程的一个分支，涉及建筑物、水坝、桥梁和其他大型结构的设计。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋输送机 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋输送机、螺旋输送机、蜗杆输送机）一种用于散装搬运半固态材料的机器，由在槽或外壳中旋转的螺旋螺杆组成。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Absorption dynamometer | 吸收式测功机 |
A dynamometer in which input work or power is dissipated by mechanical friction, electrical resistance, hydraulic resistance, etc. 通过机械摩擦、电阻、液压阻力等耗散输入功或功率的测功机。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系数（μ） |
(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （动摩擦系数、滑动摩擦系数、摩擦系数，μ）两个接触表面之间摩擦力F与法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。静摩擦是指没有相对滑动时；有摩擦时的动摩擦。对于相互滑动的结构部件，摩擦系数是引起滑动的力与垂直于滑动部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系数是无量纲的，其值介于0和1之间。代表一种材料沿另一种材料的表面滑动或滚动所需的力的数字。如果一个物体的重量为N并且摩擦系数为μ，那么在没有加速度的情况下沿水平表面移动它所需的力F为F=μN。静摩擦系数决定了启动运动所需的力；动摩擦系数决定了保持运动所需的力。动摩擦通常小于静摩擦。两个物体之间的力（F）与将这些物体压在一起的法向力（N）的无量纲比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通过在油中以低于水淬的冷却速率淬火合适的钢，在回火前形成马氏体，从而降低部件断裂或严重残余应力的可能性。是一种淬火硬化处理，包括在油中冷却。 |
| Pressure ratio | 压力比 |
One pressure divided by another which may be a reference pressure. In many flow and thermodynamic processes, the pressure ratio is more important than the absolute pressure levels. For example, in compressible gas flow the Mach number is determined by the ratio of the stagnation pressure to the static pressure. 一个压力除以另一个压力，该压力可以是参考压力。在许多流动和热力学过程中，压力比比绝对压力水平更重要。例如，在可压缩气流中，马赫数由停滞压力与静压之比决定。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Fillet radius | 圆角半径 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在紧固件的两个相交表面处的凹形接合处。通常用于描述螺纹紧固件的头部和柄部之间的连接处（头部圆角下方）。 |
| Torque motor | 力矩电机 |
A type of induction motor that can apply a steady torque even when prevented from rotating. 一种感应电动机，即使被阻止旋转也能施加稳定的转矩。 |
| Widmanstätten structure | 魏氏组织 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一种结构，其特征是沿母体固溶体的某些晶体学平面形成新相而形成的几何图案。新相中晶格的取向在晶体学上与母相中晶格的定向相关。通过适当的热处理，在许多合金中容易产生这种结构。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲轴 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往复式单缸或多缸机器主轴的一部分。曲轴可以分段组装或作为单个部件锻造。在发动机中，活塞的往复运动将动力传递给曲轴并使其旋转，而在泵中，曲轴被驱动，其旋转使活塞往复运动。 |
| Compounding | 复合串联 |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽机（复合蒸汽机）或脉冲涡轮机中，通过串联的两个或多个级逐渐降低压力（膨胀）。 |
| V-belt | 三角带 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一种具有梯形横截面的传动带，在带V形槽的皮带轮中运行。与平皮带相比，可以传递更高的扭矩。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火时效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1 (the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳钢的脆化是由于溶质碳在现有位错处的沉淀和铁素体在不同温度下的差异导致的钢沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由钢从略低于Ac1的温度（奥氏体开始形成的温度）快速冷却引起的，可以通过从较低温度淬火来最小化。 |
| Half hard | 半硬化回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about mid-way between that of dead soft and full hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于完全软回火和完全硬回火之间。 |
| Mechatronics | 机电一体化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 机械工程、电气工程、电子工程和软件工程的集成。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口强度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸试样上的最大载荷除以最小横截面积（缺口根部的面积）。也称为缺口抗拉强度。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 转动螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有时用于描述紧固件拧紧时螺母（或螺栓头）的总体旋转。更常用于定义一种特定的紧固程序，在该程序中，首先以预选扭矩拧紧紧固件，然后通过使螺母额外转动，如“三平面”（180°）进一步拧紧。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂纹尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 从基准面到观察到的裂纹前沿的距离。该距离可以表示沿裂纹前沿的若干测量的平均值。基准面取决于试样形状，通常视为边界或包含试样或板的载重线或中心线的平面。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化温度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金发生部分熔融的最低温度。 |
| Shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接头 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一种螺纹管件，允许连接和拆卸两个管道，而无需旋转任何一个管道，且不会损坏管道端部。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效应 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金属件的尺寸对其机械和其他性能以及对制造变量（如锻造、压下和热处理）的影响。一般来说，尺寸越大，机械性能越低。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英国标准协会（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 负责为制成品及其设计、制造和测试制定和发布标准规范（英国标准）的英国机构。 |
| Thermal stresses | 热应力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均匀温度分布引起的金属应力。 |
| Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | 线弹性断裂力学 |
A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a structure containing a cracklike flaw of known size and shape. 一种断裂分析方法，可确定在含有已知尺寸和形状裂纹状缺陷的结构中引起断裂不稳定性所需的应力（或载荷）。 |
| Sample percentage | 样本百分比 |
The percentage of observed values between two stated values of the variable under consideration. It is a point estimate of the percentage of the population between the same two stated values. 所考虑变量的两个规定值之间的观测值百分比。它是对相同两个规定值之间的总体百分比的点估计。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微观应力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 与普通应变测量中的标距相比，从拉伸到压缩的距离（大概接近晶粒尺寸）较小的残余应力。它们无法通过解剖方法检测到，但有时可以通过x射线衍射图案中的线位移或线加宽来测量。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韧机理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂纹萌生和扩展阻力的各种方法。它们包括相变增韧，其中裂纹尖端周围的微观结构发生变化，以减缓或阻止裂纹；裂纹偏转；消除裂纹尖端锐化的各种方法；纤维桥接裂纹；和纤维拉出。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美国国家标准协会的缩写。 |
| Abradant | 研磨剂 |
The differently sized grits of hard materials such as emery employed for grinding, polishing, etc. The abrasive grade is determined by the grit size (grit number) originally related to the hole sizes in wire sieves. 用于研磨、抛光等的硬质材料（例如金刚砂）的不同尺寸粒度。磨料等级由最初与金属丝筛孔尺寸相关的粒度（粒度数）决定。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Atomic volume | 原子体积 |
Volume of unit cell per atom. 每个原子的晶胞体积。 |
| Standard hole | 标准孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，钻孔至规定公差，其中与轴的间隙通过轴上的余量来实现。标准轴加工至规定公差，其中与孔的间隙通过孔上的公差实现。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高强度低合金钢 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA钢）是含有各种微合金元素的钢，如少量的铜、镍、铬、钼、铌、钛和钒，与普通碳钢相比，具有更好的强度（高达900MPa）和腐蚀性能。这些改进归功于晶粒细化和沉淀硬化、炼钢过程中更好的化学控制以及精确的轧制温度。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳势 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的环境在规定条件下改变或保持钢的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定环境中，所达到的碳含量将取决于温度、时间和钢成分等因素。 |
| Brittle fracture | 脆性断裂 |
The fracture of a component or structure in the globally-elastic range of loading, so that the broken pieces may be refitted to regain the original article. Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. 部件或结构在全局弹性载荷范围内的断裂，以便可以将破碎的碎片重新装配以恢复原始物品。固体的分离伴随着很少或没有宏观塑性变形。通常，脆性断裂通过快速裂纹扩展发生，能量消耗比韧性断裂少。 |
| Pitch | 沥青节距 |
The nominal distance between two adjacent thread roots or crests. In screw threads, the distance from a point on one thread to a corresponding point on the next thread measured parallel to the axis. In the case of spur gears, indicates the size of the gear teeth and is correctly called diametral pitch. 两个相邻螺纹根部或顶部之间的标称距离。在螺纹中，从一根螺纹上的一点到下一根螺纹对应点的距离，平行于轴线测量。对于正齿轮，表示齿轮齿的尺寸，正确地称为径向节距。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性发生之前或（b）断裂之前能够承受的最大剪切应力。 |
| Finished hexagon bolts | 精制六角螺栓 |
A washer faced or chamfered bearing surface with a close body tolerance. 头下有垫圈面或倒角，尺寸公差小 |
| Cementite | 渗碳体 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化铁一种铁和碳的化合物，化学上称为碳化铁，化学式近似为Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶体结构。当它在钢中以相形式出现时，锰和其他碳化物形成元素的存在将改变其化学成分。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| Slant fracture | 倾斜裂缝 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一种断裂现象，典型的平面应力断裂，其中金属分离面与施加应力的轴成一定角度（通常约45°）倾斜。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓头的底面应与螺纹或柄轴完全垂直。例如，如果面和轴之间的角度为868或948，则称紧固件的角度为48（有时称为垂直度）。 |
| Nominal power (Unit kW) | 公称功率（单位kW） |
1. For an internal combustion engine, the average power output of a typical production engine under normal working conditions measured according to SAE standard J 1349/ISO 1585. 2. For an electric motor, the rated equivalent mechanical power output. 1.对于内燃机，根据SAE标准J 1349/ISO 1585测量的正常工作条件下典型生产发动机的平均功率输出。2.对于电动机，额定等效机械功率输出。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| Radioactive heat (Unit J) | 放射性热（单位J） |
Thermal energy released from the nucleus of an atom such as uranium235 by fission due to the absorption of a neutron. Heat is also produced by radioactive decay. 铀235等原子核因吸收中子而裂变释放的热能。放射性衰变也会产生热量。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均匀渗碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用渗碳工艺将低碳铁合金转化为整个截面中碳含量均匀且较高的合金。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中异辛烷的体积百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Absolute rating | 绝对标称值 |
A theoretical size designation which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific 一个理论尺寸名称，它是按长度估算的最大颗粒，它可以通过具有特定过滤器的过滤器 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Blueing | 发蓝 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 应用蓝色染料（“工程师蓝”）来识别接触表面上的高点，或用于标记。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 横向（侧向）应变与相应轴向应变之比的绝对值，该比值由低于材料比例极限的均匀分布的轴向应力产生。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一种齿轮扳手，可增加输入扭矩并提供输出扭矩读数。实际上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的组合。 |
| Flame straightening | 火焰矫直 |
Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通过使用气体火焰进行局部加热来纠正金属结构的变形。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Sample standard deviation (s) | 样本标准偏差（s） |
The square root of the sample variance. It is a point estimate of the population standard deviation, a measure of the “spread”of the frequency distribution of a population. This value of sprovides a statistic that is used in computing interval estimates and several test statistics. For small sample sizes, s underestimates the population standard deviation. 样本方差的平方根。它是总体标准偏差的点估计，是总体频率分布“扩散”的度量。SPR的这个值提供了一个用于计算区间估计和若干测试统计量的统计量。对于小样本，s低估了总体标准偏差。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂扩展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料对裂纹扩展的抵抗力的量度，以应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力或使用J积分概念导出的J值表示。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 连续式炉 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一种用于热处理材料的炉子，该炉子连续通过炉子，进入一个门并从另一个门排出。参见带式高炉、直燃隧道式高炉、旋转罐式炉、振动炉。 |
| Captive nut | 松脱螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脱地或刚性地连接到薄板构件上的螺母，该螺母太薄而无法拧入，并与带帽螺钉接合。 |
| Feather key | 滑键 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一种平行键，固定在轴上或在其上滑动的构件的轮毂上。当固定在轴上时，其长度必须足以将滑动构件固定或驱动在轴上的任何位置。当处于滑动构件中时，键只需与轮毂一样长。 |
| Fracture strength | 断裂强度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （断裂应力）（单位Pa）材料断裂时的应力。对于给定的材料，它不是绝对的，因为它取决于断裂力学定律，并且取决于尺寸。 |
| Band clutch | 带式离合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一种摩擦离合器，其驱动是通过一条带在离合器边缘上收缩来实现的。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切应变 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角变化的切线，作为对力的响应，在两条原本通过物体中的一个点相互垂直的线之间。也称为剪切应变。 |
| Accommodation | 适应能力 |
The ability of a robot to respond to changes in the environment. 机器人对环境变化做出反应的能力。 |
| Compressometer | 压力计 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的压缩试验。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 机械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通过固结（例如热压或挤压）从粉末生产合金，然后进行热和/或冷加工和最终退火。用这种方法可以制造弥散强化合金、高温铝合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在车床上加工一个垂直于旋转轴的平面。 |
| Ultrasonic method | 超声波法 |
Measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 测量伸长使用在螺栓一端产生的声音脉冲，该脉冲沿螺栓长度传播，从远端反弹，并在测量的时间段内返回到声音发生器。 |
| Abrasion | 磨损 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通过硬质颗粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂纸、研磨清洁、研磨加工），也可以是操作的结果（磨损）。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋转鼓风机 |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋转式压缩机）一种容积式气体压缩机，可以是叶片式、螺旋式、啮合凸角式（罗茨鼓风机）或滑动叶片式。 |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Altitude chamber | 高空舱 |
(hypobaric chamber) A chamber in which conditions at different altitudes are simulated by a combination of appropriate pressures, temperatures and relative humidity. （低压舱）通过适当的压力、温度和相对湿度的组合来模拟不同高度条件的舱室。 |
| Compressive stress | 压缩应力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使弹性体沿施加载荷方向变形（缩短）的应力。与拉应力对比。 |
| Damage tolerance | 损伤容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考虑初始缺陷、裂纹扩展速率和最终断裂条件的设计理念，并使用断裂力学证明裂纹不应在设计寿命内增长到其临界长度（或至少应能够随时检测）。 |
| Densimeter | 密度计 |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于测定固体或液体的密度或相对密度的仪器。 |
| Absolute value error | 绝对值误差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 关于代数符号的误差幅度，或者，对于矢量误差，不考虑其函数。 |
| Reproducibility | 再现性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一个术语，用于描述与从单个实验室内和实验室之间获得的具体定义的方差分量相关的测试结果可变性。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 应力松弛曲线 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 应力松弛试验中剩余应力或松弛应力随时间变化的曲线图。松弛应力等于初始应力减去剩余应力。也称为应力-时间曲线。 |
| Thermodynamics laws | 热力学定律 |
The zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 热力学第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| Rupture stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真应力（σ）（单位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通过将给定时刻施加在构件上的荷载除以其作用的横截面积而获得的值。与工程应力相比。施加在试样上的荷载除以其作用的当前横截面积。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷载除以其作用的原始横截面面积得出的工程应力，ε是真实应变。 |
| Transfer moulding | 转移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （树脂传递模塑，RTM）一种对聚合物进行压缩模塑的方法，其中模具在操作开始前关闭。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 温度（单位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物质分子动能的定量量度，以及它的冷热程度。 |
| Twist drill | 麻花钻 |
A hardened-steel drill bit having one or more helical flutes running from a conical tip to the smooth part of the shank. 一种淬火钢钻头，具有一个或多个螺旋槽，从锥形尖端延伸到柄部的光滑部分。 |
| Turbomachine | 涡轮机械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋转动力机器）在连续的流体流和绕固定轴旋转的部件（称为转子）之间进行能量传递的机器。风扇和涡轮机（燃气、液压、蒸汽或风力）是涡轮机械，其中能量传递到转子，使其旋转。泵和压缩机是涡轮机械，其中能量从外部驱动的转子传递到流体。 |
| Valve spring | 气门弹簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在阀门打开后将其恢复到关闭位置的弹簧，也用于防止阀门反弹。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 气压 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大气由于其重量（对地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用气压计测量，通常以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Strain | 拉紧 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物体的大小或形状因力而变化的单位。也称为标称应变。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Graham’s laws | 格雷厄姆定律 |
The laws stating that the rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are inversely proportional to the square root of its density. 规定气体的扩散和渗出速率与其密度的平方根成反比的定律。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奥尔森杯测试 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一种杯突试验，其中一块金属板，除了中心以外，被一个标准钢球变形，直到发生断裂。断裂时杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Cotter pin | 开口销 |
(cotter) 1. A tapered wedge or pin passing through a tapered slot or hole in one member and bearing against a second member to fix it in location. 2. A split cotter is commonly called a split pin. A pin with two legs. With legs together, the pin is placed through the hole in a clevis pin. The legs are then opened outward to prevent the cotter pin from backing out of the hole. The cotter pin, in turn, prevents the load-bearing clevis pin from backing out of its retaining hole. （开口）1.锥形楔子或销钉穿过一个构件中的锥形槽或孔，并支撑在第二个构件上以将其固定到位。2.开口开口通常称为开口销。相当于有两条腿的别针，将支腿放在一起，销钉穿过U形夹销上的孔。然后将支腿向外打开以防止开口销从孔中退出。开口销反过来防止承重U形夹销从其固定孔中退出。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 区域熔炼（区域精炼） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一种净化材料的过程，其中一个狭窄的熔融区沿材料长度移动，导致杂质在一端分离。 |
| Austenite | 奥氏体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. Solid solution of alloying elements and/or carbon in γ-Fe. It is named after British metallurgist W. C. Roberts-Austen. 一种或多种元素在面心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（如镍奥氏体），溶质通常假定为碳。合金元素和/或碳在γ-Fe中的固溶体。它以英国冶金学家WCRoberts-Austen的名字命名。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 径向负荷（单位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理断裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一种通过分裂（劈裂）产生的裂缝断裂，通常是多晶金属的断裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，产生明亮的反射面。它是一种结晶性断裂，与低能脆性断裂有关。与剪切断裂相对。如板岩或云母等材料的层之间。在脆性金属和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面发生解理。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡图 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡条件下，合金系统中相场的温度、压力和成分极限的图形表示。在金属系统中，压力通常被认为是恒定的。 |
| Pascal (Pa) | 帕斯卡（Pa） |
The SI unit of pressure, 1 Pa = 1 N/m². 压力的国际单位制，1Pa=1N/m²。 |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通风量（单位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 炉子或锅炉中燃烧气体的压力降低，无论是强制还是由于热气体的浮力，用于吸入燃烧空气并去除燃烧产物。 |
| Serrations | 锯齿 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 边缘或表面上的一排凹口或齿状突起。在工程图纸上，圆形部件表面的锯齿超过约60°的圆弧。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 线性（拉伸或压缩）应变 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始线性尺寸中的力，每单位长度的变化。长度的增加被认为是正的。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金属中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每单位面积或体积的晶粒数、平均直径或从面积测量得出的晶粒尺寸数来报告。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（单位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑块机构的曲柄与曲轴中心线到活塞轴线的直线之间的角度。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲劳条纹 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在电子显微镜断口图或疲劳断口表面中经常观察到平行线。这些线横向于局部裂纹扩展方向；连续线之间的距离表示在一个应力变化周期内裂纹前沿的前进。 |
| Gearbox | 变速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一种由啮合齿轮组成的机构，将动力和扭矩从直接连接到发动机的输入轴传递到输出轴。该机构通常包含在充满润滑油的外壳内。示例一个简单的四速滑动啮合齿轮箱，其中具有不同齿数的齿轮沿着齿轮箱内的平行花键轴滑动，以相互啮合并改变输出与输入速度的比率（齿轮比）。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在机床工作台上用一种特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容纳T形螺栓的方头，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Resistance thermometer | 电阻温度计 |
A thermometer in which the sensing element is basically a metal wire, usually of platinum, for which the variation of resistance with temperature is known accurately. A resistance pyrometer is a resistance thermometer intended for use up to about 1 000°C. 一种温度计，其中传感元件基本上是一根金属线，通常是铂，可以准确地知道电阻随温度的变化。电阻高温计是一种电阻温度计，用于高达约1000°C的温度。 |
| Metric ton (tonne, t) | 公制吨（吨，t） |
An SI-accepted, but non-SI, unit of mass defined as 1 t = 103 kg. SI系统可接受但非国际单位制的质量单位，定义为1t=103kg。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| Forging cracks | 锻造裂纹 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 这可能发生在紧固件制造过程中的切削或锻造操作中，并且位于头部的顶部或带锯齿的头部螺栓的凸起周边上。 |
| Fatigue life (N) | 疲劳寿命（N） |
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure occurs. 给定试样在失效发生之前所承受的特定特征的应力或应变的循环次数。 |
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