| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 横向（侧向）应变与相应轴向应变之比的绝对值，该比值由低于材料比例极限的均匀分布的轴向应力产生。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 锁紧螺母管螺纹 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 锁紧螺母管螺纹是最大直径的直螺纹，可在管道上切割。其形式与美国或布里格斯标准锥管螺纹相同。一般情况下，只需要通规。它们由一个表示最小内螺纹锁紧螺母螺纹的直螺纹塞和一个表示最大外螺纹锁紧螺帽螺纹的直形螺纹环组成。该螺纹仅用于将零件固定在一起，或用于将轴环固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要紧密螺纹接头的情况下。 |
| Mechatronics | 机电一体化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 机械工程、电气工程、电子工程和软件工程的集成。 |
| Impact wrench | 冲击扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一种气动或电动扳手，使用小锤子多次敲击来产生输出扭矩以拧紧紧固件，用于通过在一系列快速脉冲中施加扭矩来拧紧或松开螺母。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料条件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有内部尺寸的上限的情况。 |
| Double-shear test | 双剪试验 |
A shear test having two stationary, shear blades and one moving one and that uses solid round bars as test specimens. 一种剪切试验，具有两个固定的剪切刀片和一个移动的刀片，并使用实心圆棒作为试样。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 与主要荷载引起的应力不同，但主要荷载产生的应力；例如，桶装压缩试件和锻件周围产生的环向应力。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 机械能（单位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物体或机械系统的动能和势能之和，包括储存在弹簧等中的能量。 |
| Vice | 老虎钳 |
A workshop tool used to hold a workpiece and consisting of two jaws, one fixed and the other moved by turning a screw. 一种用于夹持工件的车间工具，由两个钳口组成，一个固定，另一个通过转动螺钉移动。 |
| Roughness | 粗糙度 |
The deviations from the wavy surface itself, caused by geometry of the cutting tool and its wear, machining conditions, microstructure of the workpiece, vibrations in the system, and so on. Surface roughness changes as a surface goes through the wearing-in process, but may then stabilize. 由刀具的几何形状及其磨损、加工条件、工件的微观结构、系统中的振动等引起的与波状表面本身的偏差。表面粗糙度随着表面经过磨合过程而变化，但随后可能会稳定下来。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防冻液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一种物质，如乙二醇，添加到水冷发动机的冷却系统中，以降低冷却水的冰点，并抑制生锈和其他沉积物的形成。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奥氏体不锈钢 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奥氏体不锈钢是非磁性的。它们含有显着添加的铬（16–30%），但具有奥氏体（FCC）晶体结构，通过在6–20%的成分范围内添加镍来稳定。碳含量范围约为0.03至0.15%。含有大约18%铬和8%镍的“18-8”不锈钢是该级别的典型不锈钢。奥氏体不锈钢即使在高温下也具有高强度和耐腐蚀性，良好的延展性，良好的低温性能和良好的焊接性。用于飞机和运输设备、餐具、化学和食品加工设备、手术器械和低温容器。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺杆位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 刚体绕轴旋转，同时刚体沿同一轴平移。 |
| Air composition | 空气成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的温度和1个大气压的压力下，空气的海平面成分（体积百分比）主要是78.084%的氮气、20.947%的氧气和0.934%的氩气。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氢、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨组成。不同的来源给出的组成略有不同。不包括水蒸气（通常为0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例极限内，材料的延伸与所施加的力成比例。近似地说，它是弹性材料拉伸时应力和应变之间的关系。该定律指出，应力（单位面积的力）与应变（尺寸变化）成比例。该定律仅适用于有限的范围，由罗伯特·胡克于1676年发现。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭轴振动 |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋转不平衡轴的快速来回角扭转，在临界转速下达到最大值。轴偏心、质量分布不平衡、振荡扭矩、未对准等都会影响扭转振动。 |
| Relative humidity (ϕ) | 相对湿度（ψ） |
The ratio or percentage of the actual mass of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum possible mass of moisture at the same temperature. 给定温度下给定体积空气中的实际水分质量与相同温度下的最大可能水分质量的比率或百分比。 |
| Grip length | 夹紧长度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夹紧在一起的所有部件的总厚度，包括垫圈、垫圈和接头构件。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸试验（拉力试验） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一种试验，在这种试验中，精密加工的拉伸试样（拉伸试件）的横截面通常为圆形或矩形，具有在试验机中夹紧的大端部，受到越来越大的拉伸载荷，通常达到断裂点，以产生应力-应变曲线，从中可以看出弹性模量、比例极限等材料特性，可以确定验证应力、屈服点和极限拉伸应力。相关标准为ISO 6892-1。 |
| Pressure surface | 压力面 |
The high-pressure surface of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade. In normal aircraft applications, this is the lower surface of a wing. For applications, such as to high-performance motor vehicles, where the aerofoil is inverted to generate downforce, it is the upper surface. 机翼、涡轮或压缩机叶片的高压表面。在正常的飞机应用中，这是机翼的下表面。对于高性能机动车辆等应用，机翼翻转以产生下压力，它是上表面。 |
| Inclusions | 夹杂物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金属基体中的小块非金属杂质。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗气蚀诱导剂 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的轴流泵，通过增加进口压头防止主泵出现气穴。 |
| Taper key | 楔键 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 边平行但横截面沿其长度逐渐变细的键。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 设计荷载（单位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或结构在正常运行条件下预期承受的最大负载。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 热弹性效应 |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在绝热弹性变形下的温度变化，例如当加载速度如此之快，以至于材料与其周围环境不处于热平衡时。对于大多数材料，弹性张力降低温度，压缩提高温度。相反的情况发生在弹性体中，如橡胶，其表现出熵弹性，因为拉伸减少了可能的分子构型的数量，从而降低了熵。热弹性效应在循环弹性载荷中产生应力-应变迟滞回线，是振动能量在材料内部耗散的一种机制。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 两端都有螺纹的杆。无头螺纹紧固件，两端有螺纹，中间部分有无螺纹主体，或从一端到另一端有螺纹。与两个螺母或一个螺母和一个螺纹孔一起使用。一种普通的圆柱形部件，其两端具有适当长度的螺纹部分，或在整个长度上具有连续螺纹。一端拧入机器或工件，然后将第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或动量，以其大小和方向来表示。用黑体印刷矢量量的惯例是由物理学家约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接从渗碳作业中淬火渗碳零件。（2） 也用于直接从可锻操作淬火珠光体可锻零件。 |
| Impact energy (Unit J) | 冲击能量（单位J） |
The amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod test or Charpy test.The type of specimen and test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified. 1. The sum of the kinetic energies of all the bodies involved at the instant of collision of two or more moving bodies. 2. The energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test. 使材料断裂所需的能量，通常通过悬臂梁式试验或夏比试验测量。试样类型和试验条件会影响数值，因此应加以说明。1.两个或多个运动物体碰撞瞬间所有物体的动能之和。2.夏比或悬臂冲击试验中断裂试样所需的能量。 |
| Circular pitch | 齿距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在节线上测量的从一个轮齿中心到下一个轮齿中心的距离。 |
| Cavitation | 空蚀空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部压力降低而在液体中形成充满蒸汽或气体的空腔，通常原因是流体的加速，例如收敛喷嘴的流动。如果液体中没有溶解气体，当压力降至饱和蒸汽压力以下时，会发生蒸汽空化。如果气泡是由于高温形成的，则该过程称为沸腾。如果存在溶解气体，则由于压力降低、温度升高或扩散（脱气），会发生气穴。在船用螺旋桨尖端和液压机械中，空化气泡的破裂可能会引起噪音和振动，并导致以点蚀形式出现的表面损坏。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪应力（单位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪应力，切向应力，τ）（1）当金属晶体中的平行平面彼此滑动时存在的应力。（2）与力作用平面相切的应力分量。也称为切向应力。1.平行于固体材料内任何平面的应力。它可能是由于施加在身体上的弯矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.对应于流动粘性流体内的速度梯度的应力。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振动松动、垫圈蠕变、热膨胀差等原因，螺栓和接头中的张力损失，因此夹紧力损失。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄径为ds≈d或ds>d的紧固件，或螺纹连接到头部，或全螺纹螺柱。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Compounding | 复合串联 |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽机（复合蒸汽机）或脉冲涡轮机中，通过串联的两个或多个级逐渐降低压力（膨胀）。 |
| Activation energy | 活化能 |
(Ea, U) (Unit kJ/mol) The minimum energy for a chemical reaction to occur or for processes such as diffusion to take place in crystals. （Ea, U）（单位kJ/mol）发生化学反应或在晶体中发生扩散等过程的最小能量。 |
| Materials science | 材料科学 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金属、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、复合材料、生物材料和半导体等固体物质的特性、行为和应用，涵盖从原子到宏观的所有范围。起源于冶金学。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦机 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一种通过冲击载荷测试弹簧的机器2.一种在使用前将螺旋弹簧压缩至其最小实心长度以提高其使用寿命的机器，从而产生有利的残余应力。 |
| Effective yield strength | 有效屈服强度 |
An assumed value of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plastic yielding on fracture test parameters. 单轴屈服强度的假设值，代表塑性屈服对断裂试验参数的影响。 |
| Shock load | 冲击载荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，导致应力迅速增加。 |
| Taper pins | 圆锥销 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其长度逐渐变细的圆形横截面的销钉或销钉。用于在轴上定位和固定机器零件的钢销。 |
| Compressive stress | 压缩应力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使弹性体沿施加载荷方向变形（缩短）的应力。与拉应力对比。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 连续沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanstätten structure. 来自过饱和固溶体的沉淀，其中沉淀颗粒通过长程扩散生长而无需基质再结晶。连续析出物从在整个基体中或多或少均匀分布的核生长而来。它们通常是随机取向的，但可能形成魏氏结构。 |
| Latent heat | 潜热 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物质发生相变时吸收或释放的热能。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆时针旋转时前进的螺钉。 |
| Counter sink | 台面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物体上切割或塑造一个凹陷，使螺钉的头部可以齐平或低于表面。 |
| Vehicle | 车辆 |
A means of conveyance for transporting goods and people, generally with wheels powered by a petrol, diesel, or steam engine, or by an electric motor, or by a hybrid combination of an electric motor and a diesel or petrol engine. 一种运输货物和人员的交通工具，通常由汽油机、柴油机或蒸汽机、电动机或电动机与柴油机或汽油机的混合动力驱动。 |
| Captive nut | 松脱螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脱地或刚性地连接到薄板构件上的螺母，该螺母太薄而无法拧入，并与带帽螺钉接合。 |
| Crack-growth rate | 裂纹增长速度 |
Rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to statically or dynamically applied load. 由于静态或动态施加的载荷，裂纹在材料中的扩展速率。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面张力（σ，γ）（单位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液体和气体或两种不混溶液体之间的界面处，作用在界面处的液体分子上的不平衡内聚力导致表面张力的性质，从而导致张力的发展，就像皮肤或薄膜一样。 |
| Alternative energy | 可替代能源 |
(alternate energy) Energy sources that are renewable and do not have the undesired consequences of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. （替代能源）可再生能源，不会产生化石燃料和核能的不良后果。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Stabilizing treatment | 稳定化处理 |
(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hardenable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature. （1）在精加工至最终尺寸之前，反复加热含铁或非铁零件至或略高于其正常工作温度，然后冷却至室温，以确保使用中的尺寸稳定性。（2）在淬火可淬硬钢中转变残余奥氏体，通常通过冷处理。（3）将固溶处理的稳定等级奥氏体不锈钢加热至870至900°C（1600至1650°F），使所有碳沉淀为TiC、NbC或TaC，从而避免在随后暴露于高温时敏化。 |
| Thread form | 螺纹形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺纹的横截面形状，定义螺纹角度、齿根和齿冠轮廓等。螺纹长度：紧固件中包含全深度切割或轧制螺纹的部分的长度。 |
| Square | 正方 |
1. A regular quadrilateral, i.e. a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. An instrument to check angles of internal and external surfaces and flatness. 1.正四边形，即具有四条等边和四个直角的多边形。2.一种检查内外表面角度和平面度的仪器。 |
| Ablation cooling | 烧蚀冷却 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷却暴露于非常高的外部气体温度的表面，导致表面材料升华、熔化或分解。化学过程吸收热量，而远离表面的物质的质量流阻挡了来自热气体的热通量。 |
| Screw thread | 螺纹 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圆柱体的外表面或内表面上呈螺旋形或在圆锥体的外表面和内表面上以锥形螺旋形的均匀截面或形状的脊。 |
| Spring | 弹簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 储存机械能并在变形时施加力的弹性部件。作用力F与弹簧x偏转的曲线斜率dF/dx称为弹簧率或弹簧模量k，单位为N/m。对于线性弹簧，F（x）曲线成比例，k称为弹簧常数。一种弹性装置，在应力或压力下屈服，但在应力和压力消除后恢复到其原始状态或位置。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的应力循环（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 试样在其应力历史中任何时间所经受的特定特征（产生波动应力和应变）的循环次数。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波义耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在给定的绝对温度T下，气体的压力p与其体积的乘积是恒定的。与查尔斯定律一起，它产生了理想的气体方程p=Mrt，其中m是气体的质量，R是特定的气体常数。恒温下气体的体积与压力成反比。这意味着随着压力的增加，气体的体积会减少。 |
| Active accommodation | 主动适应能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用来自传感器的信息，例如在视觉系统中，允许机器人显示对环境的适应。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水头（单位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力发电系统中，水轮机入口上方供水水库中水位垂直高度之间的差减去由于通向涡轮机的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水头损失。 |
| Push rod | 推杆 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在顶置气门活塞发动机中，通过气门摇臂打开和关闭气门的杆。连杆由曲轴箱中的凸轮轴驱动。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 区域熔炼（区域精炼） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一种净化材料的过程，其中一个狭窄的熔融区沿材料长度移动，导致杂质在一端分离。 |
| Critical point | 临界点 |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶体结构、相或物理性质发生变化的温度或压力。与转变温度相同。（2） 在平衡图中，指组成、温度和压力或其组合的特定值，在该值下，多相体系的相处于平衡状态。 |
| Absolute manometer | 绝对压力计 |
A manometer that measures absolute pressure, i.e. pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum. Absolute pressure cannot be negative. 测量绝对压力的压力计，即相对于完美真空测量的压力。绝对压力不能为负。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通过使用内部气压使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨胀来制造中空聚合物物体（例如瓶子）。 |
| Generator | 发电机 |
1. A machine for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. 2. (generatrix) A point, line, or surface regarded as moving and so forming a line, a surface, or a volume, respectively. 1.将机械能转化为电能的机器。2.（母线）被认为是运动的点、线或面，因此分别形成一条线、一个面或一个体积。 |
| Shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相变温度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 发生相位变化的温度。该术语有时用于表示转变范围的极限温度。以下符号用于钢铁。 |
| Quench hardening | 淬火硬化 |
(1) Hardening suitable alpha-beta alloys (most often certain copper to titanium alloys) by solution treating and quenching to develop a martensitic-like structure. (2) In ferrous alloys, hardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite transforms to martensite. （1）通过固溶处理和淬火硬化合适的α-β合金（通常是某些铜-钛合金），以形成类似马氏体的结构。（2）在铁合金中，通过奥氏体化硬化，然后以一定速度冷却，使大量奥氏体转变为马氏体。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸弯曲试验 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金属板成形性的模拟试验，其中金属板条在其端部夹紧在锁珠中，并通过冲头在中心变形。选择试验条件，以便在冲头接触区域发生断裂。 |
| Machine tool | 机床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一种动力机器，如钻孔机、磨床、车床、铣床或刨床，用于切割和成形金属、塑料、复合材料等（机加工）。加工中心是围绕多个轴工作的CNC机床，具有刀具库存和自动换刀能力，能够在自动化控制下进行各种加工操作。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| Torque monitor | 扭矩监测器 |
A torque tool control system which monitors the amount of torque being developed by the tool during use, but does not control the tool or the torque produced. 一种扭矩工具控制系统，监控工具在使用过程中产生的扭矩量，但不控制工具或产生的扭矩。 |
| Decompression chamber | 减压舱 |
A chamber in which ambient-air pressure can be increased to levels found in deep-sea diving. It is used to gradually acclimatize divers back to normal conditions and avoid ‘the bends’. 环境气压可以提高到深海潜水水平的腔室。它用于逐渐使潜水员适应正常条件，避免“弯曲”。 |
| Torque converter | 变矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的涡轮机，由叶轮、涡轮机和反作用构件组成。应用包括机动车变速器。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦学 |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 与相对运动中相互作用的表面有关的科学和技术。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（单位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手长度的乘积。力或力偶绕轴产生扭转的力矩。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容积 |
(Unit m³) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （单位m³）活塞位于上止点时活塞上方的“死区”体积，包括气缸盖中的凹槽，在往复式压缩机或发动机中。 |
| Breaking stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Roots blower | 罗茨鼓风机 |
(rotary-piston blower) A positive-displacement gas compressor with two meshing lobed rotors that rotate within a close-fitting casing. Commonly used as a supercharger. （旋转活塞鼓风机）一种容积式气体压缩机，具有两个啮合的凸角转子，在紧密配合的外壳内旋转。通常用作增压器。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭转应力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭转作用在横截面上产生的剪切应力。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亚共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Clevis | U形夹 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一种U形钩，末端有孔，固定螺栓或销（U形销）穿过这些孔。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 总水头（hT）（单位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT = pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 总压力pT以液体柱（通常为水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g为重力加速度，ρ为液体密度。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦学中，通过相对运动的两个表面中较软的表面的塑性变形形成凹槽。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可压缩性（单位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 当物质受到压力增加时体积减少或密度增加的量度。它被定义为体积模量的倒数。液体和固体通常被认为是不可压缩的，而气体是高度可压缩的。 |
| Wedge | 楔子 |
A short triangular prism whose major surfaces subtend an acute angle, that can be driven between two objects or parts of an object to split, tighten, or secure them, or to widen an opening or raise a heavy object. The acute angle gives a high mechanical advantage. 一种短的三棱镜，其主面对着一个锐角，可在两个物体或物体的一部分之间驱动，以将它们分开、拧紧或固定，或加宽开口或举起重物。锐角具有很高的机械优势。 |
| Temper color | 回火颜色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一种薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮，当钢在低温或短时间内在空气或轻度氧化气氛中回火时形成。颜色范围从稻草色到蓝色，取决于氧化皮的厚度，随回火时间和温度而变化。 |
| Air pump | 气泵 |
A machine for providing a flow of air or for increasing or decreasing the mass and pressure of air in a closed container. The term pump is more usual when the working fluid is a liquid, while compressor is more usual for gases. 一种用于提供空气流动或用于增加或减少密闭容器中空气质量和压力的机器。当工作流体是液体时，术语泵更常用，而气体更常用压缩机。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度测试 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm² but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一种试验，其中不同的硬压头在不同载荷下压入固体表面，以产生永久压痕，所产生的压力称为硬度。布氏试验采用球形压头；维氏硬度测试是一个方形金字塔。压痕硬度H与单轴屈服应力Y之间的关系约为H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm²为单位，但现在通常在Pa.2中给出。划痕和锉刀硬度测试要么与一种材料能够标记另一种材料（矿物的莫氏硬度标度）有关，要么与刚性压头在表面上滑动产生的凹槽大小有关。3.回弹硬度涉及掉落压头或旋转臂端部压头撞击表面后的回弹高度。 |
| Waste heat | 废热 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.内燃机、燃气轮机、发电机、电气设备和工业过程产生的热量，这些热量不是直接使用的，而是通过热烟气或废气排放到环境中。2.废物产生的热量 |
| Congruent melting point (Unit K) | 全等熔点（单位K） |
congruent melting point (Unit K) The temperature at which a solid substance at a specified pressure changes phase to a liquid of identical composition. 一致的熔点（单位K）固体物质在特定压力下相变为具有相同成分的液体时的温度。 |
| Static fatigue | 静态疲劳 |
A term referring to a time-dependent reduction in strength with a static (noncyclic) load. The term may refer to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking or the effect of creep on the strength of plastics. Delayed fracture caused by environmental effects under dead-weight loading of materials such as glass. The name is unfortunate, as cyclic loads are not involved and glass is not susceptible to fatigue. 指静态（非循环）载荷下强度随时间变化的降低。该术语可指氢致延迟开裂或蠕变对塑料强度的影响。在玻璃等材料的自重荷载下，由环境影响引起的延迟断裂。 |
| Supercooling | 过冷 |
Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation. 在没有实际获得相变的情况下，冷却到可以发生平衡相变的温度以下。 |
| Air-hardening steel | 空气硬化钢 |
A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. The terms should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. (50 mm) or more in diameter. Same as self-hardening steel. 一种钢，含有足够的碳和其他合金元素，可以在空气或其他气体介质中从高于其转变范围的温度冷却过程中完全硬化。这些术语应仅限于能够通过在相当大的截面（直径约2英寸（50毫米）或更大）中通过空气冷却而硬化的钢。与自硬钢相同。 |
| Tension, bolt | 螺栓张力 |
Tension (tensile stress) created in the bolt by assembly preloads and=or such things as thermal expansion, service loads, etc. 由组件预载和=或热膨胀、工作载荷等因素在螺栓中产生的张力（拉伸应力）。 |
| Compressive strength | 抗压强度 |
Maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. For ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 材料能够产生的最大压缩应力。如果脆性材料因破裂而无法压缩，则抗压强度具有一定值。对于韧性、可锻性或半粘性材料（不会因破裂而导致压缩失效），获得的抗压强度值是一个任意值，取决于被视为材料有效失效的变形程度。 |
| Solenoid | 螺线管 |
A coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. Solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 绕在金属芯（通常为铁）上的导线线圈，当电流通过线圈时产生磁场，从而在芯上产生力。电磁阀广泛用于产生线性运动以驱动阀（电磁阀）和其他装置。 |
| Guided bend | 导向弯曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通过使用柱塞将试样压入模具中获得的弯曲，以产生试样外表面和内表面所需的轮廓。 |
| Actual power | 实际功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （实际马力）（单位W或hp）在随后通过变速箱等传输之前，在发动机输出轴上传递的功率。 |
| Scoring | 划痕 |
In tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the direction of sliding. 在摩擦学中，一种严重的磨损形式，其特征是在滑动方向上形成大面积的凹槽和划痕。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 临界压缩比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可变压缩单缸活塞发动机中确定的烃类燃料初期爆震的压缩比。2.空气-燃料混合物由于产生的温度升高而自燃的压缩比。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一种压缩机，其中动能通过叶轮中的径向加速度添加到流体中，然后通过扩散器的流动转换为压力增加。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Stress equalizing | 应力均衡 |
A low-temperature heat treatment used to balance stresses in cold-worked material without an appreciable decrease in the mechanical strength produced by cold working. 一种低温热处理，用于平衡冷加工材料中的应力，而不会明显降低冷加工产生的机械强度。 |
| Spray quenching | 喷雾淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用喷嘴将水或其他液体喷射到零件上的淬火过程。淬火速率由每单位撞击时间内每单位面积的液体速度和体积控制。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲线 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余压力或松弛压力随时间变化的曲线图。 |
| Caterpillar | 毛虫式履带 |
(crawler vehicle) A vehicle that ‘lays its own road’ by running on endless belts, driven by toothed wheels, on each side. Used on soft ground where spreading of the load reduces contact stress. （履带式车辆）通过在每一侧由齿轮驱动的环形皮带运行来“铺设自己的道路”的车辆。用于负载分散可减少接触应力的松软地面。 |
| Effective discharge area (Unit m²) | 有效排放面积（单位m²） |
A nominal area for flow through a pressure relief valve used to determine the valve’s flow capacity given the pressure difference across it, the fluid density and correction factors to allow for compressibility, the back pressure and the coefficient of discharge. 流经泄压阀的标称面积，用于确定阀门的流量，给定压力差、流体密度和允许可压缩性的校正因子、背压和排放系数。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微动疲劳 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在发生微动的表面区域开始的疲劳断裂。由微动引起的对固体表面的渐进性损坏。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蚀电池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 当两种具有不同电势的金属（阳极和阴极）在液体（电解质）存在下连接在一起时形成的天然“电池”。 |
| Total elongation | 总伸长率 |
A total amount of permanent extension of a test piece broken in a tensile test. 拉伸试验中断裂试样的永久延伸总量。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金属中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每单位面积或体积的晶粒数、平均直径或从面积测量得出的晶粒尺寸数来报告。 |
| Permissible variation | 允许偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 对于试验机，所示数量值的最大允许误差。用误差百分比表示允许偏差是很方便的。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干结构 |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一个术语，用于表示湍流剪切流的较大涡流，例如边界层、射流和尾流，它们显示出独特的相关运动模式。 |
| Half hard | 半硬化回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about mid-way between that of dead soft and full hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于完全软回火和完全硬回火之间。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Lubricant | 润滑剂 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 为了减少两个表面之间的摩擦或磨损而置于两个表面间的任何物质。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（单位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Creep | 蠕变 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物体在重载荷下缓慢的塑性变形，随时间变化的可塑性，材料在恒定载荷或应力下随时间变化的永久变形。应变随时间以随温度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕变可能导致大应变和最终失效，从而限制部件在高温下承受载荷的寿命。当同源温度超过约0.4℃时，金属蠕变变得显著，例如钨为1200℃，钛为504℃，铁为450℃，铝为100℃。 |
| Serrations | 锯齿 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 边缘或表面上的一排凹口或齿状突起。在工程图纸上，圆形部件表面的锯齿超过约60°的圆弧。 |
| Belt drive | 带传动 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通过穿过滑轮的连续平带或带齿柔性带（带）将运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴。与链条传动相比，皮带传动往往用于低扭矩应用。由于普通传动带的拉伸可能会导致传动松弛（皮带蠕变）或主动或从动皮带轮上的皮带打滑（皮带打滑），从而导致传动功率降低。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 应力松弛曲线 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 应力松弛试验中剩余应力或松弛应力随时间变化的曲线图。松弛应力等于初始应力减去剩余应力。也称为应力-时间曲线。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲劳缺口系数（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 无缺口试样的疲劳强度与相同材料和条件的有缺口试样的疲劳强度之比；两种强度都是在相同数量的应力循环下确定的。 |
| Maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低温度计 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, Six’s thermometer) A liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高温度计，Six's温度计）一种液体玻璃仪器，用于记录给定时间段内经历的最高和最低温度。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 热平衡（热预算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 仅涉及跨系统边界的热传递和存储能量的能量平衡。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一种用于硬化可硬化铁合金表面的工艺，其中使用强烈的火焰将表面层加热到转变温度上限以上，然后立即对工件进行淬火。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流体运动的特点是无序、旋转（即旋涡）三维速度波动，覆盖广泛的频率和长度尺度。压力、温度和其他流体特性也会波动，热、质量和动量的扩散会大大增强。与层流和过渡流一样，牛顿流体的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，该方程原则上可以通过直接数值模拟（DNS）求解，在直接数值模拟中，波动运动的所有时间和长度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重载紧固件中的局部塑性变形允许一个零件陷入较软或更重载的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺纹嵌入螺母螺纹等。 |
| Hot hardness | 热硬度 |
The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高温下的硬度，常用来对刀具的性能进行排名。 |
| Barometer | 气压计 |
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. There are two main types – the mercury barometer, and the aneroid barometer. 用于测量大气压力的仪器。有两种主要类型——水银气压计和无液气压计。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Strength of materials | 材料强度 |
A confusing name for what is really stress analysis, reflecting older engineering design based upon elasticity and ‘theories of strength’ for different materials, without regard to cracks. 对于真正的应力分析，这是一个具有迷惑性的名称，反映了基于弹性和不同材料的“强度理论”的旧工程设计，而不考虑断裂。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度亏损（单位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如边界层或尾迹，由于摩擦，与自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水银柱施加的压力。大约等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺纹 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 顺时针或向右转动时进入配合部件的螺纹。 |
| Allowable stress design | 许用应力设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。故意低估螺栓和接头材料的强度，以便在结构钢接头的设计中引入安全系数。它是最近定义的荷载和阻力系数设计程序的替代方法。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通过在油中以低于水淬的冷却速率淬火合适的钢，在回火前形成马氏体，从而降低部件断裂或严重残余应力的可能性。是一种淬火硬化处理，包括在油中冷却。 |
| Load and resistance factor design | 负载和阻力系数设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Assigns uncertainties in the strength of (i.e., resistance of) and in the service loads to be placed on a shear joint to estimate the probable strength of the joint. It is a recently defined alternative to the Allowable stress design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。分配剪切接头的强度（即阻力）和工作荷载的不确定性，以估计接头的可能强度。它是最近定义的容许应力设计程序的替代方案。 |
| Rivet | 铆钉 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一种一端有头的短杆，插入待连接板上对齐的孔中，然后通过锤击或成型在突出的杆身上制作第二个头。最常见的头部形状是扁平、圆顶和倒锥形。在阵列中，铆钉间距是相邻铆钉中心之间的距离。故障可能由不同的机制或模式发生。一种一体式紧固件，由头部和主体组成，用于将两个或多个部件紧固在一起，方法是将主体穿过每个部件上的孔，然后在主体端部形成第二个头部。除非取下头部，否则无法移除。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常会突然断裂，不会产生永久变形。脆性材料的例子有一些铸铁、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸时仅超过其屈服点一小部分就会断裂，则称其为脆性螺栓。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英热单位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103 J. 一种已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量单位，定义为将68°F的一磅纯水的温度升高1°F所需的能量。转换为SI为1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| Anelastic | 无弹性 |
Literally ‘not elastic’, but in practice used for materials that display timedependent recovery on unloading. 字面意思是“没有弹性”，但实际上用于在卸载时显示随时间恢复的材料。 |
| Centre line | 中心线 |
1. In an engineering drawing, a line of symmetry. 2. An imaginary line along a pipe, duct, or shaft that defines an axis of symmetry. 3. An imaginary straight line parallel to the intended direction of a surface located such that the areas above and below the line and the real wavy (rough) surface cancel out. 1.在工程图中，对称线。2.沿着管道、管道或竖井定义对称轴的假想线。3.一条平行于表面预期方向的假想直线，该直线上方和下方的区域与真实的波状（粗糙）表面相抵消。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Actuating system | 驱动系统 |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一种系统，其中提供给执行器的电气、气动或液压输入通常以受控方式产生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗弯强度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 断裂或断裂时刻外层纤维的最大应力。 |
| Quimby screw pump | 昆比螺杆泵 |
A screw pump with two meshing screws, each having a righthand and a left-hand screw. Liquid enters at either end and is discharged from the middle. 带有两个啮合螺钉的螺杆泵，每个都有一个右旋螺纹和一个左旋螺纹。液体从两端进入，从中间排出。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金属元素和合金的原子、晶体学、微观结构、机械和物理特性及其应用。 |
| Fastener | 紧固件 |
A fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 紧固件是一种机械装置，用于将两个或多个物体相对于彼此固定在确定的位置。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 应用热力学 |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程热力学、热力学）热、功和系统特性之间关系的科学，以及燃料中的热能可以转化为机械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源转换的各个方面的研究，包括发电、制冷、所涉及物质的相关特性以及它们之间的关系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本规律。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Subcritical annealing | 不完全退火 |
A process anneal performed on ferrous alloys at a temperature below Ac1. 在低于Ac1的温度下对铁合金进行的工艺退火。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一种形成关节的可拆卸机构。关节的两个组件的连接器。1.连接两个或多个轴或机构部件的任何机械紧固件，以传递动力。2.连接两辆车的装置。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Acoustic emission | 声发射 |
(stress-wave emission) Sound emitted by some materials when deformed under load. It arises from stress waves emitted by sudden dislocation motion in crystals, slip, crack growth, etc. （应力波发射）某些材料在负载下变形时发出的声音。它是由晶体中突然的位错运动、滑移、裂纹扩展等发出的应力波引起的。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨胀 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部载荷、压缩、温度变化、化学作用等引起的体积变化。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 断裂力学 |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂纹物体的应力分析。当初始存在缺陷（或在加载过程中形成缺陷）时，使用应力集中系数和传统材料强度的其他修正系数是不够的，因为断裂不仅取决于应力，还取决于裂纹的大小。传统的材料强度应力计算既不能预测已知缺陷存在时的安全工作应力，也不能预测给定工作应力下可容忍的缺陷临界尺寸。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Turbo generator | 涡轮发电机 |
(turboset) The combination of a steam or gas turbine and an electrical generator with a single shaft or connected coaxial shafts. （汽轮发电机组）蒸汽或燃气轮机与发电机的组合，具有单轴或连接的同轴。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Friction materials | 摩擦材料 |
Materials having a high coefficient of friction which, when coupled with a long life, may be employed as brake linings or the facing of the plates of a clutch. 具有高摩擦系数的材料，当与长寿命相结合时，可用作制动衬片或离合器片的饰面。 |
| Tightness | 紧密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 垫圈接头质量泄漏率的测量值。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蚀失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或结构在腐蚀后失效，使承重面积减少到无法支撑的程度。2.由于腐蚀产物阻止关节处的自由运动，导致机构无法运行的情况。 |
| Turbomachine | 涡轮机械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋转动力机器）在连续的流体流和绕固定轴旋转的部件（称为转子）之间进行能量传递的机器。风扇和涡轮机（燃气、液压、蒸汽或风力）是涡轮机械，其中能量传递到转子，使其旋转。泵和压缩机是涡轮机械，其中能量从外部驱动的转子传递到流体。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皱 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金属板深冲过程中，在法兰边缘和拉深半径之间的金属区域内获得的波浪状状态。当设置不平衡压缩力时，在其他成形操作中也可能发生起皱。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氢致延迟开裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有时用于识别一种氢脆形式的术语，其中金属在小于屈服应力的稳定应力下似乎会自发断裂。在施加应力（或将受应力金属暴露于氢）与开裂开始之间通常存在延迟。也称为静态疲劳。 |
| Strain-age embrittlement | 应变时效脆化 |
A loss in ductility accompanied by an increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°C (400 °F), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature. 塑性变形后低碳钢（尤其是边缘钢或封顶钢）时效时发生的延展性损失，伴随着硬度和强度的增加。脆化程度是老化时间和温度的函数，在大约200°C（400°F）的温度下，在几分钟内发生，但在室温下需要几小时到一年。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 热电材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一种热电现象特别强烈的材料，如珀尔帖效应、塞贝克效应和汤姆森效应。 |
| Thermal compressor | 热压缩机 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（热压缩机）用于提升低压废蒸汽或排气压力的喷射压缩机。2.一种由吸收器、发电机、泵和节流装置组成的装置，用于替代吸收冷却制冷系统中的机械蒸汽压缩机。 |
| Bulk density (Unit kg/m³) | 容重（单位kg/m³） |
The average density of a mass of granular or powdered material at ambient conditions. 在环境条件下大量粒状或粉状材料的平均密度。 |
| Clip gauge | 夹规 |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一种位移计，由两个通过刀刃连接到试件上的薄应变测量悬臂组成，以提供断裂力学试件中的载荷线位移，或用作拉伸试验中的引伸计。 |
| Shank | 螺杆 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| Positive-displacement flow meter | 容积式流量计 |
An instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一种高精度仪器，通过将流动的流体分成连续的固定体积并测量其通过流量计的时间来确定体积流量。 |
| Gasket factors | 垫片系数 |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 实验得出的“常数”用于定义垫圈的行为或可接受行为所需的组件和使用条件。 |
| Progressive aging | 渐进时效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通过在时效周期中逐步或连续升高温度进行增加时效。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 计算机辅助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，计算机集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用计算机，不仅可以控制制造和组装的机器和机器人，还可以进行工艺规划，以及在生产过程中监控材料和组件的进度等。 |
| Graham’s laws | 格雷厄姆定律 |
The laws stating that the rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are inversely proportional to the square root of its density. 规定气体的扩散和渗出速率与其密度的平方根成反比的定律。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂纹尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂纹主平面尺寸的线性度量。这种测量通常用于计算描述应力场和位移场的量。在实践中，裂纹尺寸的值是通过测量物理裂纹尺寸、原始裂纹尺寸或有效裂纹尺寸的程序获得的，视情况而定。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Proof load | 验证载荷（单位 N） |
The maximum, safe, static, tensile load which can be placed on a fastener without yielding it. Sometimes given as a force (in lb or N) sometimes as a stress (in psi or MPa). The test load in quality control to which different components made of different materials must be subjected without failing in order to perform properly. 可施加在紧固件上而不使其屈服的最大安全静态拉伸载荷。有时以力（lb或N）表示，有时以应力（psi或MPa）表示。质量控制中的测试负荷，由不同材料制成的不同部件必须经受该负荷，才能正常运行。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性质随时间的减少。 |
| Bolt | 螺栓 |
(machine bolt) A fastener in the form of an externally-threaded cylinder with a head on one end that is inserted through holes in assembled parts that are then held together by a nut tightened on to the thread. A bolt has an unthreaded region below the head so that when located in a hole, transverse loads are borne by two plain cylindrical surfaces in contact. In contrast, use of a machine screw, that has threads all along its length, results in threads bearing against the plain surface of a hole. Officially, a threaded fastener designed to be used with a nut. （机械螺栓）外螺纹圆柱状紧固件：一端有头的紧固件，通过装配零件上的孔插入，然后通过拧紧到螺纹上的螺母固定在一起。螺栓头部下方有一个无螺纹区域，因此当位于孔中时，横向载荷由两个接触的平面圆柱面承担。相反，使用沿其长度具有螺纹的机器螺钉，会导致螺纹支撑在孔的平面上。正式情况下，螺纹紧固件设计用于与螺母一起使用。 |
| Beta annealing | β退火 |
Producing a beta phase by heating certain titanium alloys in the temperature range of which this phase forms followed by cooling at an appropriate rate to prevent its decomposition. 通过在形成β相的温度范围内加热某些钛合金，然后以适当的速率冷却以防止其分解，从而产生β相。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨机 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一种用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨机，由装有松散钢球或陶瓷球的水平旋转滚筒组成。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| J-integral | J-积分 |
A mathematical expression describing a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other, used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front; JIc is the critical value of the J-integral required to initiate crack extension from a preexisting crack. 描述从一个裂纹表面到另一个裂纹正面的线或表面积分的数学表达式，用于表征断裂前具有可观塑性的材料的断裂韧性。J积分通过考虑裂纹前缘周围的局部应力应变场，无需描述裂纹尖端附近材料的行为；JIc是从先前存在的裂纹开始裂纹扩展所需的J积分的临界值。 |
| Austenite stabilization | 奥氏体稳定化 |
Decrease, in comparison to a continuous cooling, in the amount of martensite occurring from austenite when cooling is interrupted at a temperature between Ms and Mf. This can be explained by the relaxation of stresses induced in the austenite by martensite crystals occurring before the interruption. The relaxation, in turn, leads to the dislocation rearrangement and their interaction with martensite/austenite interfaces, which makes the interfaces immobile. 与连续冷却相比，当在Ms和Mf之间的温度中断冷却时，从奥氏体中产生的马氏体的量减少。这可以通过中断前发生的马氏体晶体在奥氏体中引起的应力松弛来解释。反过来，松弛导致位错重排及其与马氏体/奥氏体界面的相互作用，这使得界面无法移动。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火时效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶热处理后快速冷却引起的时效。 |
| Active vibration suppression | 主动振动抑制 |
The reduction of undesirable vibration in components by feedback control. 通过反馈控制减少部件中的不良振动。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺纹的最高点。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被认为是均匀的条件下生产的一定数量的某些产品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, DHN, VHN, VPN) (Unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now Pa) Indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. The mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which VPN = 0.927(2W/d2) where W is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，DHN，VHN，VPN）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为Pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中VPN=0.927（2W/d2），其中W是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容积式压缩机 |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何类型的压缩机，包括活塞式和旋转螺杆式，在单位时间内以高压输送固定体积的气体。容积泵每单位时间输送固定体积的流体，通常为液体。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分离器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 从螺栓上去除锈蚀螺母的工具。它由一个围绕螺母放置的刚性钢环组成。穿过环的螺纹径向支撑在楔形尖端上，该尖端凹陷并穿过螺母的表面。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Damage | 损伤 |
1. The deterioration of a component or structure in fault or accident conditions, reducing or preventing its ability to perform its intended function. 2. The accumulation of defects or microcracks in the microstructure of a body loaded monotonically or in fatigue, which weakens the body and can lead to crack propagation and failure. 1.部件或结构在故障或事故条件下的劣化，降低或阻止其执行预期功能的能力。2.在承受单调载荷或疲劳载荷的物体的微观结构中累积的缺陷或微裂纹，这会削弱物体，并可能导致裂纹扩展和失效。 |
| Engineering strain (e) | 工程应变（e） |
A term sometimes used for average linear strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the original gage length. 一个术语，有时用于平均线性应变或常规应变，以便将其与真实应变区分开来。在张力测试中，通过将标距变化除以原始标距来计算。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等温退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 将铁合金奥氏体化，然后冷却至奥氏体转变为相对软的铁素体碳化物集合体的温度并保持该温度。 |
| Aerated bath nitriding | 空气搅拌液体渗氮法 |
A type of liquid nitriding in which air is pumped through the molten bath creating agitation and increased chemical activity. 一种液体氮化，其中空气被泵入熔池，产生搅拌并增加化学活性。 |
| Stead’s brittleness | 斯特德脆性 |
A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about 705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling. 一种脆性状态，导致粗晶结构中发生穿晶断裂，这是由于之前在低于约705°C（1300°F）的温度下轧制的低碳钢薄板经过长时间退火造成的。断裂通常发生在与轧制方向约45°处。 |
| Vernier | 游标 |
A short auxiliary scale that slides along the main instrument scale to permit more accurate fractional reading of the least main division of the main scale. 一种短辅助刻度，沿主仪表刻度滑动，以便更准确地读取主刻度的最小主刻度。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 临界温度范围 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 与转换范围同义，这是首选术语。 |
| Breaking load | 断裂载荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加载到破裂的试样或结构构件上的最大载荷（或力）。 |
| Natural unit system (n.u. system) | 自然单位制（n.u.制） |
A non-SI system of units, based on fundamental constants, used in high-energy and particle physics. The n.u. of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum, c0 = 299 792 458 m/s. 基于基本常数的非国际单位制，用于高能和粒子物理n.u.速度是真空中的光速，c0=299792458m/s。 |
| Spalling | 剥落 |
The separation of macroscopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips. 以薄片或碎片形式从表面分离宏观颗粒。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 风能（单位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 风能转换系统（WECS）可通过暴露于风中的转子（如多叶片螺旋桨）将与风相关的动能转换为电能或机械能。如果空气密度为ρ，风速为V，则动能通量为ρV3/2。可由截获风a横截面的风力涡轮机提取的实际风功率为CPρAV3/2，其中CP是称为功率系数的经验效率因子。风能分布是根据给定位置处的风速频率分布每年可产生的计算风力的直方图。风车产生机械功率，而风力涡轮机（风力发电机）产生电功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大风力涡轮机的额定功率为9.5MW，转子直径为164m，轮毂高度为105m（最高风力涡轮机的高度为190m）。风电场是一系列风力涡轮机，通常为十到几百台，位于单一位置，无论是陆上还是海上。风能是可持续能源发电的主要贡献者。最大的海上风电场位于爱尔兰海，拥有87台涡轮机，总发电容量为659MW。最大的陆上风电场位于加利福尼亚州克恩县，拥有约586台涡轮机，总容量为1550兆瓦。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸气循环 |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一种动力循环，它将相对低温的蒸汽循环（底部循环）与高温循环（顶部循环）相结合，其中使用了诸如汞、钠或钾之类的工作流体。 |
| Melting point (Unit K or °C) | 熔点（单位K或°C） |
The temperature at which a solid material undergoes the phase change to a liquid at a specified pressure, usually 1 atm. Pure metals and eutectics have single-valued melting points, while alloys with other compositions melt over a range of temperature such that there is a well-defined start and end to the melting process, but there are states in between where solid and liquid are both present. 在特定压力下，固体材料发生相变为液体的温度，通常为1大气压。纯金属和共晶具有单值熔点，而具有其他成分的合金在一定温度范围内熔化，熔化过程有一个明确的起点和终点，但其间存在固态和液态并存的状态。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺纹杆 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺钉的主体，其直径介于螺纹大径的最小和最大限制之间。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接触强度（单位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 换算成应力的接触体之间的最大允许载荷。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺丝攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一种杠杆，其中心有一个可调节的方孔，丝锥柄安装在该孔中，以便施加扭矩以切断螺纹。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合处关系图 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 说明紧固件和连接件上的力和变形的数学图。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸稳定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或铸造时的精确形状的能力。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微观应力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 与普通应变测量中的标距相比，从拉伸到压缩的距离（大概接近晶粒尺寸）较小的残余应力。它们无法通过解剖方法检测到，但有时可以通过x射线衍射图案中的线位移或线加宽来测量。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| Mechanical efficiency (η) | 机械效率（η） |
1. In general for a machine, the ratio of output work to input work. 2. For a compressor, the ratio of indicated power to shaft power; for a reciprocating engine or an expander, the ratio of shaft power to indicated power. 1.一般而言，机器的输出功与输入功之比。2.对于压缩机，指示功率与轴功率之比；对于往复式发动机或膨胀机，轴功率与指示功率之比。 |
| Valve plug | 阀塞 |
A conical or cylindrical plug, in which there are transverse holes, in a valve, such as a plug valve. Flow through the holes occurs when the plug is rotated. 阀门中的圆锥形或圆柱形阀塞，其中有横向孔，如旋塞阀。旋转阀塞时，会发生通过孔的流动 |
| Elastic constants | 弹性常数 |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 将材料的弹性位移与施加的力相关联的比例因子。 |
| Alloy | 合金 |
1. A metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. A plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. This results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由两种或多种元素组成的金属材料，其中一种通常是添加了其他元素的金属，例如铁碳或铝铜（二元合金）；镍铬铁（三元合金）。2.由两种或多种不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。这导致无法通过聚合获得的材料。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡机 |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一种装置，用于评估旋转部件的静态和动态平衡状态，并指示为获得平衡而添加的砝码的大小和位置。 |
| Mechanical units | 机械单位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的单位，其量纲包括质量、长度和时间。 |
| Metric ton (tonne, t) | 公制吨（吨，t） |
An SI-accepted, but non-SI, unit of mass defined as 1 t = 103 kg. SI系统可接受但非国际单位制的质量单位，定义为1t=103kg。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面应力断裂韧性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在线弹性断裂力学中，由试样的R曲线和临界裂纹扩展力曲线之间的切线确定的不稳定条件下裂纹扩展阻力的值。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒啮合齿轮箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一种齿轮箱，其中提供不同速比的齿轮对始终啮合，通过将相关齿轮连接或断开驱动轴获得不同的速比。 |
| Load range, P | 负载范围P |
In fatigue, the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum loads in a fatigue cycle. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最大和最小载荷之间的代数差。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，长格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来的方程，该方程涉及紧固件几何形状和配合面之间的摩擦系数。基于刚体力学和紧固件几何结构由蓝图尺寸完美描述的假设的理论方程。 |
| Sample average | 样本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s²) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s². （自由落体加速度，重力加速度，g）（单位m/s²）自由落体在真空中的加速度，在海平面处的平均值约为9.81m/s²。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Dynamic modulus | 动态模量 |
The ratio of stress to strain under cyclic conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or tension). 循环条件下的应力与应变之比（根据在剪切、压缩或拉伸中的自由或强制振动测试中获得的数据计算得出）。 |
| Effective length of a bolt | 螺栓的有效长度 |
The grip length plus some portion of the bolt (often one-half of the thickness of the nuts) which lies within the nut(s) plus some portion (often one-half the thickness) of the head. 握持长度加上位于螺母内的螺栓的某些部分（通常是螺母厚度的二分之一）加上头部的某些部分（通常是厚度的二分之一）。 |
| Hoseclip | 软管夹 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （软管夹）一种圆形金属带，其一端有一个螺钉组织，另一端穿过该螺钉组织，使螺钉与带子上的凹口啮合，从而可以拧紧或松开夹子。用于将软管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 烧结 |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一种固态扩散致密化工艺，用于从粉末、粒状、网状、穿孔片或纤维形式的原材料中生产物体，尤其是多孔物体，方法是加热至低于熔点的温度，直到成分结合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金属。烧结材料的应用包括过滤、分离、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化温度的高温下加热时，通过分子或原子引力将大量颗粒的相邻表面结合起来。烧结增强了粉末质量，通常会产生致密化，在粉末金属中还会产生再结晶。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2 or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一种使用激光快速加热表面的表面硬化工艺。进入零件内部的热传导将快速冷却表面，留下浅马氏体层。通过移动CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使钢硬化，激光束聚焦至直径几毫米。物体表面的一点迅速加热到奥氏体范围，然后迅速冷却，形成回火马氏体。 |
| Profilometer | 轮廓仪 |
An instrument used to quantify the roughness of a surface. For a contact profilometer, a diamond stylus sweeps across the surface along a series of parallel lines. Noncontact profilometers use optical techniques to map the surface irregularities. 用于量化表面粗糙度的仪器。对于接触式轮廓仪，钻石触针沿一系列平行线扫过表面。非接触式轮廓仪使用光学技术绘制表面不规则。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲轴 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往复式单缸或多缸机器主轴的一部分。曲轴可以分段组装或作为单个部件锻造。在发动机中，活塞的往复运动将动力传递给曲轴并使其旋转，而在泵中，曲轴被驱动，其旋转使活塞往复运动。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 离心风机 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一种带有转子的机器，转子由安装在轮毂周围的许多叶片组成，用于移动空气或其他气体。气体轴向进入转子并在增加的压力下径向排出。 |
| Pitting | 点蚀 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦学中的一种磨损，其特征是存在由疲劳、局部粘附、磨损、腐蚀或空穴等过程形成的小而尖锐的表面空穴。 |
| Radius of bend | 弯曲半径 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在弯曲过程中与弯曲内表面接触的销或心轴的圆柱面半径。对于使用垫片或垫块的180°自由弯曲或半导向弯曲，弯曲半径为垫片或垫板厚度的一半。 |
| Precipitation heat treatment | 沉淀热处理 |
Artificial aging in which a constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution. 成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀的人工时效。 |
| Computed path control | 计算路径控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或机器人技术中，使用控制程序来确定工具或末端执行器所需的路径。这条所需的路径形成了用于移动机床或机器人的电机控制器的设定点。 |
| Precipitation hardening | 沉淀硬化 |
Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution. 因成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀而导致的硬化。 |
| Crystalline defects | 结晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 与完美的三维原子堆积的偏差是造成材料的大部分结构敏感特性的原因。晶体缺陷可以是点缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（空位）、线缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Free ferrite | 游离铁氧体 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷却过程中亚共析奥氏体分解直接形成的铁素体，没有同时形成渗碳体。也是先共析铁氧体。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺纹 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺纹加工是一种通过使用实心或自开模具在圆柱形或锥形表面上切削外螺纹的加工工艺。模具螺纹加工是一种比滚丝加工更慢的外螺纹加工方法，但它比车床中的单点螺纹加工要快。 |
| Hot working | 热加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金属通过轧制、拉拔、锻造等在高于其再结晶温度（在商业合金中高于其熔点的40%的开尔文）的温度下发生塑性变形，导致永久的形状变化，但不会增加强度或失去延展性。 |
| Standard fit | 标准匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根据标准间隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在发生增加或减少之前最接近表面的硬度（从芯部到外径时），分别表示渗碳或脱碳。 |
| Microindentation hardness test | 显微压痕硬度测试 |
Hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a diamond indenter of specific geometry, under a test load of 1 to 1000 gramforce, into the surface of the test material and to measure the diagonal or diagonals of the indentation optically. 使用校准机器进行硬度试验，以在1至1000克力的试验载荷下，将特定几何形状的金刚石压头压入试验材料表面，并光学测量压痕的对角线。 |
| Air conditioning | 空调 |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房间、建筑物、飞机、客运车辆等的温度和湿度的过程。更一般地说，它包括控制灰尘、辐射热水平等。 |
| Bar | 巴（气压单位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105 Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0ºC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4ºC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一种广泛使用的（非SI）压力单位，大约等于海平面上的正常大气压。转换为SI为1bar=105Pa。压力单位——0ºC时75.006厘米高的水银柱或4ºC时约33.45英尺水柱产生的压力。它等于105帕斯卡。标准大气压（海平面）为1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大气压的压力下进行退火。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蚀磨损 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 与环境发生显着化学或电化学反应的磨损。 |
| Stability | 稳定性 |
1. A term relating to whether a body, structure, system, or flow is in a state of stable, unstable, or neutral equilibrium. 2. In numerical analysis, whether numerical errors, such as roundoff or input-data errors, are damped, propagate, or cause divergence of the solution as the numerical method proceeds. 3. A control system is often described as stable when a step change in input results in a steady output without continuing oscillation. 1.与物体、结构、系统或流是否处于稳定、不稳定或中性平衡状态有关的术语。2.在数值分析中，随着数值方法的进行，数值误差（如舍入误差或输入数据误差）是否衰减、传播或导致解发散。3.当输入的阶跃变化导致稳定输出而无持续振荡时，控制系统通常被描述为稳定的。 |
| Ultrasonic extensometer | 超声波伸长计 |
An electronic instrument which measures the change in length of a fastener ultrasonically as, or before and after, the fastener is tightened. 一种电子仪器，可在紧固件拧紧时或前后通过超声波测量紧固件长度的变化。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Seal | 密封件 |
A component which controls or prevents leakage of fluids into or out of parts of a machine. 控制或防止流体流入或流出机器部件的部件。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作负荷（单位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的张力；残余预载荷和部分（通常）任何外部载荷的组合产生的张力。连接图通常用于预测紧固件在使用中的近似工作载荷。部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的荷载。 |
| Compression ratio | 压缩率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is SW and the clearance volume is CL, the compression ratio is given by ( SW + CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其冲程顶部的燃烧室的容积与活塞位于其冲程底部的气缸总体积的比例。对于活塞发动机，如果扫气量为SW，间隙容积为CL，则压缩比由(SW+CL)/CL给出，即它是体积比而不是压力比。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| Coextrusion | 复合挤压 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通过同一模具同时挤出两种或多种材料的组合。 |
| Ball screw and nut | 滚珠丝杠和螺母 |
A nut and bolt assembly having semi-circular helical grooves, as opposed to threads, in which run ball bearings. On rotation of the nut, the balls move along the helix and carry the axial load. Balls reaching the end of the groove are recirculated back to the beginning. Such devices have low friction and very little backlash, and are used in some steering mechanisms. 一种螺母和螺栓组件，具有半圆形螺旋槽，与螺纹相反，在其中运行滚珠轴承。在螺母旋转时，滚珠沿螺旋线移动并承受轴向载荷。到达凹槽末端的滚珠被循环回起点。这种装置具有低摩擦和非常小的背隙，并且用于一些转向机构。 |
| Dynamics | 动力学 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力学中研究运动物体的分支。它的两个主要分支是运动学和动力学，前者研究运动而不考虑其原因，后者也考虑引起运动的力。 |
| Mechanical metallurgy | 机械冶金 |
The science and technology dealing with the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces. 处理金属在外力作用下的行为的科学技术。 |
| Punch | 冲床 |
1. A hand tool with a sharp point, used to mark the position of a hole centre in a workpiece prior to drilling. 2. A flat-ended tool with sharp edges, used to shear out a hole in a plate that is supported underneath on a die having a slightly larger same-shaped orifice. 1.一种带有尖头的手动工具，用于在钻孔前标记工件中孔中心的位置。2.一种具有锐边的平头工具，用于剪切板上的孔，该板支撑在具有稍大相同形状孔口的模具下方。 |
| Impact | 撞击 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物体或部件的突然加载，如车辆碰撞或锤击。 |
| Decalescence | 退色 |
A phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一种现象，与铁或钢加热（过热）时α铁向γ铁的转变有关，由于转变潜热的快速吸收导致温度突然降低，金属表面变黑。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（单位°）切削刀具的底部或侧面与加工表面之间的角度。 |
| Kilogram (kg) | 千克（kg） |
The base unit of mass in the SI system. It was previously defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a right cylinder of height and diameter 39.17 mm made of an alloy of 90% (by mass) platinum and 10% iridium. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 150 × 10−34 when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg.m².s. 国际单位制中的基本质量单位。它以前被定义为等于国际原型千克的质量，一个高度和直径为39.17毫米的右圆柱体，由90%（质量）的铂和10%的铱合金制成。从2019年5月20日起，普朗克常数h的固定数值被定义为6.626070150×10−34当以单位J.s表示时，和kg.m².s一样。 |
| Final annealing | 最终退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一个不精确的术语，用于表示有色金属合金在装运前的最后一次退火。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Positive-displacement machine | 正排量机 |
A machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. This class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the Roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、阀门等的机器，以确保工作流体的正向进入和输送，并防止不期望的反向流动。这类机器包括所有往复式压缩机和膨胀机以及一些类型的旋转压缩机、罗茨鼓风机、抽水机、凸轮泵和叶片泵。 |
| Turbine pump (turbopump) | 涡轮泵 |
An axial or centrifugal pump driven by a turbine. Typically used to supply fuel to the combustion chamber of a rocket engine such as on the space shuttle. 由涡轮驱动的轴向或离心泵。通常用于向火箭发动机（如航天飞机）的燃烧室供应燃料。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m. 现在定义为25.4毫米的非SI长度单位。转换为SI为1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 热膨胀系数 |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 单位长度（或体积）随温度单位变化的变化。（2） 给定材料每上升一度的线性或体积膨胀，在任意基础温度下表示，或作为适用于宽范围的更复杂方程表示。 |
| Thermal analysis | 热分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一种通过记录发生热阻的温度来确定金属转变的方法。这些阻力表现为绘制或机械追踪的加热和冷却曲线斜率的变化。当这些数据在加热和冷却的近似平衡条件下得到保证时，该方法通常用于确定构建平衡图所需的某些临界温度。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 离心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一种泵，液体通过泵壳的眼轴向进入，然后通过叶轮加速，从而在输送到环形扩散器（蜗壳）之前增加其动能和压力，从而进一步增加液体压力并从中流出树叶。 |
| Grain refiner | 晶粒细化机 |
A material added to a molten metal to induce a finer-than-normal grain size in the final structure. 添加到熔融金属中以在最终结构中产生比正常晶粒尺寸更细的材料。 |
| Crack | 裂缝 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或结构中的细裂缝状缺陷，材料连续性丧失并降低了身体的强度。 |
| Structural analysis | 结构分析 |
The determination of the forces, displacements, stresses, and strains in a given structure. 确定给定结构中的力、位移、应力和应变。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接头 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速断开、快速连接）一种软管连接，允许快速组装或拆卸，包括插座和带有弹簧加载锁定机构的插头。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡胶硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 测量负载下压痕深度的橡胶类材料的压痕硬度。这是对弹性模量的测量，而不是对韧性材料的屈服应力，因为卸载橡胶材料时几乎没有（如果有的话）永久压痕。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
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