| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Absolute value error | 绝对值误差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 关于代数符号的误差幅度，或者，对于矢量误差，不考虑其函数。 |
| Cheese head | 圆柱头 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺钉或螺栓上的圆柱头。为了驱动，它可以是开槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Stress cracking | 应力开裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每种模式都涉及高应力和化学作用。该系列包括氢脆、应力腐蚀开裂、应力脆化和氢辅助应力腐蚀。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（单位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s², so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物体上的吸引力。物体的重量是其质量和该点引力场强度的乘积。质量保持不变，但重量取决于物体在地球表面的位置，随着海拔的升高而减小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，则质量m的重量由W=mg给出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度约为9.81m/s²，因此1千克质量的重量为9.81N。更一般地说，重量是在另一个物体的重力场中施加在物体质量上的力。 |
| Eutectic melting | 共晶熔化 |
Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微观区域的熔化，其成分对应于系统中的共晶成分。 |
| Residual preload | 残余预载荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加载螺栓连接中保持的张力。 |
| Accommodation | 适应能力 |
The ability of a robot to respond to changes in the environment. 机器人对环境变化做出反应的能力。 |
| Pitting | 点蚀 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦学中的一种磨损，其特征是存在由疲劳、局部粘附、磨损、腐蚀或空穴等过程形成的小而尖锐的表面空穴。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水过滤器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽设备中的过滤器，用于在将冷凝水添加到给水中之前去除冷凝水中的颗粒物。 |
| Fastener quality | 紧固件质量 |
A fastener’s adherence to its specification for dimensional tolerances, mechanical properties, and other requirements stated under applicable standards. 紧固件对尺寸公差、机械性能和适用标准规定的其他要求的规范的遵守情况。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 净重（单位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其内容物）的毛重与空容器皮重之间的差值。 |
| Acoustic separation | 声学分离 |
(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （单位m）使用驻声波（通常是超声波）将流体中的粒子分离，以将它们驱动到节点（声学粒子浓度）。 |
| J-integral | J-积分 |
A mathematical expression describing a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other, used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front; JIc is the critical value of the J-integral required to initiate crack extension from a preexisting crack. 描述从一个裂纹表面到另一个裂纹正面的线或表面积分的数学表达式，用于表征断裂前具有可观塑性的材料的断裂韧性。J积分通过考虑裂纹前缘周围的局部应力应变场，无需描述裂纹尖端附近材料的行为；JIc是从先前存在的裂纹开始裂纹扩展所需的J积分的临界值。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查尔斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （盖-吕萨克定律）在恒定压力下，固定质量气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。恒压下气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。 |
| Active accommodation | 主动适应能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用来自传感器的信息，例如在视觉系统中，允许机器人显示对环境的适应。 |
| Cementation | 胶结 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高温下通过扩散将一种或多种元素引入金属物体的外部。 |
| Yield stress | 屈服应力 |
The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as structural steels, at which large strains take place without further increase in stress. 高韧性材料（如结构钢）的应力水平，在该应力水平下发生大应变而不会进一步增加。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 简单机器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是负载（输出力）与作用力（输入力）的比值。 |
| Double aging | 双级时效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用两种不同的时效处理来控制由过饱和基质形成的沉淀物类型，以获得所需的性能。第一次时效处理，有时称为中间处理或稳定处理，通常在比第二次更高的温度下进行。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m. 现在定义为25.4毫米的非SI长度单位。转换为SI为1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 当数据点或计算不尽相同时，它们被称为分散的。“预载的大量分散”意味着单个螺栓中的预载差异很大。 |
| Starting taper | 起始锥度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 铰刀或丝锥端部的锥度，有助于开始切割。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓应力（单位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通过拧紧在螺栓中产生的轴向拉应力。 |
| Absolute temperature (Unit K) | 绝对温度（单位K） |
A temperature T measured relative to absolute zero, 0 K or −273.15°C, the lowest temperature achievable at which molecular motion vanishes so that a body would have zero heat energy. The kelvin is equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius (°C). The kelvin temperature scale (kelvin absolute temperature scale) is an absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale derived from the Celsius scale: T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15. The Rankine absolute scale is derived from the Fahrenheit scale such that T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67, i.e. a scale relative to 0 R or −459.67°F where R is the Rankine degree symbol and °F is the Fahrenheit symbol. 相对于绝对零、0K或0K测量的温度T−273.15°C，分子运动消失的最低温度，因此物体的热能为零。开尔文的大小等于摄氏度（℃）。开尔文温度标度（开尔文绝对温度标度）是从摄氏标度得出的绝对或热力学温度标度：T（K）=T（°C）+273.15。兰金绝对标度是从华氏标度得出，使得T（R）=T（°F）+459.67，即相对于0R或0R的标度−459.67°F，其中R是朗肯度符号，°F是华氏度符号。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一种形式，带有内脊钢套筒，用于安装螺母或螺栓或螺钉的头部。 |
| Microhardness | 显微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通过在非常轻的载荷下将压头（如维氏或努氏压头）压入材料表面来确定的材料硬度；通常压痕很小，必须用显微镜测量。能够确定结构内不同微组分的硬度，或测量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 压力容器（如锅炉）设计用于在正常条件下运行的压力。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸试验（拉力试验） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一种试验，在这种试验中，精密加工的拉伸试样（拉伸试件）的横截面通常为圆形或矩形，具有在试验机中夹紧的大端部，受到越来越大的拉伸载荷，通常达到断裂点，以产生应力-应变曲线，从中可以看出弹性模量、比例极限等材料特性，可以确定验证应力、屈服点和极限拉伸应力。相关标准为ISO 6892-1。 |
| Stabilizing treatment | 稳定化处理 |
(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hardenable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature. （1）在精加工至最终尺寸之前，反复加热含铁或非铁零件至或略高于其正常工作温度，然后冷却至室温，以确保使用中的尺寸稳定性。（2）在淬火可淬硬钢中转变残余奥氏体，通常通过冷处理。（3）将固溶处理的稳定等级奥氏体不锈钢加热至870至900°C（1600至1650°F），使所有碳沉淀为TiC、NbC或TaC，从而避免在随后暴露于高温时敏化。 |
| Radial engine | 径向发动机 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 气缸沿径向围绕曲轴布置的活塞式发动机，这种设计通常用于早期飞机发动机。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 弹性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金属的刚度或刚度的量度；低于比例极限的应力与相应应变之比。根据应力应变图，弹性模量是应力应变曲线在应力应变线性比例范围内的斜率。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一种非铁合金和一些铁合金的回火，其特征是抗拉强度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之间。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蚀 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金属表面由于与周围环境的电化学氧化而劣化。在氧化反应中，金属原子放弃电子，这些电子通过还原反应（通常与氢和/或氧）转移形成另一种化学物质。一个常见的例子是在潮湿的空气或水中在铁或钢上形成氧化铁锈Fe(OH)3。铁锈很容易脱落，将新鲜铁暴露在大气中，而一些金属的腐蚀产物形成一层粘附层，防止新鲜金属发生进一步的氧化反应，这种效果称为钝化。实例包括铝上的氧化铝、铬上的氧化铬、含铬合金上的氧化铬如不锈钢，以及铜和锌上形成的铜绿。腐蚀防护有多种形式。避免裂缝和应力的良好设计非常重要。在某些情况下，可以向环境中添加称为抑制剂的物质，以降低其腐蚀性。腐蚀的电化学性质导致一些金属比其他金属具有更大的氧化倾向。锌比铁具有更强的倾向性，这可用于镀锌。这是阴极保护的一个例子，其中一种金属与活性更强的金属（称为牺牲阳极）电连接，牺牲阳极通过释放电子进行氧化，从而保护第一种金属。涂层可用于抗腐蚀。油漆、电镀和扩散涂层是最常见的，阳极氧化的电化学过程用于有意在铝合金上形成一层钝化氧化物。材料选择起着重要作用。例如，铬含量高的不锈钢广泛用于腐蚀性环境。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 两级压缩机 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一种机器，其中气体在低压气缸中从低压压缩到中压，然后在高压气缸中压缩到最终压力。如果两个气缸由中冷器分离，则效率提高。 |
| Anisotropy | 各向异性 |
The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. 相对于材料中的固定参考系统，在不同方向上表现出不同属性值的特性。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 线性（拉伸或压缩）应变 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始线性尺寸中的力，每单位长度的变化。长度的增加被认为是正的。 |
| Blueing | 发蓝 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 应用蓝色染料（“工程师蓝”）来识别接触表面上的高点，或用于标记。 |
| Nautical mile (M) | 海里（M） |
A special unit of distance employed for marine and aerial navigation. The conversion to SI is 1 M = 1 852 m. 用于海上和空中导航的特殊距离单位。SI的转换为1M＝1852m。 |
| Absolute stability | 绝对稳定 |
Condtion of a linear system in which there exists a limiting value of the open-loop gain such that the system is stable for all lower values of that gain, and unstable for all higher values. 线性系统的条件，其中存在开环增益的限制值，使得系统对于该增益的所有较低值都是稳定的，而对于所有较高值来说都是不稳定的。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例极限内，材料的延伸与所施加的力成比例。近似地说，它是弹性材料拉伸时应力和应变之间的关系。该定律指出，应力（单位面积的力）与应变（尺寸变化）成比例。该定律仅适用于有限的范围，由罗伯特·胡克于1676年发现。 |
| Offset yield strength | 条件屈服强度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 应变超过应力-应变曲线初始比例部分延伸规定量（偏移）的应力。以每单位面积的力表示。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 结构材料塑性变形的证据。也称为塑性流动或蠕变。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭轴振动 |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋转不平衡轴的快速来回角扭转，在临界转速下达到最大值。轴偏心、质量分布不平衡、振荡扭矩、未对准等都会影响扭转振动。 |
| Dynamics | 动力学 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力学中研究运动物体的分支。它的两个主要分支是运动学和动力学，前者研究运动而不考虑其原因，后者也考虑引起运动的力。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲劳条纹 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在电子显微镜断口图或疲劳断口表面中经常观察到平行线。这些线横向于局部裂纹扩展方向；连续线之间的距离表示在一个应力变化周期内裂纹前沿的前进。 |
| Maraging steels | 马氏体时效钢 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘aging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“马氏体”和“时效”命名的超高强度铁合金。它们含有镍、铬、钴和钼，在空气冷却下形成强度约为1GPa的马氏体。当再加热至约500°C并老化数小时时，室温强度达到约2.4GPa。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循环的中位疲劳强度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估计50%的量在N个周期内生存的压力水平。该估计值来自疲劳寿命分布的一个特定点，因为没有试验程序可以直接观察N次循环疲劳强度的频率分布。 |
| Grinding stress (Unit Pa) | 磨削应力（单位Pa） |
The residual stresses left in the surface of a component after grinding, owing to non-uniform cooling from the high surface temperatures produced. 由于产生的高表面温度造成的不均匀冷却，磨削后留在部件表面的残余应力。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于从奥氏体化温度以低于特定钢临界冷却速度的速度淬火而导致钢的不完全硬化，导致除马氏体外还形成一种或多种相变产物。 |
| Profiling machine | 仿形机 |
(profile milling machine) A milling machine in which the cutter is guided by the contour of a pattern having the required shape. （仿形铣床）铣刀由具有所需形状的图案轮廓引导的铣床。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m³/s or kg/s) | 额定流量（单位：m³/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液压系统或机器中，制造商为部件指定的体积或质量流量是其按设计运行所需的最大值。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Compression member | 压缩构件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一种结构部件，其上的主要载荷是压缩的。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 绝对比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同温度下，任何体积的物质的重量与等体积的参考物质的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，两者都是在真空中测量的，以避免任何浮力的影响。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余强度（单位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂纹、热冲击等引起的缺陷的受损体的强度。 |
| Galilean transformation | 伽利略变换 |
In steady fluid flow, the addition or subtraction of a constant velocity to the entire flowfield, e.g. so that flow can be considered relative to a moving object or flow feature, such as a shock wave. 在稳定的流体流动中，对整个流场增加或减少恒定速度，例如，可以考虑相对于移动物体或流动特征（例如冲击波）流动。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 将冷加工的有色金属合金软化到规定的硬度或抗拉强度水平的最终局部退火。 |
| Actual cubic feet per minute | 实际立方英尺每分钟 |
(acfm) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) measure of volumetric flow rate; the volume of a gas flowing per minute at actual operating pressure and temperature, as opposed to the corresponding volume flow rate at STP. （acfm）已被淘汰的（即非SI）体积流量测量；在实际工作压力和温度下每分钟流动的气体体积，与STP下的相应体积流量相反。 |
| Natural unit system (n.u. system) | 自然单位制（n.u.制） |
A non-SI system of units, based on fundamental constants, used in high-energy and particle physics. The n.u. of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum, c0 = 299 792 458 m/s. 基于基本常数的非国际单位制，用于高能和粒子物理n.u.速度是真空中的光速，c0=299792458m/s。 |
| Thread insert | 螺纹嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺纹衬套）一种带有内螺纹（有时也有外螺纹）的薄圆柱体或螺旋形线圈，压入或拧入孔中以接受螺栓或螺钉。用于材料太软或部件太薄而无法螺纹连接，用于将一种形式的螺纹更换为另一种形式或修复损坏的螺纹。 |
| Heat tinting | 热着色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通过加热氧化使金属表面着色，以揭示微观结构的细节。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中间退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造过程中和最终处理之前的一个或多个阶段对锻造金属进行退火。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化温度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金发生部分熔融的最低温度。 |
| Torque converter | 变矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的涡轮机，由叶轮、涡轮机和反作用构件组成。应用包括机动车变速器。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 热平衡（热预算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 仅涉及跨系统边界的热传递和存储能量的能量平衡。 |
| Wallner lines | Wallner线 |
A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines, usually producing a set of V-shaped lines, sometimes observed when viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction between a shock wave and a brittle crack front propagating at high velocity. Sometimes Wallner lines are misinterpreted as fatigue striations. 一组相交的平行线的独特图案，通常产生一组V形线，有时在电子显微镜下高倍观察脆性断裂表面时观察到。Wallner线归因于高速传播的冲击波和脆性裂纹前沿之间的相互作用。有时Wallner线被误解为疲劳条纹。 |
| Densimeter | 密度计 |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于测定固体或液体的密度或相对密度的仪器。 |
| Tension joint | 张力接头 |
A joint which is primarily subjected to loads acting more or less parallel to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少平行于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Total elongation | 总伸长率 |
A total amount of permanent extension of a test piece broken in a tensile test. 拉伸试验中断裂试样的永久延伸总量。 |
| Stiffness | 刚度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金属或形状抵抗弹性变形的能力。（2）所述应力增加速率相对于在所述金属或形状中诱导的应变增加速率；产生给定应变所需的应力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Fit | 装配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用术语，用于表示配合零件设计中公差和公差的特定组合可能导致的紧密性范围。 |
| Connecting rod | 连杆 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （连杆）将动力从一个系统传递到另一个系统的连杆，通常由线性运动变为旋转运动，如图所示，连杆将活塞连接到往复式压缩机或泵的曲轴或内燃机的曲轴上。大端（底端）是连接到曲轴一个曲柄销上轴承的大端。小端（小端）通过活塞销连接到活塞上。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 转向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 气流通过斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨胀风机时所经历的方向变化。 |
| Crystalline defects | 结晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 与完美的三维原子堆积的偏差是造成材料的大部分结构敏感特性的原因。晶体缺陷可以是点缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（空位）、线缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Forced-air quench | 强制空气淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用压缩空气冲击相对较小的零件（例如齿轮）进行的淬火。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 时间分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 将控制问题分解为具有相对较短和较长时间常数的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Screw | 螺钉 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一种螺纹紧固件，设计用于攻丝或未攻丝（如木螺钉）孔，但不与螺母配合使用。其螺纹被切割或卷成圆柱形或锥形柄，用于切割自身螺纹（如木螺钉）或嵌入螺纹孔。自攻螺钉（钣金螺钉、自攻螺钉）具有足够硬的螺纹，当打入薄板或部件中的孔时，它会在薄板或软材料部件中切割内螺纹。螺钉头是螺钉的一部分，用于向螺钉施加扭矩。常见的螺钉头设计为横截面为圆形，带有直径槽或十字，或为六边形，并带有十字或六边形凹槽。螺纹是沿圆柱形或锥形体的外表面（外螺纹）或内表面（内螺纹）具有均匀截面的一个或多个连续螺旋槽。当螺纹横截面旋转并沿轴轴向前进时产生的三维形状称为螺旋面，螺纹投影到轴上时形成的角度称为倾角。螺纹用于紧固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺钉；定位和测量仪器；在动力驱动中；在一些电气配件中（爱迪生螺纹）；并安装在曲轴端部，以抑制漏油（抛掷器螺纹）。在圆柱体上形成平行螺纹；圆锥上的锥形螺纹，通常具有1:16的锥形率。当顺时针旋转时，具有右手螺纹的螺钉似乎会远离观察者。所有标准螺钉、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺纹，但有时使用左手螺纹。相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为螺距或螺纹率，对于单个连续螺旋槽（单个起始螺纹），与螺母和螺栓头之间的轴向间距（导程）在一周内的变化相同，每mm的螺纹形式数为螺距的倒数。对于相同的螺钉直径，粗螺纹的每毫米螺纹数少于细螺纹。多头螺纹（通常为粗螺纹，见下文）由两个或多个沿其轴线同时延伸的相同螺纹组成，以提供更大的承载面积和更大的速比。根据螺纹的数量，起点之间的间隔为180°（双起点）、120°（三起点）、90°（四起点）等。因此，在双起始螺纹中，导程是螺距的两倍；多起点螺纹中两个相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为分割螺距。螺纹上的位置，即螺纹实体部分的侧面和螺纹之间的空间之间的距离相等，即节点，其相关直径称为节径。图中显示了螺纹的基本术语，其中一些与齿轮传动的基本术语相同。在圆柱面上形成或切割的螺旋线，可沿轴线向右或向左前进。螺旋可以是单个或多个。 |
| Atomization | 雾化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通过喷嘴（雾化器）喷射从液体（例如柴油或汽油）中产生细小液滴喷雾。 |
| Torsional angle (ϕ) | 扭转角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （单位为°或rad）受扭矩作用的直杆上两个位置之间的角偏转。 |
| Critical point | 临界点 |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶体结构、相或物理性质发生变化的温度或压力。与转变温度相同。（2） 在平衡图中，指组成、温度和压力或其组合的特定值，在该值下，多相体系的相处于平衡状态。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷却盘管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一种简单的热交换器，由通常由铜或不锈钢制成的盘管组成，冷却剂如制冷剂、冷冻水或与乙二醇混合的水通过盘管循环。应用包括空调、工艺冷却和制冷。 |
| Interrupted quenching | 间断淬火 |
A quenching procedure in which the workpiece is removed from the first quench at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then subjected to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than the first. 在该淬火过程中，工件在显著高于淬火剂的温度下从第一次淬火中取出，然后经受具有不同于第一次淬火的冷却速率的第二次淬火系统。 |
| Delamination | 分层 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 复合材料的一种失效模式，包括子午线轮胎，其中层由于重复的循环载荷、冲击或弱粘合而分离。 |
| Strain-age embrittlement | 应变时效脆化 |
A loss in ductility accompanied by an increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°C (400 °F), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature. 塑性变形后低碳钢（尤其是边缘钢或封顶钢）时效时发生的延展性损失，伴随着硬度和强度的增加。脆化程度是老化时间和温度的函数，在大约200°C（400°F）的温度下，在几分钟内发生，但在室温下需要几小时到一年。 |
| Zero initial conditions | 零初始条件 |
The assumption normally made in control engineering that up to a start time defined as t = 0, all variables have zero value. 在控制工程中通常作出的假设，即在定义为t=0的开始时间内，所有变量均为零值。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜计 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一种干式流量计，其中有两个或多个相互连接的腔室，每个腔室的壁上都有一个隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，气体流速由隔膜的移动确定。隔膜流量计通常用于监测家用和商用燃气供应。 |
| Strain gage | 应变计 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一种测量金属拉伸和类似试验中产生的少量应变的装置。将一卷细线安装在一张纸、塑料或类似载体基质（背衬材料）上，该载体基质呈矩形，通常约25mm（1.0in.）长，这是粘在测试金属的一部分。随着线圈随试样延伸，其电阻成正比增加，这被称为粘结电阻应变计。其他类型的量规测量实际变形。机械、光学或电子设备有时用于放大应变以便于读取。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根细长的凸肋。 |
| Turbomachine | 涡轮机械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋转动力机器）在连续的流体流和绕固定轴旋转的部件（称为转子）之间进行能量传递的机器。风扇和涡轮机（燃气、液压、蒸汽或风力）是涡轮机械，其中能量传递到转子，使其旋转。泵和压缩机是涡轮机械，其中能量从外部驱动的转子传递到流体。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常会突然断裂，不会产生永久变形。脆性材料的例子有一些铸铁、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸时仅超过其屈服点一小部分就会断裂，则称其为脆性螺栓。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Density | 密度 |
The mass per unit volume of a solid material. (mass density, ρ) (Unit kg/m³) The mass per unit volume of a substance that satisfies the continuum assumption. The reciprocal of specific volume. 固体材料每单位体积的质量。（质量密度，ρ）（单位kg/m³）满足连续统假设的物质每单位体积的质量。和比容相关联。 |
| Coextrusion | 复合挤压 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通过同一模具同时挤出两种或多种材料的组合。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一种齿轮扳手，可增加输入扭矩并提供输出扭矩读数。实际上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的组合。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比热容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 将1千克物质的温度升高1K所需的热量。单位为J/（kg K）。 |
| Fitted bolt | 装配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一种螺栓，其头部正下方有一个普通的无螺纹部分。 |
| Cast steel | 铸钢 |
Steel that is cast into shapes. It has superior properties to most cast irons, but is more expensive to produce. 铸成形状的钢。与大多数铸铁相比，它具有优越的性能，但生产成本更高。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| Captive nut | 松脱螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脱地或刚性地连接到薄板构件上的螺母，该螺母太薄而无法拧入，并与带帽螺钉接合。 |
| Minimum stress (Smin) | 最小应力（Smin） |
In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲劳中，循环中代数值最低的应力，拉应力被视为正应力，压应力为负应力。 |
| Preload accuracy | 预载精度 |
A measure of the precision with which a given tool or procedure creates preload in a bolt when the bolt is tightened. A common torque wrench, for example, is said to produce preload with an accuracy of +30%. The mean preload, however, may not be that which the designer intended, or may not be what he should have intended. Accuracy as used here, in other words, is synonymous with Scatter. 当螺栓拧紧时，给定工具或程序在螺栓中产生预紧力的精度度量。例如，一个普通的扭矩扳手据说可以产生精度为+30%的预载。然而，平均预载可能不是设计者预期的。这里使用的准确度是分散度的同义词。 |
| Shrink ring | 预紧环 |
A ring, which is expanded by heating, is placed around an assembly of parts, and then contracts upon cooling to hold the assembly in place. 通过加热膨胀的环被放置在零件组件周围，然后在冷却时收缩以将组件固定到位。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蚀性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相对运动和规定条件下，一个表面、颗粒或颗粒集合在被迫抵靠固体表面时趋向于引起磨粒磨损的程度。 |
| Electrode | 电极 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 电池或腐蚀电池中释放电子（阳极）或吸引电子（阴极）的两个金属体。 |
| Elastic recovery | 弹性恢复 |
Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在释放施加的载荷时，受应力弹性材料的尺寸恢复到其原始（无应力）尺寸的量。在硬度测试中，当释放所施加的载荷时，压痕的原始尺寸缩短。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Ion carburizing | 离子渗碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一种表面硬化方法，利用高压电能将碳离子在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子渗碳或辉光放电渗碳同义。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水银柱施加的压力。大约等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（单位°）切削刀具的底部或侧面与加工表面之间的角度。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氢致延迟开裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有时用于识别一种氢脆形式的术语，其中金属在小于屈服应力的稳定应力下似乎会自发断裂。在施加应力（或将受应力金属暴露于氢）与开裂开始之间通常存在延迟。也称为静态疲劳。 |
| Cohesive strength | 内聚强度 |
(Unit Pa) A theoretical fracture strength for solids based on interatomic forces, approximately equal to E/10 where E is Young’s modulus. （单位Pa）基于原子间力的固体理论断裂强度，大约等于E/10，其中E是杨氏模量。 |
| Coaxial | 同轴 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同轴线的部件的术语，例如同心轴。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段时效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分为两个或两个以上的温度时效，按顺序并在每个步骤后冷却至室温。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作应力（单位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的应力。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂纹尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂纹主平面尺寸的线性度量。这种测量通常用于计算描述应力场和位移场的量。在实践中，裂纹尺寸的值是通过测量物理裂纹尺寸、原始裂纹尺寸或有效裂纹尺寸的程序获得的，视情况而定。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母转动法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通过将螺母旋转一个与给定伸长率相对应的角度来施加预载荷。 |
| Strain aging | 应变时效 |
The changes in ductility, hardness, yield point, and tensile strength that occur when a metal or alloy that has been cold worked is stored for some time. In steel, strain aging is characterized by a loss of ductility and a corresponding increase in hardness, yield point, and tensile strength. 已冷加工的金属或合金在储存一段时间后发生的延展性、硬度、屈服点和抗拉强度的变化。在钢中，应变时效的特点是延性损失，硬度、屈服点和抗拉强度相应增加。 |
| Crack-extension force (G) | 裂纹扩展力（G） |
The elastic energy per unit of new separation area that would be made available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic solid during a virtual increment of forward crack extension. 在向前裂纹扩展的虚拟增量期间，在弹性固体中理想裂纹的前端可获得的每单位新分离面积的弹性能量。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 风能（单位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 风能转换系统（WECS）可通过暴露于风中的转子（如多叶片螺旋桨）将与风相关的动能转换为电能或机械能。如果空气密度为ρ，风速为V，则动能通量为ρV3/2。可由截获风a横截面的风力涡轮机提取的实际风功率为CPρAV3/2，其中CP是称为功率系数的经验效率因子。风能分布是根据给定位置处的风速频率分布每年可产生的计算风力的直方图。风车产生机械功率，而风力涡轮机（风力发电机）产生电功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大风力涡轮机的额定功率为9.5MW，转子直径为164m，轮毂高度为105m（最高风力涡轮机的高度为190m）。风电场是一系列风力涡轮机，通常为十到几百台，位于单一位置，无论是陆上还是海上。风能是可持续能源发电的主要贡献者。最大的海上风电场位于爱尔兰海，拥有87台涡轮机，总发电容量为659MW。最大的陆上风电场位于加利福尼亚州克恩县，拥有约586台涡轮机，总容量为1550兆瓦。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金属的脆性断裂，断裂位于形成金属的晶粒或晶体之间。又称晶间破裂。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb断裂准则 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一种断裂准则，主要适用于脆性材料，根据该准则，当材料中某一点的应力落在单轴抗拉强度和单轴抗压强度的莫尔圆所形成的包络线之外时，就会发生断裂。 |
| Grain coarsening | 晶粒粗化 |
A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. 产生过大奥氏体晶粒的热处理。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奥尔森杯测试 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一种杯突试验，其中一块金属板，除了中心以外，被一个标准钢球变形，直到发生断裂。断裂时杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Dilatometer | 膨胀计 |
An instrument for measuring length or volume changes in a solid during heating and subsequent cooling or isothermal holding. · An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as temperature and allotropy. 一种在加热和随后的冷却或等温保持过程中测量固体长度或体积变化，测量金属因温度和同素异形体等因素的变化而引起的线性膨胀或收缩的仪器。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 断裂机制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 导致断裂的微观结构机制，如空隙的萌生、生长和聚结、解理。 |
| Pin expansion test | 插头膨胀试验 |
A test for determining the ability of a tube to be expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other longitudinal weaknesses in it, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of the tube, similar to flare test. 通过将锥形销压入管道开口端来确定管道膨胀能力或揭示其存在裂纹或其他纵向缺陷的试验，类似于扩口试验。 |
| Gearbox | 变速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一种由啮合齿轮组成的机构，将动力和扭矩从直接连接到发动机的输入轴传递到输出轴。该机构通常包含在充满润滑油的外壳内。示例一个简单的四速滑动啮合齿轮箱，其中具有不同齿数的齿轮沿着齿轮箱内的平行花键轴滑动，以相互啮合并改变输出与输入速度的比率（齿轮比）。 |
| Radial wave equation | 径向波动方程 |
A differential equation describing the transmission of a wave in a system with radial symmetry. 描述波在径向对称系统中传输的微分方程。 |
| Testing machine | 试验机 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向试件施加稳定或振荡或冲击载荷的机器。载荷可以是拉伸的、压缩的、剪切的、弯曲的或扭转的。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氢损伤 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 当氢存在于某些金属中时可能发生的脆化、开裂、起泡和氢化物形成的总称。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽压表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一种压力表，用于测量管道、锅炉、汽缸或其他与蒸汽一起工作的装置中的表压。 |
| Grain refiner | 晶粒细化机 |
A material added to a molten metal to induce a finer-than-normal grain size in the final structure. 添加到熔融金属中以在最终结构中产生比正常晶粒尺寸更细的材料。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| Compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Proof load | 验证载荷（单位 N） |
The maximum, safe, static, tensile load which can be placed on a fastener without yielding it. Sometimes given as a force (in lb or N) sometimes as a stress (in psi or MPa). The test load in quality control to which different components made of different materials must be subjected without failing in order to perform properly. 可施加在紧固件上而不使其屈服的最大安全静态拉伸载荷。有时以力（lb或N）表示，有时以应力（psi或MPa）表示。质量控制中的测试负荷，由不同材料制成的不同部件必须经受该负荷，才能正常运行。 |
| Offset modulus | 补偿模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服应力与偏移点（塑料）处延伸的比率。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 没有重力的情况（即失重）。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 风速（单位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大气层中，一种矢量量，用于量化给定高度和位置处的风速大小及其方向，方便地用速度计平面表示。为方便起见，通常使用单位kph。原则上，它还可以包括关于大尺度和小尺度不稳定性的信息。风速随高度或水平面的空间变化称为风切变。2.风洞工作段的空速。 |
| Altitude | 高度 |
(Unit m) Vertical height measured relative to a specified datum such as sea level. （单位m）相对于特定基准（例如海平面）测量的垂直高度。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滚动摩擦系数 |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物体滚动表面的力与法向力之比。与滑动摩擦不同，滚动摩擦取决于接触片的大小和滚动元件的半径，其行为取决于接触是弹性的、粘弹性的还是塑性的以及滞后损失。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Rockwell hardness test | 洛氏硬度测试 |
An indentation-hardness test using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness. A direct-reading hardness test based on depth of indentation, in which a minor load (typically 30 to 100 N) is applied before the major load (typically 120 to 1 500 N). There are different scales using conical or spherical indenters for different ranges of hardness. An indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. 使用校准机器进行的压痕硬度测试，该机器利用恒定载荷下的压痕深度作为硬度测量值。一种基于压痕深度的直读硬度测试，其中在主要载荷（通常为120至1500N）之前施加较小载荷（通常是30至100N）。对于不同的硬度范围，使用锥形或球形压头有不同的刻度。在某些任意固定条件下，基于指定穿透器穿透试样深度的压痕硬度试验。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Torque monitor | 扭矩监测器 |
A torque tool control system which monitors the amount of torque being developed by the tool during use, but does not control the tool or the torque produced. 一种扭矩工具控制系统，监控工具在使用过程中产生的扭矩量，但不控制工具或产生的扭矩。 |
| Compression fitting | 压缩接头 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一种用于管道的螺纹接头，通过紧密配合的环（称为套圈或橄榄形）在拧紧时的永久变形来防止泄漏。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通风量（单位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 炉子或锅炉中燃烧气体的压力降低，无论是强制还是由于热气体的浮力，用于吸入燃烧空气并去除燃烧产物。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 机壳一种机壳，通常由金属板制成，围绕着需要冷却的机器，如发动机。水通过夹套和热交换器循环，在热交换器中热量被去除。 |
| Compression crease | 压缩折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在压缩具有高体积分数长丝的复合材料期间形成的折痕。这些复合材料通过形成与加载轴成一定角度的折痕而在压缩中失效。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一种用于在孔中切割螺纹的螺纹硬金属塞。它具有纵向凹槽，用于在切割时清除切屑。渐进式切割通过连续使用三个丝锥实现：锥度、二次和塞。第一和第二丝锥具有锥度，以帮助沿孔的轴线开始螺纹；塞式丝锥没有锥度，用于盲孔的最终切割。2.管道中或管道末端的阀门。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞莱气压计 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一种垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水银上方的空间处于真空状态。水银在管道中上升的高度是大气压力的量度。 |
| Acoustic power | 声功率 |
(sound power) (Unit W) The rate of flow of acoustic energy across a specified surface. （声功率）（单位W）声能流过指定表面的速率。 |
| Stress corrosion | 应力腐蚀 |
(stress-corrosion cracking) Corrosion failure accelerated by local stresses (particularly tensile) which enhance cracking in both monotonic and fatigue loading. （应力腐蚀开裂）局部应力（特别是拉伸应力）加速的腐蚀失效，该局部应力在单调载荷和疲劳载荷下都会增强开裂。 |
| Normality | 常态 |
The principle that the vector sum of plastic strain increments is perpendicular to the yield surface. 塑性应变增量矢量和垂直于屈服面的原理。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微动腐蚀 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于两个表面之间的腐蚀和轻微振荡运动，接触表面之间的界面加速劣化。（2）一种以化学反应为主的微动磨损形式。微动腐蚀通常以颗粒的去除和随后形成的氧化物为特征，这些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此会增加磨损。微动腐蚀可能涉及其他化学反应产物，这些化学反应产物可能不是磨料。 |
| Spinner | 旋转器 |
A co-axial streamlined fairing enclosing the hub of a propeller and rotating with it. 一种同轴流线型整流罩，包围螺旋桨毂并随其旋转。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要条件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓连接所遭受的每种类型的故障都由三个或四个条件确定。根据故障模式的不同，情况会有所不同，但数量不得超过四个。消除特定类型故障的任何一个基本条件都可以防止该类型故障。 |
| International System of Units | 国际单位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred. （国际单位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美国除外，在科学和工程中几乎是普遍使用的标准单位制。SI的最终参考是国际度量衡局出版的小册子，通常称为BIPM SI小册子。有七个基本单位：米（符号m）表示长度；质量为千克（kg）；物质量的摩尔（mol）；时间为秒；开尔文（K）表示温度；电流为安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示发光强度。新的国际单位制定义于2019年5月20日生效，该定义基于自然界的普遍常数（也称为基本物理常数：阿伏伽德罗常数、玻尔兹曼常数和普朗克常数）。这些常数的值也进行了少量调整。除了基本单位外，还有22个相干导出单位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立体角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、频率的赫兹（Hz）、力的牛顿（N）、压力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和热量的焦耳（J）以及功率和辐射通量的瓦特（W）。建议的做法是避免N/mm²、MN/m²等组合。 |
| Abelian group | 阿贝尔群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 与二元运算相关的一组元素的属性。在阿贝尔群中，群元素在二元运算下交换。如果a和b是任意两个群元素并且（+）符号表示二元运算 |
| Wrinkling | 起皱 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金属板深冲过程中，在法兰边缘和拉深半径之间的金属区域内获得的波浪状状态。当设置不平衡压缩力时，在其他成形操作中也可能发生起皱。 |
| Time quenching | 时间淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的术语，其中被淬火零件的冷却速率必须在冷却循环的某个时间突然改变。 |
| Fracture stress | 断裂应力 |
The true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 断裂开始时最小横截面积上的真实正应力。该术语通常适用于无缺口试样的拉伸试验。 |
| Shock load | 冲击载荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，导致应力迅速增加。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量损失（单位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 从能量守恒原理来看，这是一个常用的术语错误，但可以用于表示转换为过程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，从热机散发到周围环境的热能，或由机器中的摩擦或表面阻力产生的热能。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 万向节（胡克接头） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一种双枢轴连接，允许动力和扭矩以一定角度在两个轴之间传递。对于输入磁轭的恒定驱动角速度，输出磁轭的角速度根据轴的相交角度波动。当插入中间轴时，驱动轴和从动轴的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接头），中间轴的两端都有万向节。主动轴和从动轴必须与中间轴倾斜相等，中间轴的两个叉必须位于同一平面内。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相变温度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 发生相位变化的温度。该术语有时用于表示转变范围的极限温度。以下符号用于钢铁。 |
| Shear | 扭剪 |
The type of force that causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the same body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. 导致或倾向于导致同一物体的两个相邻部分在平行于其接触面的方向上相对滑动的力的类型。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩诺硬度试验 |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一种已被淘汰的方法，通过测量将球形侵彻体压入金属至规定深度所需的载荷来确定压痕硬度。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Form of thread | 螺纹形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一个螺距长度的螺纹在轴向平面中的轮廓。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性发生之前或（b）断裂之前能够承受的最大剪切应力。 |
| Physical properties | 物理性质 |
Properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及试样变形或破坏的材料特性，例如密度、电导率、热膨胀系数、磁导率和晶格参数。不包括化学反应性或更适当地视为机械的性质。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Compression test | 压缩测试 |
A method for assessing the ability of a material to withstand compressive loads. The determination of the stress–strain curve of a material by axial loading of a specimen in compression. In brittle materials failure is in the elastic range; more ductile materials will yield before fracture; very ductile materials will plastically deform extensively before failure. The compression strength (compressive strength), with unit Pa, is the compressive stress that causes failure in a component or structure. 一种评估材料承受压缩载荷能力的方法。通过压缩试样的轴向载荷确定材料的应力-应变曲线。在脆性材料中，破坏在弹性范围内；韧性更强的材料在断裂前会屈服；韧性很强的材料在失效前会发生广泛的塑性变形。抗压强度（抗压强度），单位为Pa，是导致部件或结构失效的压应力。 |
| Flat head | 平头 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平顶表面和锥形轴承表面。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齿轮传动 |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原则上，切向接触的圆盘之间的摩擦可用于在轴之间传递旋转和动力，但动力水平非常有限，速比受滑动的影响。为了使驱动积极，使用齿轮代替，齿轮中的齿延伸到理想滚动接触的圆盘直径（节圆直径）的上方和下方。该图显示了直齿轮的名称，这是平行轴之间最简单的齿轮传动类型，其形状为圆柱形，直齿平行于旋转轴。 |
| Fracture toughness | 断裂韧性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂纹扩展阻力测量的通用术语。该术语有时仅限于断裂力学试验的结果，这些结果直接适用于断裂控制。该术语通常包括非基于断裂力学分析的切口或预裂纹试样的简单试验结果。基于使用经验或与断裂力学试验的经验相关性，后一类试验的结果通常有助于断裂控制。 |
| Dynamic recovery | 动态恢复 |
A process occurring in hot working of metals in which a fine subgrain structure forms within the elongated grains due to annihilation of dislocations due to easy cross slip and climb. It results in a lowering of the flow stress. Dynamic recovery, as opposed to dynamic recrystallization that occurs in hot working, occurs in metals of high stacking fault energy such as aluminum, αiron, and most bcc metals. 金属热加工中发生的一种过程，由于易于交叉滑动和攀爬，位错湮灭，细长晶粒内形成细亚晶粒结构。这导致流动应力降低。与热加工中发生的动态再结晶相反，动态回复发生在高层错能金属中，如铝、α铁和大多数bcc金属。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 迈耶硬度（单位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 与布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面积而不是表面面积。 |
| Lock nut | 锁紧螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一种在振动下防止松动的螺母。锁定动作通过挤压、夹紧或卡住螺栓螺纹来完成。通过提供某种形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋转锁紧螺母中，通过完全拧紧时变形、夹紧或咬入配合零件，提供额外的抗振动松动能力（超出适当预载产生的能力）。1.一个薄的辅助螺母，拧紧到另一个螺母上以防止松动。2.具有防止松动的特殊功能的单个螺母。 |
| Press quenching | 压淬 |
A quench in which hot dies are pressed and aligned with a part before the quenching process begins. Then the part is placed in contact with a quenching medium in a controlled manner. This process avoids part distortion. 一种淬火方法，在淬火过程开始之前，热模具被压制并与零件对齐。然后将零件以受控方式放置在与淬火介质接触的位置。该过程避免了零件变形。 |
| Kinetic friction | 动摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (Unit N) The sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （动摩擦，滑动摩擦）（单位N）两个相互接触的表面相对运动的滑动阻力。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 临界冷却速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的转变所需的连续冷却速率。对于钢，它是奥氏体必须持续冷却以抑制Ms温度以上的转变的最小速率。 |
| Compounding | 复合串联 |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽机（复合蒸汽机）或脉冲涡轮机中，通过串联的两个或多个级逐渐降低压力（膨胀）。 |
| Stress relaxation | 应力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定挠曲条件下，零件（如螺栓）内的应力水平缓慢降低，该零件承受重荷载。蠕变的“表亲”，是在恒定应力条件下几何结构的缓慢变化。在恒定温度下，由于蠕变，固体在恒定应变下的应力随时间变化的减小。金属的应力松弛行为通常显示在应力松弛曲线中。 |
| Torque control | 扭矩控制 |
A system of optimizing rotor speed for a variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the torque demands of the generator. 通过控制发电机的扭矩需求来优化变速风力涡轮机的转子速度的系统。 |
| Transfer machines | 转印机 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 当零件在自动输送机上移动时，这些专用机床用于对零件或夹具中的零件执行各种加工操作，自动输送机是机床设置的一部分。在设置中，零件可以从其入口点直线移动到其出口点，或者设置可以构造为U形，以便零件在其起点附近排出。 |
| Radius of bend | 弯曲半径 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在弯曲过程中与弯曲内表面接触的销或心轴的圆柱面半径。对于使用垫片或垫块的180°自由弯曲或半导向弯曲，弯曲半径为垫片或垫板厚度的一半。 |
| Blue brittleness | 蓝色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 当淬火钢在250–350°C范围内回火（在部件表面产生蓝色色调的温度）时，延展性异常损失。某些钢在加热到约205至370°C（400至700°F）范围内的某个温度后表现出脆性，特别是在高温下加工钢时。镇静钢几乎没有这种脆性。 |
| constitutive equation | 本构方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本构关系）1.在固体力学或流体力学中，应力与材料的变形、应变、应变率、温度等之间的代数或数值关系。在固体力学中，这种关系有时称为状态方程。简单的线性例子包括胡克定律和牛顿粘度定律。2.在传热学中，将热流与温度梯度联系起来的一种关系，如傅立叶热传导定律。 |
| Relative humidity (ϕ) | 相对湿度（ψ） |
The ratio or percentage of the actual mass of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum possible mass of moisture at the same temperature. 给定温度下给定体积空气中的实际水分质量与相同温度下的最大可能水分质量的比率或百分比。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷却应力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷却过程中温度分布不均匀导致的残余应力。 |
| Rated power (Unit kW or hp) | 额定功率（单位：千瓦或马力） |
(rated capacity, rated horsepower) The maximum power output that can be sustained continuously for any power-producing machine or system, such as an engine or a power plant. （额定容量、额定马力）任何发电机器或系统（如发动机或发电厂）可连续维持的最大功率输出。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化镜硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 与落在被测材料上的菱形锤的回弹高度相关的数字。通过将锤子从淬火（达到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具钢试块上的平均回弹分为100个单位来测量。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料条件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有内部尺寸的下限的情况。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松动 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一个通用术语，表示一种处理，包括加热并保持在合适的温度，然后以合适的速率冷却，主要用于软化金属材料，但也同时产生其他性能或微观结构的所需变化。 |
| Ball screw and nut | 滚珠丝杠和螺母 |
A nut and bolt assembly having semi-circular helical grooves, as opposed to threads, in which run ball bearings. On rotation of the nut, the balls move along the helix and carry the axial load. Balls reaching the end of the groove are recirculated back to the beginning. Such devices have low friction and very little backlash, and are used in some steering mechanisms. 一种螺母和螺栓组件，具有半圆形螺旋槽，与螺纹相反，在其中运行滚珠轴承。在螺母旋转时，滚珠沿螺旋线移动并承受轴向载荷。到达凹槽末端的滚珠被循环回起点。这种装置具有低摩擦和非常小的背隙，并且用于一些转向机构。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| Quench hardening | 淬火硬化 |
(1) Hardening suitable alpha-beta alloys (most often certain copper to titanium alloys) by solution treating and quenching to develop a martensitic-like structure. (2) In ferrous alloys, hardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite transforms to martensite. （1）通过固溶处理和淬火硬化合适的α-β合金（通常是某些铜-钛合金），以形成类似马氏体的结构。（2）在铁合金中，通过奥氏体化硬化，然后以一定速度冷却，使大量奥氏体转变为马氏体。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Compressive stress | 压缩应力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使弹性体沿施加载荷方向变形（缩短）的应力。与拉应力对比。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德罗数，NA）一个固定数值为6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常数−摩尔正好包含这个数量的基本实体。对阿伏伽德罗常数值的微小调整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Structural analysis | 结构分析 |
The determination of the forces, displacements, stresses, and strains in a given structure. 确定给定结构中的力、位移、应力和应变。 |
| Bulk density (Unit kg/m³) | 容重（单位kg/m³） |
The average density of a mass of granular or powdered material at ambient conditions. 在环境条件下大量粒状或粉状材料的平均密度。 |
| Water quenching | 水淬 |
A quench in which water is the quenching medium. The major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor efficiency at the beginning or hot stage of the quenching process. 以水为淬火介质的淬火。水淬的主要缺点是在淬火过程的开始或热阶段效率低。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| Engineering strain (e) | 工程应变（e） |
A term sometimes used for average linear strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the original gage length. 一个术语，有时用于平均线性应变或常规应变，以便将其与真实应变区分开来。在张力测试中，通过将标距变化除以原始标距来计算。 |
| Preload relaxation | 预载松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓头下的轴承应力过大（由局部斑点高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母轴承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能会在首次向螺栓施加预载荷后导致预载荷松弛。 |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | 计算机辅助设计（CAD） |
Generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is where component dimensions resulting from CAD are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由计算机进行设计和计算，更具体地说，使用计算机图形和模型来传达设计概念。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造（CAD/CAM）是由CAD产生的组件尺寸通过电子方式直接传递到机器进行制造。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋转鼓风机 |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋转式压缩机）一种容积式气体压缩机，可以是叶片式、螺旋式、啮合凸角式（罗茨鼓风机）或滑动叶片式。 |
| Galvanic protection | 电流保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide galvanic protection if it is more anodic than the fastener and will, therefore, be destroyed instead of the fastener. Zinc plate (galvanizing) provides galvanic protection to steel fasteners, for example. 如果紧固件上的涂层比紧固件更具阳极性，则据说它可以提供电流保护，将会因此被破坏而不是紧固。例如，锌板（镀锌）为钢紧固件提供电流保护。 |
| Radiator | 散热器 |
A heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another for heating or cooling purposes. Despite the name, the principal mode of heat transfer is convection rather than radiation. In motor vehicles, water circulated through the engine block is cooled as it flows through the tubes of an air-cooled heat exchanger. In domestic radiators, hot water from a boiler is circulated through a heat exchanger with a large surface area which transfers heat to the surrounding air. 一种热交换器，用于将热能从一种流体传递到另一种流体，用于加热或冷却。尽管有这个名字，但热传递的主要方式是对流而不是辐射。在机动车辆中，通过发动机缸体循环的水在流经风冷热交换器的管道时被冷却。在家用散热器中，来自锅炉的热水通过具有大表面积的热交换器循环，该热交换器将热量传递给周围的空气。 |
| Shear test | 剪切试验 |
Any of several tests to obtain shear strength of a metal. Common tests used on mill products include the double-shear test, single-shear test, the blanking shear test (also known as the punching shear test) and the torsion test. 获得金属剪切强度的几种测试中的任何一种。轧机产品上常用的试验包括双剪试验、单剪试验、落料剪切试验（也称为冲切试验）和扭转试验。 |
| Ductile fracture | 韧性断裂 |
Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy. A fracture of a component or structure which is preceded by extensive ductile deformation so that the broken pieces cannot be re-fitted to regain the original size and shape of the component or structure. 以金属撕裂为特征的断裂，伴随着明显的总塑性变形和相当大的能量消耗。一种部件或结构的断裂，在断裂前会发生大范围的延性变形，从而使断裂的碎片无法重新装配以恢复部件或结构原来的尺寸和形状。 |
| Second (s) | 秒（s） |
The SI base unit of time equal to 9 192 631 770 times the period of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. SI基时间单位等于9192631770倍的辐射周期，对应于铯-133原子基态的两个超精细能级之间的跃迁。 |
| Total carbon | 总碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 铁合金中游离碳和结合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的总和。 |
| Preload | 预载 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次拧紧螺母时螺纹紧固件中产生的张力。经常与工作载荷或螺栓力或螺栓张力互换使用但容易使用不当。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一种研磨工具，由柔性背衬材料（例如编织布、纸或硫化纤维）、粘合材料（例如胶水或合成树脂）和砂砾组成。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂扩展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料对裂纹扩展的抵抗力的量度，以应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力或使用J积分概念导出的J值表示。 |
| Joint | 关节接合处 |
The part of a robot arm permitting either rotational or translational motion. Each joint provides a single degree of freedom, and thus a minimum of six is required if the robot is to be able to position and orientate the end effector anywhere within the workspace. A joint is described by four parameters: the joint angle, joint offset, joint twist, and link length. The joint angle is the angle between an extrapolation of the previous link length and the present link length, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the joint axis. This is variable in a rotational joint and fixed in a translational joint. The joint offset is the distance between the link length for the previous link and that for the present link, measured along the joint axis. This is variable for a translational joint and fixed for a rotational joint. The joint twist for the nth joint is the angle between the axes of joints Jn and Jn+1, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the link length and viewed from the position of the Jn+1 joint. The link length is the mutually perpendicular distance between planes passing through the axes of joint Jn and Jn+1. Both the joint twist and link length are fixed in all joints. 机器人手臂上允许旋转或平移运动的部分。每个接合处都有自由度，如果机器人要能够在工作空间内的任何位置定位和定向末端执行器，则至少需要六个接合处具有自由度。关节接合处由四个参数描述：关节角度、关节偏移、关节扭曲和链接长度。关节角度是在垂直于关节轴的平面内逆时针测量的先前连杆长度和当前连杆长度的外推之间的角度。这在旋转关节中是可变的，在平移关节中是固定的。关节偏移是沿关节轴测量的前一个连杆和当前连杆的连杆长度之间的距离。这对于平移关节是可变的，对于旋转关节是固定的。第n个关节的关节扭曲是关节Jn和Jn+1轴之间的角度，在垂直于连杆长度的平面内逆时针测量，从Jn+2关节的位置观察。连杆长度是穿过关节轴Jn和Jn+1的平面之间相互垂直的距离。关节扭曲和连杆长度在所有关节中都是固定的。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| Absolute manometer | 绝对压力计 |
A manometer that measures absolute pressure, i.e. pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum. Absolute pressure cannot be negative. 测量绝对压力的压力计，即相对于完美真空测量的压力。绝对压力不能为负。 |
| Teeth | 齿 |
The projecting elements on gears, cutting tools, etc. 齿轮、刀具等上的突出元件。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 风压（单位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 与风相关的动态压力。风的静压是大气压。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Mechanical efficiency (η) | 机械效率（η） |
1. In general for a machine, the ratio of output work to input work. 2. For a compressor, the ratio of indicated power to shaft power; for a reciprocating engine or an expander, the ratio of shaft power to indicated power. 1.一般而言，机器的输出功与输入功之比。2.对于压缩机，指示功率与轴功率之比；对于往复式发动机或膨胀机，轴功率与指示功率之比。 |
| Initial preload | 初始预载 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 拧紧单个螺栓时产生的张力。通常会通过后续的装配操作或在役负载和条件进行修改。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 临界负荷（单位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.导致已知长度的现有裂纹扩展并因此导致部件或结构断裂的施加荷载。2.导致具有给定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷载。 |
| Taper key | 楔键 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 边平行但横截面沿其长度逐渐变细的键。 |
| Coining | 压印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一种锻造操作，采用紧密配合的凸模和模具，不允许金属逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面图案印在坯料上。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收敛-发散流喷嘴，横截面通常为圆形，喉部上游具有相对较短的收敛段（扰流器），然后是逐渐发散段（扩散器）。这种喷嘴通常在两端都有法兰，以便安装在管道中。应用包括流量计和喷射器。当流体以亚音速流过收敛管道时，速度增加，压力降低（文丘里效应）。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通过火焰直接加热的退火。 |
| Ion nitriding | 离子氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which nitrogen ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma nitriding or glowdischarge nitriding. 一种表面硬化方法，其中氮离子通过使用高压电能在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子体氮化或辉光放电氮化同义。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 声音在物体（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓应力或应变的超声波测量的术语。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉积量计 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降计）在空气污染研究中使用的仪器，用于测量在给定条件下在给定时间内沉积在给定区域上的污染物量。 |
| Damage mechanics | 损伤机制 |
The theory of degradation in bodies, particularly fracture by accumulated microstructural damage. Analyses take two approaches: (a) the use of some critical integrated function of stress and strain at which cracking is initiated and propagated; (b) incorporation of damage in the stress–strain curves to reflect weakened material. 物体退化理论，尤其是累积微观结构损伤导致的断裂。分析采用两种方法：（a）使用裂纹开始和扩展时的应力和应变的一些临界积分函数；（b）应力-应变曲线中包含损伤，以反映弱化材料。 |
| Pressure control valve | 压力控制阀 |
A valve used to set the pressure level in a pressure vessel or piping system. 用于设置压力容器或管道系统中压力水平的阀门。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性质随时间的减少。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起动扭矩（单位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 电机在零转速下产生的扭矩，以启动所施加负载的旋转。 |
| Strain | 拉紧 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物体的大小或形状因力而变化的单位。也称为标称应变。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 给定时间应力松弛曲线斜率的绝对值。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶体的一部分在一定的晶体学方向上相对于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性变形，通常在特定的晶体主义平面上。有时被称为滑翔。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m³) | 比重（γ）（单位：N/m³） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物质单位体积的重量：W是物质体积的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Wheel | 轮 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一个实心圆盘，或一个带有辐条的圆环，辐条从一个中心毂放射出来，或附在一个绕其旋转的轴上，或与一个旋转轴一起旋转。 |
| Stress raisers | 局部应力集中 |
Changes in contour or discontinuities in structure that cause local increases in stress. 导致局部应力增加的轮廓变化或结构不连续性变化。 |
| Friction | 摩擦 |
The resistance that a body encounters when sliding over another body, or experiences when a viscous fluid flows over its surface. 一个物体在另一个物体上滑动时遇到的阻力，或者当粘性流体流过其表面时所经历的阻力。 |
| Hot stamping | 热冲压 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黄铜和青铜合金的热锻。 |
| Design code | 设计规范 |
(design standard) A standard or specification for any aspect of engineering design, issued by national organizations such as ANSI, ASME, BSI, DIN, and ISO. （设计标准）工程设计任何方面的标准或规范，由ANSI、ASME、BSI、DIN和ISO等国家组织发布。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 国际单位制能量单位。一焦耳是一牛顿的力在一米的距离上所做的功。符号为J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Ratchet marks | 棘轮痕 |
Lines on a fatigue fracture surface that result from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures propagating from multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall direction of crack propagation and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. 疲劳断裂面上由从多个源头传播的疲劳断裂的交叉和连接产生的线。棘轮标记与裂纹扩展的整个方向平行，肉眼或低倍镜下均可看到。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在热处理中，将硬化钢或硬化铸铁重新加热到共析温度以下的温度，以降低硬度和增加韧性。该工艺有时也适用于正火钢。（2）在工具钢中，有时使用回火来表示碳含量，但这是不恰当的。（3）在非铁合金和一些铁合金（不能通过热处理硬化的钢）中，通过机械或热处理或两者产生的硬度和强度，其特征是在冷加工过程中具有一定的结构、机械性能或面积减小。 |
| Impact | 撞击 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物体或部件的突然加载，如车辆碰撞或锤击。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Congruent melting point (Unit K) | 全等熔点（单位K） |
congruent melting point (Unit K) The temperature at which a solid substance at a specified pressure changes phase to a liquid of identical composition. 一致的熔点（单位K）固体物质在特定压力下相变为具有相同成分的液体时的温度。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的应力循环（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 试样在其应力历史中任何时间所经受的特定特征（产生波动应力和应变）的循环次数。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦学中，通过相对运动的两个表面中较软的表面的塑性变形形成凹槽。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 区域熔炼（区域精炼） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一种净化材料的过程，其中一个狭窄的熔融区沿材料长度移动，导致杂质在一端分离。 |
| Stress factor | 应力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。它是由紧固件长度变化引起的超声波传输时间变化与总传输时间变化之间的比率。 |
| Thermal analysis | 热分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一种通过记录发生热阻的温度来确定金属转变的方法。这些阻力表现为绘制或机械追踪的加热和冷却曲线斜率的变化。当这些数据在加热和冷却的近似平衡条件下得到保证时，该方法通常用于确定构建平衡图所需的某些临界温度。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋转泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通过内部部件的旋转来泵送液体的容积泵，如齿轮泵、凸轮泵（类似于罗茨鼓风机）或螺杆泵。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸弯曲试验 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金属板成形性的模拟试验，其中金属板条在其端部夹紧在锁珠中，并通过冲头在中心变形。选择试验条件，以便在冲头接触区域发生断裂。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡胶硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 测量负载下压痕深度的橡胶类材料的压痕硬度。这是对弹性模量的测量，而不是对韧性材料的屈服应力，因为卸载橡胶材料时几乎没有（如果有的话）永久压痕。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毁坏荷载（单位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足够的塑性铰链以发生坍塌，结构成为机制的施加载荷。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大致对应于冷加工状态，超过该状态，材料就不能再通过弯曲形成。在规范中，完全硬质回火通常定义为与完全退火后的特定冷压下率百分比相对应的最小硬度或最小抗拉强度（或者，硬度或强度范围）。对于铝来说，完全硬回火相当于从极软状态减少75%；对于奥氏体不锈钢，减少约50%至55%。 |
| Hydrodynamics | 流体力学 |
A term sometimes used to mean fluid dynamics, even when the fluid is a gas or a liquid other than water. 有时用于表示流体动力学的术语，即使流体是气体或水以外的液体。 |
| Hot-wire analyzer | 热电阻丝型分析仪 |
An electrical atmosphere analysis device that is based on the fact that the electrical resistivity of steel is a linear function of carbon content over a range from 0.05% C to saturation. The device measures the carbon potential of furnace atmospheres (typically). This term is not to be confused with the hot-wire test which measures heat extraction rates. 一种基于以下事实的电气氛分析设备：钢的电阻率是从0.05%C到饱和范围内的碳含量的线性函数。该设备测量炉内气氛的碳势（通常）。不要将此术语与测量热提取率的热线测试相混淆。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 应力腐蚀开裂阈值应力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 实验确定的临界总截面应力，低于该应力，在规定的试验条件下不会发生应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 断裂负荷（单位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某个点施加到导致断裂的部件或结构的载荷。断裂应力（断裂强度）是构件断裂时的平均应力，由断裂载荷除以其作用的面积给出。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 应力强度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一种标度因子，通常用符号K表示，在线弹性断裂力学中用于描述已知尺寸和形状的裂纹尖端施加应力的增强。在任何含有裂纹的结构中，裂纹快速扩展开始时，该因子称为临界应力强度因子，或断裂韧性。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里温度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性转变温度，低于此温度金属或合金为铁磁性，高于此温度则为顺磁性。 |
| Residual stress (Unit Pa) | 残余应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses that remain within a body as the result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. (internal stress) An internal-stress system found in components that have experienced elastic unloading from non-uniform plastic-strain fields during manufacture. 由于热处理或机械处理或两者兼而有之而留在物体内的应力。（内应力）在制造期间从非均匀塑性应变场经历弹性卸载的部件中发现的内应力系统。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一种压缩机，其中动能通过叶轮中的径向加速度添加到流体中，然后通过扩散器的流动转换为压力增加。 |
| Fatigue test | 疲劳测试 |
A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)stresses a material can withstand without failing. 一种确定材料可以承受而不会失效的交变（波动）应力范围的方法。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趋势。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 机械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通过固结（例如热压或挤压）从粉末生产合金，然后进行热和/或冷加工和最终退火。用这种方法可以制造弥散强化合金、高温铝合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕变断裂强度（单位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金属和聚合物蠕变试验结束时的断裂应力，通常与时间作图以给出应力-断裂曲线。 |
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