| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流体渗透多孔固体或气体被液体溶解的过程。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩尔数（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩尔数物质给定质量m中的摩尔数，等于m除以物质的摩尔质量。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查尔斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （盖-吕萨克定律）在恒定压力下，固定质量气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。恒压下气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纤维 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 当紧固件应无腐蚀性、低导电性或对电磁波透明时，玻璃纤维用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| Radian (rad) | 弧度（rad） |
A coherent derived SI unit defined as the plane angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc having a length equal to the radius. Thus 2π radians are equivalent to 360° and 1 rad ≈ 57.3°. 一种相干导出的国际单位制单位，定义为在圆心处被长度等于半径的弧对向的平面角。因此，2π弧度相当于360°和1弧度≈57.3°. |
| Load ratio, R | 负载比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最小载荷与最大载荷的代数比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也称为应力比。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸稳定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或铸造时的精确形状的能力。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸试验（拉力试验） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一种试验，在这种试验中，精密加工的拉伸试样（拉伸试件）的横截面通常为圆形或矩形，具有在试验机中夹紧的大端部，受到越来越大的拉伸载荷，通常达到断裂点，以产生应力-应变曲线，从中可以看出弹性模量、比例极限等材料特性，可以确定验证应力、屈服点和极限拉伸应力。相关标准为ISO 6892-1。 |
| Subcritical annealing | 不完全退火 |
A process anneal performed on ferrous alloys at a temperature below Ac1. 在低于Ac1的温度下对铁合金进行的工艺退火。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 连续沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanstätten structure. 来自过饱和固溶体的沉淀，其中沉淀颗粒通过长程扩散生长而无需基质再结晶。连续析出物从在整个基体中或多或少均匀分布的核生长而来。它们通常是随机取向的，但可能形成魏氏结构。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 净重（单位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其内容物）的毛重与空容器皮重之间的差值。 |
| Guided-bend test | 导向弯曲试验 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用冲头（心轴）和底块将试样弯曲成一定形状的试验。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 结构材料塑性变形的证据。也称为塑性流动或蠕变。 |
| Screw thread | 螺纹 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圆柱体的外表面或内表面上呈螺旋形或在圆锥体的外表面和内表面上以锥形螺旋形的均匀截面或形状的脊。 |
| Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | 锅炉和压力容器规范 |
A large and complex document, maintained and published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The code 一份庞大而复杂的文件，由美国机械工程师协会出版和维护。 |
| Stress wave | 应力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物体某个位置的不平衡力（如冲击力）会使物体中的材料产生振动，并以应力波或波包的形式传递到相邻元件，最终传递到物体的所有部位。 |
| Caustic quenching | 苛性淬火 |
Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 用5%至10%氢氧化钠（NaOH）水溶液淬灭。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（单位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果仅将紧固件与环境隔离，则据说紧固件上的涂层可提供屏障保护。例如，油漆提供屏障保护。 |
| Cap nut | 盖型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 带有盲螺纹孔的螺母，例如用于覆盖螺栓末端的圆顶螺母。 |
| Maraging steels | 马氏体时效钢 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘aging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“马氏体”和“时效”命名的超高强度铁合金。它们含有镍、铬、钴和钼，在空气冷却下形成强度约为1GPa的马氏体。当再加热至约500°C并老化数小时时，室温强度达到约2.4GPa。 |
| Fracture toughness | 断裂韧性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂纹扩展阻力测量的通用术语。该术语有时仅限于断裂力学试验的结果，这些结果直接适用于断裂控制。该术语通常包括非基于断裂力学分析的切口或预裂纹试样的简单试验结果。基于使用经验或与断裂力学试验的经验相关性，后一类试验的结果通常有助于断裂控制。 |
| Alternating stress | 交替应力 |
(Unit Pa) Originally, stresses of changing sign (tension-tocompression-to-tension, etc.) in a component produced by alternating forces acting in opposite directions, but now generally used to describe stresses that vary but may keep the same sign, as produced by periodic, out-of–balance, or vibrational loads. （单位Pa）最初，构件中由相反方向的交变力产生的符号变化的应力（张力到压缩到张力等），但现在通常用于描述变化但可能保持相同符号的应力，如由周期性、失衡或振动载荷产生的应力。 |
| Quench cracking | 淬火开裂 |
Fracture of a metal during quenching from elevated temperature. Most frequently observed in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. Cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, corners, or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the volume changes accompanying transformation to martensite. 高温淬火时金属断裂。在高硬度和低韧性的硬化碳钢、合金钢或工具钢零件中最常见。裂纹通常来自圆角、孔、角部或其他应力集中区，并由伴随马氏体转变的体积变化引起的高应力引起。 |
| Tensioner | 张紧器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一种液压工具，用于通过拉伸紧固件而不是对螺母施加较大扭矩来拧紧紧固件。张力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以适当的扭矩将螺母向下压靠接头，张紧器与紧固件分离。螺母保持张紧器产生的拉伸。 |
| Standard gauge | 标准量规 |
A highly-accurate reference gauge against which to check working gauges. 一种高精度的基准量规，用于检查工作量规。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许使用压力（单位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何压力系统可运行的最高压力，通常比最大允许工作压力低10%至20%。 |
| Temperature factor | 温度系数 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。说明了热膨胀和温度引起的声速变化的影响。 |
| Vertical engine | 立式发动机 |
A piston engine having the cylinders above the crankshaft. 气缸位于曲轴上方的活塞发动机。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Regenerative pump | 涡流泵 |
(regenerative turbine pump, peripheral pump) A pump with a double-sided impeller having a large number of radial blades. The pressure of the pumped liquid increases progressively over several revolutions of the impeller. It is particularly suited to producing large heads at small flow rates without cavitation. （再生涡轮泵，外围泵）具有具有大量径向叶片的双面叶轮的泵。泵送液体的压力在叶轮的几圈内逐渐增加。它特别适合于在小流速下产生大水头且不产生气穴。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Compression pressure (Unit Pa) | 压缩压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure produced in a cylinder of a piston engine by compression of air in the absence of fuel. 在没有燃料的情况下通过压缩空气在活塞发动机的气缸中产生的压力。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 径向负荷（单位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通过将金属浸入热氧化盐或盐溶液中产生的黑色饰面。 |
| Multiple threaded screw | 多螺纹螺钉 |
A screw with two or more threads cut around the periphery of the workpiece to provide an increased lead with a specified pitch. 一种螺钉，具有围绕工件周边切割的两个或多个螺纹，以提供具有指定螺距的增加的导程。 |
| Reproducibility | 再现性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一个术语，用于描述与从单个实验室内和实验室之间获得的具体定义的方差分量相关的测试结果可变性。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（单位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 对于锥齿轮，轴与节锥生成器之间的角度。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| Induction heating | 感应加热 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通过将金属置于承载交流电的线圈周围的变化磁场中而引起的电阻和磁滞损耗的组合加热。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 热容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX where cMIN is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 热交换器分析中出现的无量纲参数，定义为比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流体的热容率c，c值较小，cMAX是流体的值具有较大的c值。不同的流速和比热值产生不同的c值。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接触强度（单位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 换算成应力的接触体之间的最大允许载荷。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶体形成的结晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基体晶格之间的连续性，通常伴随着两个晶格中的一些应变。由于晶格适合于沉淀和基体之间的界面，因此不存在可识别的相边界。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奥氏体不锈钢 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奥氏体不锈钢是非磁性的。它们含有显着添加的铬（16–30%），但具有奥氏体（FCC）晶体结构，通过在6–20%的成分范围内添加镍来稳定。碳含量范围约为0.03至0.15%。含有大约18%铬和8%镍的“18-8”不锈钢是该级别的典型不锈钢。奥氏体不锈钢即使在高温下也具有高强度和耐腐蚀性，良好的延展性，良好的低温性能和良好的焊接性。用于飞机和运输设备、餐具、化学和食品加工设备、手术器械和低温容器。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| mechanical engineering | 机械工业 |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 与能量转换、应力分析、振动、动力学和运动学有关的工程分支，尤其适用于设计（机器设计、机械工程设计）。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Finished hexagon bolts | 精制六角螺栓 |
A washer faced or chamfered bearing surface with a close body tolerance. 头下有垫圈面或倒角，尺寸公差小 |
| Stress corrosion | 应力腐蚀 |
(stress-corrosion cracking) Corrosion failure accelerated by local stresses (particularly tensile) which enhance cracking in both monotonic and fatigue loading. （应力腐蚀开裂）局部应力（特别是拉伸应力）加速的腐蚀失效，该局部应力在单调载荷和疲劳载荷下都会增强开裂。 |
| Abrasive wear | 磨料磨损 |
The removal or displacement of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. Contrast with adhesive wear. 当硬质颗粒在压力下在表面上滑动或滚动时，材料从表面上的去除或位移。颗粒可能是松散的或可能是与被磨损表面接触的另一个表面的一部分。与粘着磨损形成对比。 |
| Relative humidity (ϕ) | 相对湿度（ψ） |
The ratio or percentage of the actual mass of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum possible mass of moisture at the same temperature. 给定温度下给定体积空气中的实际水分质量与相同温度下的最大可能水分质量的比率或百分比。 |
| Galvanic protection | 电流保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide galvanic protection if it is more anodic than the fastener and will, therefore, be destroyed instead of the fastener. Zinc plate (galvanizing) provides galvanic protection to steel fasteners, for example. 如果紧固件上的涂层比紧固件更具阳极性，则据说它可以提供电流保护，将会因此被破坏而不是紧固。例如，锌板（镀锌）为钢紧固件提供电流保护。 |
| Ductile fracture | 韧性断裂 |
Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy. A fracture of a component or structure which is preceded by extensive ductile deformation so that the broken pieces cannot be re-fitted to regain the original size and shape of the component or structure. 以金属撕裂为特征的断裂，伴随着明显的总塑性变形和相当大的能量消耗。一种部件或结构的断裂，在断裂前会发生大范围的延性变形，从而使断裂的碎片无法重新装配以恢复部件或结构原来的尺寸和形状。 |
| Blueing | 发蓝 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 应用蓝色染料（“工程师蓝”）来识别接触表面上的高点，或用于标记。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲劳裂纹扩展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲劳荷载引起的裂纹扩展速率，以每次荷载施加循环的裂纹扩展表示。 |
| Absorption dynamometer | 吸收式测功机 |
A dynamometer in which input work or power is dissipated by mechanical friction, electrical resistance, hydraulic resistance, etc. 通过机械摩擦、电阻、液压阻力等耗散输入功或功率的测功机。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 设计应力（单位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作条件下不会导致失效的部件或结构中的最大许用应力。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 两个连杆连接在一起形成运动副，其中接触面为螺纹，因此它们的相对运动包括旋转和滑动。 |
| Actual value | 实际价值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控设备的输出，即受控变量。控制系统不能直接访问，因为它只能由可能会扭曲测量结果的传感器测量。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 弹簧载荷（单位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通过弯曲、压缩、延伸或扭转连接的弹簧而施加在部件上的载荷。如果部件上的任何约束被移除，则可以释放弹簧中存储的机械能。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔热（绝缘） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一种材料，可以是低导电性固体，或多孔固体或织物，其中存在含有空气或其他气体的空隙，从而导致整体低导热性。当应用于热或冷物体的表面时，表面传热通常减少。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由两个垂直管组成的装置，在顶部或底部通过一段管子连接，形成U形。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼装置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 机动车辆上的一种转向联动装置，在转向点附近两个车轮几乎不会打滑。这是通过使内短轴（在转弯曲线的内侧）比外短轴移动更大的角度来实现的。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夹 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夹，开口销）大致与字母R形状相同的线夹。线夹的直线部分穿过钻在轴或杆上的孔，从而将车轮固定在轴上，或防止轴轴向移动。 |
| constitutive equation | 本构方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本构关系）1.在固体力学或流体力学中，应力与材料的变形、应变、应变率、温度等之间的代数或数值关系。在固体力学中，这种关系有时称为状态方程。简单的线性例子包括胡克定律和牛顿粘度定律。2.在传热学中，将热流与温度梯度联系起来的一种关系，如傅立叶热传导定律。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制垫圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 设计用于沉头螺钉的垫圈。在某些应用中用于增强外观。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂缝 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于弹性应力分析的裂纹简化模型。在无应力物体中，裂纹有两个光滑表面，它们在物体内沿称为裂纹前缘的平滑曲线重合并连接；在二维表示中，裂纹前缘称为裂纹尖端。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛顿内摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 两个平行流体层之间的剪切应力与其中一层相对于另一层的速度成正比，与它们之间的距离成反比。比例常数是动态粘度μ。对于牛顿流体，μ与压力梯度、剪切应力和应变无关，但可能随温度和压力而变化。 |
| Plug | 螺塞 |
1. An object, usually tapered, used to block a hole to prevent fluid from escaping or flowing. 2. The central moveable part of a valve. 3. In the flow of a yield-stress fluid through a pipe or duct, the central region is often assumed to take the form of a plug with uniform axial velocity. 4. In thermoforming, a shaping tool that forces a heated plastic sheet into a female mould. 1.一种物体，通常为锥形，用于堵塞孔以防止流体逸出或流动。2.阀门的中心可移动部分。3.在屈服应力流体通过管道或管道的流动中，中心区域通常假定为具有均匀轴向速度的塞子形式。4.在热成型技术中，一种成型工具，将加热的塑料板压入阴模中。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 临界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火处理，包括加热至并保持在上临界温度和下临界温度之间的温度，以获得部分奥氏体化，然后缓慢冷却或保持在低于下临界温度的温度。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕变疲劳 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金属和其他材料（例如具有时间相关行为的聚合物）在高同源温度下的组合蠕变和疲劳的影响。 |
| Archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
A machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. If water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical Archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一种机器，它在紧密的管子内包含一个旋转的螺旋叶片，可用于泵送液体、泥浆（如污水）、颗粒材料等。如果水流入倾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺杆的顶部，螺杆将旋转，可用于驱动发电机。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量转移和转换过程中的不可逆性，将能量转换为低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| Dew point | 压力露点 |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 气体开始凝结成液体的温度和压力。 |
| Spring | 弹簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 储存机械能并在变形时施加力的弹性部件。作用力F与弹簧x偏转的曲线斜率dF/dx称为弹簧率或弹簧模量k，单位为N/m。对于线性弹簧，F（x）曲线成比例，k称为弹簧常数。一种弹性装置，在应力或压力下屈服，但在应力和压力消除后恢复到其原始状态或位置。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一种用于硬化可硬化铁合金表面的工艺，其中使用强烈的火焰将表面层加热到转变温度上限以上，然后立即对工件进行淬火。 |
| Blade compressor | 叶片式压缩机 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一种无油双作用旋转式压缩机，其中连接到旋转外壳内表面的倾斜叶片穿过圆盘上的槽，该槽绕垂直于外壳的轴旋转，但偏离外壳。空气通过壳体中的孔进入，并通过壳体的端口离开。 |
| Square thread | 方螺纹 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺纹的一种形式，螺纹的横截面形成正方形，使螺纹的宽度等于螺纹之间的间距。 |
| Air compressor | 空气压缩机 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一种涡轮机，它吸入空气并以更高的压力、温度和密度输送空气。它可以是轴流式、风扇式、往复式或旋转式设计。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 将冷加工的有色金属合金软化到规定的硬度或抗拉强度水平的最终局部退火。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中负荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的区域上的部件上的载荷，理想化为楔形或刀刃的线载荷和锥体的点载荷。 |
| Dynamic modulus | 动态模量 |
The ratio of stress to strain under cyclic conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or tension). 循环条件下的应力与应变之比（根据在剪切、压缩或拉伸中的自由或强制振动测试中获得的数据计算得出）。 |
| Thermocouple | 热电偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一种测量温度的装置，由两种不同的金属或合金组成，一端电连接，另一端与电压测量仪相连。当一个结比另一个结更热时，产生的热电动势大致与热结和冷结之间的温差成比例。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 传动测功机 |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一种测功机，其中轴传递的功率由其转速和扭矩的乘积获得，扭矩由沿轴测得的剪切应变确定。 |
| Surface roughness (roughness) | 表面粗糙度 |
The small-scale, irregular peaks and troughs in a solid surface which are quantified using a surface analyser. Roughness may be a consequence of wear and corrosion, or of the manufacturing process. It leads to increased friction in solid– solid contact or fluid flow over a surface. Errors of form and waviness are excluded, but surface texture includes roughness and waviness. Surface topography incorporates the small-scale, three-dimensional geometry of a surface including surface roughness, machined, and etched features, typically at sub-mm scales. 固体表面中的小尺度不规则峰谷，使用表面分析仪进行量化。粗糙度可能是磨损和腐蚀或制造过程的结果。它会导致表面上的固-固接触或流体流动中的摩擦增加。不包括形状和波纹度误差，但表面纹理包括粗糙度和波纹度。表面形貌包括表面的小尺度三维几何结构，包括表面粗糙度、机加工和蚀刻特征，通常为亚毫米尺度。 |
| Brayton cycle | 布雷顿循环 |
(Joule cycle) An air standard cycle that is the ideal cycle for a gasturbine engine. As shown on the diagram of pressure (p) ʋs specific volume (ʋ), it consists of four internally reversible processes: isentropic compression in a compressor (1–2), isobaric heat addition in a combustor (2–3), isentropic expansion in a turbine (3–4) and isobaric heat rejection. The cycle can be extended to include regeneration, reheating, and intercooling. （焦耳循环）一种空气标准循环，是燃气轮机发动机的理想循环。循环可以扩展到包括再生、再热和中冷。 |
| Clearance fit | 间隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 从紧密滑动到松动运行的一系列间隙，即配合零件的限制始终允许组装的配合。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 横向（侧向）应变与相应轴向应变之比的绝对值，该比值由低于材料比例极限的均匀分布的轴向应力产生。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| Bearing area | 承载面积 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m²) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 轴承测试中销（或孔）直径和试样厚度的乘积。（承载面）（单位m²）承载横向载荷的孔（例如铆钉孔）的投影面积。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“发条”）或螺旋（圆柱形）弹簧。以螺旋状缠绕的弹簧钢丝。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在钢上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮（从稻草色到蓝色），从线圈或薄片的边缘延伸。有时称为退火边界。 |
| Blue brittleness | 蓝色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 当淬火钢在250–350°C范围内回火（在部件表面产生蓝色色调的温度）时，延展性异常损失。某些钢在加热到约205至370°C（400至700°F）范围内的某个温度后表现出脆性，特别是在高温下加工钢时。镇静钢几乎没有这种脆性。 |
| Total elongation | 总伸长率 |
A total amount of permanent extension of a test piece broken in a tensile test. 拉伸试验中断裂试样的永久延伸总量。 |
| Gamma iron | 加马铁 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 纯铁的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）温度范围内稳定。 |
| Hydraulics | 液压系统 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括运河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系统中的水流。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 维氏硬度测试 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金刚石棱锥压头（维氏硬度计）和可变载荷的压痕硬度测试，能够对从极软铅到碳化钨的所有硬度范围使用一个硬度标度。也称为钻石金字塔硬度测试。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可锻铸铁 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口铸铁一种通过长时间退火制成的铸铁，脱碳，石墨化，或两者都发生，以消除部分或全部渗碳体。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脱碳是主要反应，产品将呈现出较轻的断裂表面，“白心可锻”。否则，断裂表面将变暗，“黑心可锻”。铁素体可锻性材料主要为铁素体基体；根据热处理和所需硬度，珠光体可锻材料可能包含珠光体、球状体或回火马氏体。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Forge | 锻造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通过锤击或强制过程使金属成型，同时保持塑料成型。过程会使用模具。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Gasket m-factor | 垫片m系数 |
For a gasketed joint of area A in which the clamping force is F, the factor m is defined by F ≥ mpA where p is the pressure that would separate the two halves of the joint and m > 1. 对于面积为A且夹紧力为F的垫片接头，系数m由F≥mpA定义，其中p是分离接头两半的压力，m>1。 |
| Mass flow meter | 质量流量计 |
An instrument, such as a Coriolis flow meter, which measures the mass flow rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe or other duct, rather than its volume flow rate. 一种仪器，例如科里奥利流量计，一种测量流经管道或其他管道的流体的质量流率而不是其体积流率的仪器。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速万向节 |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV关节，匀速关节）在两个轴之间传递恒定角速度的连接，这两个轴既不必在一条直线上，也不必固定其轴向位置。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 计算机辅助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，计算机集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用计算机，不仅可以控制制造和组装的机器和机器人，还可以进行工艺规划，以及在生产过程中监控材料和组件的进度等。 |
| Steel-wire rope | 钢丝绳 |
A rope or cable made up of many steel strands wrapped helically about an axis, each strand being made of metal wires twisted together like a helix. 一种绳索或缆绳，由许多绕轴螺旋缠绕的钢绞线组成，每根钢绞线由金属丝缠绕在一起形成螺旋。 |
| Progressive aging | 渐进时效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通过在时效周期中逐步或连续升高温度进行增加时效。 |
| Screw | 螺钉 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一种螺纹紧固件，设计用于攻丝或未攻丝（如木螺钉）孔，但不与螺母配合使用。其螺纹被切割或卷成圆柱形或锥形柄，用于切割自身螺纹（如木螺钉）或嵌入螺纹孔。自攻螺钉（钣金螺钉、自攻螺钉）具有足够硬的螺纹，当打入薄板或部件中的孔时，它会在薄板或软材料部件中切割内螺纹。螺钉头是螺钉的一部分，用于向螺钉施加扭矩。常见的螺钉头设计为横截面为圆形，带有直径槽或十字，或为六边形，并带有十字或六边形凹槽。螺纹是沿圆柱形或锥形体的外表面（外螺纹）或内表面（内螺纹）具有均匀截面的一个或多个连续螺旋槽。当螺纹横截面旋转并沿轴轴向前进时产生的三维形状称为螺旋面，螺纹投影到轴上时形成的角度称为倾角。螺纹用于紧固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺钉；定位和测量仪器；在动力驱动中；在一些电气配件中（爱迪生螺纹）；并安装在曲轴端部，以抑制漏油（抛掷器螺纹）。在圆柱体上形成平行螺纹；圆锥上的锥形螺纹，通常具有1:16的锥形率。当顺时针旋转时，具有右手螺纹的螺钉似乎会远离观察者。所有标准螺钉、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺纹，但有时使用左手螺纹。相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为螺距或螺纹率，对于单个连续螺旋槽（单个起始螺纹），与螺母和螺栓头之间的轴向间距（导程）在一周内的变化相同，每mm的螺纹形式数为螺距的倒数。对于相同的螺钉直径，粗螺纹的每毫米螺纹数少于细螺纹。多头螺纹（通常为粗螺纹，见下文）由两个或多个沿其轴线同时延伸的相同螺纹组成，以提供更大的承载面积和更大的速比。根据螺纹的数量，起点之间的间隔为180°（双起点）、120°（三起点）、90°（四起点）等。因此，在双起始螺纹中，导程是螺距的两倍；多起点螺纹中两个相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为分割螺距。螺纹上的位置，即螺纹实体部分的侧面和螺纹之间的空间之间的距离相等，即节点，其相关直径称为节径。图中显示了螺纹的基本术语，其中一些与齿轮传动的基本术语相同。在圆柱面上形成或切割的螺旋线，可沿轴线向右或向左前进。螺旋可以是单个或多个。 |
| Catastrophic failure | 灾难性故障 |
A sudden and total failure of a large engineering structure such as an aeroengine, aircraft, space vehicle, bridge, or dam. 大型工程结构（如航空发动机、飞机、航天器、桥梁或水坝）突然完全失效。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切应变 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角变化的切线，作为对力的响应，在两条原本通过物体中的一个点相互垂直的线之间。也称为剪切应变。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 区域熔炼（区域精炼） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一种净化材料的过程，其中一个狭窄的熔融区沿材料长度移动，导致杂质在一端分离。 |
| Gauge pressure (Unit Pa) | 表压（单位Pa） |
The level of static pressure above the ambient pressure. 高于环境压力的静压水平。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在内部火焰中过量氧气产生的气体火焰。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道尔顿定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道尔顿附加压力定律的扩展，包括以下陈述：气体混合物的内能、焓和熵等于各个成分单独存在时的内能、焓和熵之和。相同的温度和体积。吉布斯定律是与熵有关的定律的一部分。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 从缺口试样表面到缺口底部的距离。在圆柱形试样中，通过加工环形槽去除的原始横截面积的百分比。 |
| Plug gauge | 塞规 |
A steel gauge used to determine the dimension or dimensions of a hole. It may be straight or tapered, and is typically circular, but in principle can have any cross section. 用于确定孔的尺寸的钢制量规。它可以是直的或锥形的，通常是圆形的，原则上可以有任何横截面。 |
| Steady pin | 定位销 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑轮在其轴上转动的销钉、键或销。 |
| Vibrometer | 测振仪 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一种用于测量振动表面运动的装置，通常使用非接触激光技术。 |
| Ferrite | 铁素体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一种或多种元素在体心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（例如，铁酸铬），否则通常假定溶质为碳。在一些平衡图上，有两个铁素体区域被一个奥氏体区域隔开。下部区域为α铁素体；上部，δ铁氧体。如果没有指定，则假定为 α 铁氧体。 |
| Lead of thread | 螺纹导程 |
On a single threaded screw, the distance the screw or nut advances in one complete revolution. 在单螺纹螺钉上，螺钉或螺母在一整圈中前进的距离。 |
| Coextrusion | 复合挤压 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通过同一模具同时挤出两种或多种材料的组合。 |
| Twist | 扭转 |
The helix produced in a cylindrical component, such as a shaft, wire, tensioned cable, or rope, when one end is rotated relative to the other. Measured either as the number of turns per unit length, or by the helix angle (twist angle). 当一端相对于另一端旋转时，在圆柱形部件（如轴、钢丝、张紧电缆或绳索）中产生的螺旋。以每单位长度的圈数或螺旋角（扭曲角）测量。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或产生或消耗能量的速度。功率单位为瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Positive-displacement flow meter | 容积式流量计 |
An instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一种高精度仪器，通过将流动的流体分成连续的固定体积并测量其通过流量计的时间来确定体积流量。 |
| Low-E coating | 低辐射涂层 |
(low-emittance coating) A thin metallic or metal-oxide coating on a glass sheet to absorb and reflect infrared radiation. The coating is applied either by a pyrolytic chemical vapour-deposition process (hard coat), or by sputtering (soft coat). （低辐射涂层）玻璃板上的薄金属或金属氧化物涂层，用于吸收和反射红外辐射。通过热解化学气相沉积工艺（硬涂层）或溅射（软涂层）施加涂层。 |
| Thumb screw | 蝶形螺钉 |
A type of screw having a winged or knurled head for turning by hand when a quick and light clamping effect is desired. 一种螺钉，具有翼形或滚花头，当需要快速、轻夹紧效果时，可手动转动。 |
| Residual preload | 残余预载荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加载螺栓连接中保持的张力。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 风能（单位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 风能转换系统（WECS）可通过暴露于风中的转子（如多叶片螺旋桨）将与风相关的动能转换为电能或机械能。如果空气密度为ρ，风速为V，则动能通量为ρV3/2。可由截获风a横截面的风力涡轮机提取的实际风功率为CPρAV3/2，其中CP是称为功率系数的经验效率因子。风能分布是根据给定位置处的风速频率分布每年可产生的计算风力的直方图。风车产生机械功率，而风力涡轮机（风力发电机）产生电功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大风力涡轮机的额定功率为9.5MW，转子直径为164m，轮毂高度为105m（最高风力涡轮机的高度为190m）。风电场是一系列风力涡轮机，通常为十到几百台，位于单一位置，无论是陆上还是海上。风能是可持续能源发电的主要贡献者。最大的海上风电场位于爱尔兰海，拥有87台涡轮机，总发电容量为659MW。最大的陆上风电场位于加利福尼亚州克恩县，拥有约586台涡轮机，总容量为1550兆瓦。 |
| Twist drill | 麻花钻 |
A hardened-steel drill bit having one or more helical flutes running from a conical tip to the smooth part of the shank. 一种淬火钢钻头，具有一个或多个螺旋槽，从锥形尖端延伸到柄部的光滑部分。 |
| Die screw | 模具螺丝 |
Tool used when threading cylindrical pieces beyond the capacity of a die plate. 对超出模板容量的圆柱件进行螺纹加工时使用的工具。 |
| Safe working load (Unit N) | 安全工作负荷（单位：N） |
The steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. It is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或结构设计用于正常运行的稳定或不稳定荷载。该值低于因屈曲、断裂或屈服而导致失效的值，以适应不确定性、可能的故障或事故条件。 |
| Cathode | 阴极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 电池或腐蚀电池中吸引电子的电极。 |
| Graham’s laws | 格雷厄姆定律 |
The laws stating that the rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are inversely proportional to the square root of its density. 规定气体的扩散和渗出速率与其密度的平方根成反比的定律。 |
| Anode | 阳极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 电池或腐蚀电池中产生电子的电极。被破坏（腐蚀）的是电极。 |
| Mode of failure | 故障模式 |
The various ways in which a material can fail when subjected to loading, surface damage, chemical attack, heating, cooling, or radiation, in either isolation or combination. The failure modes include fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion, erosion, and embrittlement. 材料在受到载荷、表面损伤、化学侵蚀、加热、冷却或辐射时，可能发生失效的各种方式，无论是单独还是组合。失效模式包括断裂、疲劳、蠕变、腐蚀、侵蚀和脆化。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等温退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 将铁合金奥氏体化，然后冷却至奥氏体转变为相对软的铁素体碳化物集合体的温度并保持该温度。 |
| Silky fracture | 丝状断口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一种金属断裂，断裂的金属表面具有精细的纹理，通常外观暗淡。具有坚韧和坚固金属的特征。 |
| Closed-die forging | 闭模锻造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一对具有待制造部件的阴模的模具（闭模）内通过压缩形成工件，多余的金属在模具相遇处作为飞边排出。 |
| Crosshead | 十字头 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一种往复式构件，在导轨之间滑动，活塞杆一侧固定在其上，连杆另一侧固定在该构件上，用于将往复式运动转换为旋转运动。2.机械试验机早期设计中的活动梁。3.一种螺钉头，其具有采用配合螺丝刀的+形槽。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 钢或铸铁中的游离碳。 |
| Torque monitor | 扭矩监测器 |
A torque tool control system which monitors the amount of torque being developed by the tool during use, but does not control the tool or the torque produced. 一种扭矩工具控制系统，监控工具在使用过程中产生的扭矩量，但不控制工具或产生的扭矩。 |
| Forging cracks | 锻造裂纹 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 这可能发生在紧固件制造过程中的切削或锻造操作中，并且位于头部的顶部或带锯齿的头部螺栓的凸起周边上。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要条件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓连接所遭受的每种类型的故障都由三个或四个条件确定。根据故障模式的不同，情况会有所不同，但数量不得超过四个。消除特定类型故障的任何一个基本条件都可以防止该类型故障。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Elastic calibration device | 弹性校准装置 |
A device for use in verifying the load readings of a testing machine consisting of an elastic member(s) to which loads may be applied, combined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation under load. 一种用于验证试验机载荷读数的装置，由可施加载荷的弹性构件组成，与指示载荷下变形量（或与该量成比例的量）的机构或装置相结合。 |
| Blue annealing | 蓝色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在开放式炉中将热轧铁板加热到转变范围内的温度，然后在空气中冷却，以软化金属。在表面上形成蓝色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 涡轮分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10−8 Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（压力降至约10−8Pa）泵，其中动量通过快速旋转的叶片盘传递给气体分子。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Thermal compressor | 热压缩机 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（热压缩机）用于提升低压废蒸汽或排气压力的喷射压缩机。2.一种由吸收器、发电机、泵和节流装置组成的装置，用于替代吸收冷却制冷系统中的机械蒸汽压缩机。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲劳失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 当经历疲劳的试样完全断裂成两部分或因热加热或开裂而软化或刚度显着降低时发生的失效。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺纹 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺纹加工是一种通过使用实心或自开模具在圆柱形或锥形表面上切削外螺纹的加工工艺。模具螺纹加工是一种比滚丝加工更慢的外螺纹加工方法，但它比车床中的单点螺纹加工要快。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 断裂力学 |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂纹物体的应力分析。当初始存在缺陷（或在加载过程中形成缺陷）时，使用应力集中系数和传统材料强度的其他修正系数是不够的，因为断裂不仅取决于应力，还取决于裂纹的大小。传统的材料强度应力计算既不能预测已知缺陷存在时的安全工作应力，也不能预测给定工作应力下可容忍的缺陷临界尺寸。 |
| Dynamics | 动力学 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力学中研究运动物体的分支。它的两个主要分支是运动学和动力学，前者研究运动而不考虑其原因，后者也考虑引起运动的力。 |
| Microindentation hardness test | 显微压痕硬度测试 |
Hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a diamond indenter of specific geometry, under a test load of 1 to 1000 gramforce, into the surface of the test material and to measure the diagonal or diagonals of the indentation optically. 使用校准机器进行硬度试验，以在1至1000克力的试验载荷下，将特定几何形状的金刚石压头压入试验材料表面，并光学测量压痕的对角线。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 过共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理断裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一种通过分裂（劈裂）产生的裂缝断裂，通常是多晶金属的断裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，产生明亮的反射面。它是一种结晶性断裂，与低能脆性断裂有关。与剪切断裂相对。如板岩或云母等材料的层之间。在脆性金属和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面发生解理。 |
| Nautical mile (M) | 海里（M） |
A special unit of distance employed for marine and aerial navigation. The conversion to SI is 1 M = 1 852 m. 用于海上和空中导航的特殊距离单位。SI的转换为1M＝1852m。 |
| Coefficient of cubic expansion | 立方膨胀系数 |
The fractional increase in volume per unit temperature rise. 每单位温度升高的体积增加分数。 |
| Hot stamping | 热冲压 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黄铜和青铜合金的热锻。 |
| J-integral | J-积分 |
A mathematical expression describing a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other, used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front; JIc is the critical value of the J-integral required to initiate crack extension from a preexisting crack. 描述从一个裂纹表面到另一个裂纹正面的线或表面积分的数学表达式，用于表征断裂前具有可观塑性的材料的断裂韧性。J积分通过考虑裂纹前缘周围的局部应力应变场，无需描述裂纹尖端附近材料的行为；JIc是从先前存在的裂纹开始裂纹扩展所需的J积分的临界值。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 拨动（拨动夹） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由两个销杆组成的装置，在同一平面的两个端点之间几乎成一条直线。将杠杆对齐会在端部之间产生较大的力。用于获得较大的机械优势或用作锁定机构。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 离心力（单位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 惯性反作用力对向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | 线弹性断裂力学 |
A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a structure containing a cracklike flaw of known size and shape. 一种断裂分析方法，可确定在含有已知尺寸和形状裂纹状缺陷的结构中引起断裂不稳定性所需的应力（或载荷）。 |
| Die casting | 压铸 |
A process in which molten metal, particularly alloys of aluminium, magnesium, copper, and zinc, is forced under pressure (10 to 200 MPa) into a reusable hardened-steel mould machined into a die. 在压力（10至200MPa）下将熔融金属（特别是铝、镁、铜和锌的合金）强制进入加工成模具的可重复使用的硬化钢模具中的过程。 |
| Free carbon | 游离碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。与结合碳形成对比。 |
| Stress area | 应力面积 |
The effective cross-sectional area of the threaded section of a fastener. Used to compute average stress levels in that section. Based on the mean of pitch and minor diameters. 紧固件螺纹部分的有效横截面积。用于计算该截面中的平均应力水平。基于节距和小直径的平均值。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Fatigue limit | 疲劳极限 |
The maximum stress that presumably leads to fatigue fracture in a specified number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. Compare with endurance limit. 在指定数量的应力循环中可能导致疲劳断裂的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。与耐力极限比较。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺纹 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺纹上相应点之间的间距相对较大的螺纹。 |
| Feather key | 滑键 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一种平行键，固定在轴上或在其上滑动的构件的轮毂上。当固定在轴上时，其长度必须足以将滑动构件固定或驱动在轴上的任何位置。当处于滑动构件中时，键只需与轮毂一样长。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 结晶断裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金属断裂面上明亮反射的晶面图案，由许多单个晶体的解理断裂产生。 |
| Deflection temperature under load (DTUL) | 负载变形温度（DTUL） |
The temperature at which a simple cantilever beam deflects a given amount under load. Formerly called heat distortion temperature. 简单悬臂梁在负载下偏转给定量的温度。以前称为热变形温度。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Full annealing | 全退火 |
An imprecise term that denotes an annealing cycle to produce minimum strength and hardness. For the term to be meaningful, the composition and starting condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the transformation range. 一个不精确的术语，表示产生最小强度和硬度的退火循环。为了使该术语有意义，必须说明材料的组成和起始条件以及使用的时间-温度循环。通过奥氏体化退火铁合金，然后在转变范围内缓慢冷却。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的应力循环（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 试样在其应力历史中任何时间所经受的特定特征（产生波动应力和应变）的循环次数。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服务器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一种真空操作的伺服电机，用于机动车中，以提供大于驾驶员能力的制动力。 |
| Heat treatment | 热处理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （热处理）材料，特别是金属的机械性能的改变，通过不同的加热顺序、温度保持和不同速率的冷却。加热和冷却固体金属或合金，以获得所需的条件或性能。仅用于热加工的加热不属于本定义的含义。 |
| Brine quenching | 盐水淬火 |
A quench in which brine (salt water-chlorides, carbonates, and cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process. 一种淬火，其中盐水（盐水-氯化物、碳酸盐和氰化物）是淬火介质。添加盐提高了水在淬火过程的气相或热阶段的效率。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蚀电池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 当两种具有不同电势的金属（阳极和阴极）在液体（电解质）存在下连接在一起时形成的天然“电池”。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 贝氏体硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化处理主要导致贝氏体的形成。 |
| Compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒变大。 |
| AISC | AISC |
The American Institute of Steel Construction. 美国钢结构学会。 |
| Stress raisers | 局部应力集中 |
Changes in contour or discontinuities in structure that cause local increases in stress. 导致局部应力增加的轮廓变化或结构不连续性变化。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋转阀 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一种圆柱形或锥形塞，其中有一个横向孔，当该孔与相邻管道对齐时，流体可通过该孔流动。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一个通用术语，表示一种处理，包括加热并保持在合适的温度，然后以合适的速率冷却，主要用于软化金属材料，但也同时产生其他性能或微观结构的所需变化。 |
| Stress cracking | 应力开裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每种模式都涉及高应力和化学作用。该系列包括氢脆、应力腐蚀开裂、应力脆化和氢辅助应力腐蚀。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（单位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑块机构的曲柄与曲轴中心线到活塞轴线的直线之间的角度。 |
| Tyre | 轮胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 车轮罩安装在轮辋上的柔性环形罩，用于支撑车辆（如机动车、飞机或自行车）的重量，并将动力和扭矩传递到路面。有些充气轮胎是直接充气的，有些轮胎有单独的内胎充气。对于某些应用，使用实心轮胎。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接头 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由两个平行悬臂梁压在梁之间的部件上形成的接头。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在涡扇发动机中，旁通流的质量流量与通过发动机核心的质量流量之比。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 热膨胀系数 |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 单位长度（或体积）随温度单位变化的变化。（2） 给定材料每上升一度的线性或体积膨胀，在任意基础温度下表示，或作为适用于宽范围的更复杂方程表示。 |
| Austempering | 等温淬火 |
A heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite and then held at a temperature just above Ms until transformation to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in both austempered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI), austempered steel consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and austenite. Heat treatment comprising austenitization of a steel article, cooling it to a bainitic range at a rate higher than the critical cooling rate and holding at a fixed temperature until the completion of bainitic transformation. 一种铁合金的热处理，其中零件从奥氏体化温度以足够快的速度淬火，以避免形成铁素体或珠光体，然后保持在略高于Ms的温度，直到完全转变为贝氏体。虽然在奥氏体钢和奥氏体球铁(ADI)中都被指定为贝氏体，但奥氏体钢由含有铁素体和碳化物的两相混合物组成，而奥氏体球墨铸铁由含有铁素体和奥氏体的两相混合物组成。热处理包括钢制品的奥氏体化，以高于临界冷却速率的速率将其冷却到贝氏体范围，并保持在固定温度直到贝氏体转变完成。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 迈耶硬度（单位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 与布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面积而不是表面面积。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗弯强度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 断裂或断裂时刻外层纤维的最大应力。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循环的中位疲劳强度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估计50%的量在N个周期内生存的压力水平。该估计值来自疲劳寿命分布的一个特定点，因为没有试验程序可以直接观察N次循环疲劳强度的频率分布。 |
| Age softening | 时效软化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些应变硬化合金，尤其是铝合金，在室温下会发生强度和硬度的自发降低。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在气缸中往复运动的一种容积泵。在吸入冲程，流体通过入口阀吸入腔室，然后在出口阀关闭时打开。在输送冲程中，流体通过出口阀被迫流出腔室，然后出口阀打开，同时入口阀关闭。轴向和径向配置都很常见。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Bolt length | 螺栓长度 |
The bolt length shall be the distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the bearing surface of the head to the extreme end of the bolt including point. 螺栓长度应为平行于产品轴线测量的从头部的支承面到包括点在内的螺栓末端的距离。 |
| Secant modulus | 割线模量 |
The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on a stress-strain curve. Compare with chord modulus. 从原点到应力应变曲线上任何指定点的割线斜率。与弦模量进行比较。 |
| Compression stroke | 压缩冲程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往复式压缩机或发动机中工作流体被压缩的冲程。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡胶硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 测量负载下压痕深度的橡胶类材料的压痕硬度。这是对弹性模量的测量，而不是对韧性材料的屈服应力，因为卸载橡胶材料时几乎没有（如果有的话）永久压痕。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 给定时间应力松弛曲线斜率的绝对值。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英国标准协会（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 负责为制成品及其设计、制造和测试制定和发布标准规范（英国标准）的英国机构。 |
| Atmosphere | 大气 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一种已被淘汰的（非SI）压力单位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大约等于在平均海平面测量的大气压力（大气压）。 |
| Anelastic | 无弹性 |
Literally ‘not elastic’, but in practice used for materials that display timedependent recovery on unloading. 字面意思是“没有弹性”，但实际上用于在卸载时显示随时间恢复的材料。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一种相对长而薄的物体，其横截面设计用于在相对于流体运动时产生升力。主要应用于飞机和高性能机动车辆。 |
| Austenite finish temperature (Af) | 奥氏体完成温度（Af） |
Temperature at which the transformation of martensite into austenite completes upon heating. The same designation is also applied to nonferrous alloys in which martensite transforms into some parent phase. 加热时马氏体转变为奥氏体的温度。相同的名称也适用于马氏体转变为某些母相的有色合金。 |
| Scuffing | 擦伤 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 热容量（C）（单位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不发生相变的情况下将物体的温度提高1K所需的能量。热容量是一种广泛的热力学性质，取决于温度和压力。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在发生增加或减少之前最接近表面的硬度（从芯部到外径时），分别表示渗碳或脱碳。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Load | 负载 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 对于试验机，施加在试件上的力，以磅力、牛顿或千克力等单位测量。 |
| Freezing point | 冰点 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物质从液态变为固态的温度。大多数物质的冰点随着压力的增加而增加。从固体到液体的逆过程是熔化；熔点与凝固点相同。 |
| Proof strength (Unit Pa) | 验证强度（单位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2 or Rp0.2 is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （验证应力，Rp）在永久应变的某个固定值下的屈服强度（偏移屈服强度），由偏离但平行于弹性加载线的线与工程应力-工程应变曲线的交点给出。偏移是任意的，但通常为0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久应变（验证应变）。用于没有明确定义屈服点的材料。对于0.2%的验证应力，采用符号Rp0.2。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Homogenizing | 均质化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高温以消除或减少扩散引起的化学偏析。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大应力强度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲劳循环中应力强度因子的最大值。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用绳子、链条、钢筋等拉动车辆移动。2.用于加固的纤维束。 |
| Angström (Å) | 昂斯特罗姆（Å） |
An obsolete (non-SI) unit of length, sometimes still employed for atomic and crystallographic measurements. The conversion to SI is 1 Å = 10−10 m. 一种已被淘汰的（非SI）长度单位，有时仍用于原子和晶体学测量。转换为SI为1Å=10-10m。 |
| Compressed liquid | 压缩液体 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于与其温度对应的饱和压力的压力的液体。 |
| Young’s modulus | 杨氏模量 |
A term used synonymously with modulus of elasticity. The ratio of tensile or compressive stresses to the resulting strain. 与弹性模量同义的术语。拉伸或压缩应力与产生应变的比率。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Failure of the joint | 连接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓连接未达到设计者的预期性能。故障可能由螺栓断裂或丢失引起或伴随而来，但也可能意味着即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接头滑动或垫圈接头泄漏。接头故障的常见原因包括振动松动、装配不当、设计不当、意外的工作负载或条件等。 |
| Coalescence | 聚结 |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通过吸收以牺牲剩余为代价的晶粒的生长或以通过吸收或再沉淀为代价的以剩余为代价的相或颗粒的生长。 |
| V-belt | 三角带 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一种具有梯形横截面的传动带，在带V形槽的皮带轮中运行。与平皮带相比，可以传递更高的扭矩。 |
| Maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低温度计 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, Six’s thermometer) A liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高温度计，Six's温度计）一种液体玻璃仪器，用于记录给定时间段内经历的最高和最低温度。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Stress distribution | 应力分布 |
The manner in which tensile, compressive, and shear stresses are distributed within a loaded body, indicated by loci of constant stress. 拉应力、压应力和剪应力在受载物体内的分布方式，由恒定应力轨迹表示。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 热力学过程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物质或系统所经历的平衡状态的变化。 |
| Honing | 珩磨 |
Honing is a controlled, low-speed sizing and surface-finishing process in which stock is removed by the shearing action to the bonded abrasive grains of a honing stone, or stick. Finish polishing of surfaces and cutting edges in which very fine abrasive powders, such as rouge, are employed. Honing is usually applied to cylindrical surfaces and lapping to flat, but the usage is not consistent. 珩磨是一种受控的低速尺寸和表面精加工工艺，其中通过对珩磨石或棒的粘结磨粒的剪切作用去除原料。表面和切削刃的精抛光，其中使用了非常细的研磨粉，例如胭脂。珩磨通常用于圆柱面，研磨至平面，但用法并不一致。 |
| Fastener standard | 紧固件标准 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 详细说明紧固件属性的文件，包括几何形状、材料或化学、热处理、表面处理、测试批量和包装等特性。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（单位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s², so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物体上的吸引力。物体的重量是其质量和该点引力场强度的乘积。质量保持不变，但重量取决于物体在地球表面的位置，随着海拔的升高而减小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，则质量m的重量由W=mg给出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度约为9.81m/s²，因此1千克质量的重量为9.81N。更一般地说，重量是在另一个物体的重力场中施加在物体质量上的力。 |
| Vibration-testing machine (vibrator) | 振动试验机（振动器） |
Any machine that subjects components or systems to vibration at known amplitudes and frequencies in order to determine the response. vibratory equipment Vibrating process equipment, such as shakers, used to separate small and large particles, or feeders to supply particulate or granular material that may otherwise clog. 使部件或系统以已知振幅和频率振动以确定响应的任何机器。振动设备振动工艺设备，如用于分离小颗粒和大颗粒的振动筛，或用于供应可能堵塞的颗粒或粒状材料的给料机。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松动 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| Angle of friction | 摩擦角 |
(friction angle, β) (Unit °) For a body in contact with a plane surface, the angle between the normal to the surface and the resultant force between the body and the surface. If the friction force is F and normal force is N, β is given by F/N = μ = tan β where μ is the coefficient of friction. （摩擦角，β）（单位°）对于与平面接触的物体，表面法线与物体与表面之间的合力之间的夹角。如果摩擦力为F，法向力为N，则β由F/N=μ=tanβ给出，其中μ是摩擦系数。 |
| Shear | 扭剪 |
The type of force that causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the same body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. 导致或倾向于导致同一物体的两个相邻部分在平行于其接触面的方向上相对滑动的力的类型。 |
| Mean stress (Unit Pa) | 平均应力（单位 Pa） |
The average of the maximum and minimum stresses for a material subjected to a stress cycle, as in a fatigue test. 承受应力循环的材料的最大和最小应力的平均值，如在疲劳试验中。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m²) | 韧性（单位：J/m²） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金属在破裂前吸收能量和塑性变形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂纹萌生和扩展的能力。2.材料在不发生断裂的情况下吸收应变能的能力。 |
| External load | 外部负载 |
Forces exerted on fastener and=or joint members by such external factors as weight, wind, inertia, vibration, temperature expansion, pressure, etc. Does not equal the Working load in the fastener. 由重量、风、惯性、振动、温度膨胀、压力等外部因素施加在紧固件和/或接头构件上的力。不等于紧固件中的工作负载。 |
| Flange bolt | 法兰螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在头部下方带有内置垫圈状法兰的螺栓。 |
| Air conditioning | 空调 |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房间、建筑物、飞机、客运车辆等的温度和湿度的过程。更一般地说，它包括控制灰尘、辐射热水平等。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 弹性应变能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物体弹性变形所消耗的能量。本质上，弹性变形过程中所做的所有功都以弹性能的形式存储，并且在释放所施加的力时恢复该能量。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作负荷（单位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的张力；残余预载荷和部分（通常）任何外部载荷的组合产生的张力。连接图通常用于预测紧固件在使用中的近似工作载荷。部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的荷载。 |
| Air cleaner | 空气净化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一种设备，例如过滤器、水力旋流器或静电除尘器，用于从气流中去除颗粒和气溶胶。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通过固溶热处理然后快速淬火对奥氏体铁合金进行退火。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 与主要荷载引起的应力不同，但主要荷载产生的应力；例如，桶装压缩试件和锻件周围产生的环向应力。 |
| Notch ductility | 缺口延展性 |
The percentage reduction in area after complete separation of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen. 在缺口试样的拉伸试验中，金属完全分离后的面积减少百分比。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂扩展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料对裂纹扩展的抵抗力的量度，以应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力或使用J积分概念导出的J值表示。 |
| Diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| Pressure chamber | 压力室 |
A chamber in which components or devices can be subjected to high or low fluid (liquid or gas) pressure. 部件或装置可承受高或低流体（液体或气体）压力的腔室。 |
| Transfer ratio | 传输比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （传递常数）一个复变量，表示传感器输出与产生该输出的输入之间的比率。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 当加载部件或结构的能量释放率低于临界值时，裂纹自行停止扩展。如果可以预测，可以将其纳入结构完整性评估。 |
| Significance level | 显着性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 当假设为真时，给定的显著性检验将拒绝特定效应不存在的假设的所述概率（风险）。 |
| Slot | 狭槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允许热膨胀，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安装或滑动。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里温度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性转变温度，低于此温度金属或合金为铁磁性，高于此温度则为顺磁性。 |
| Slug wrench | 缓动扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有铁砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通过用大锤敲击铁砧产生的。 |
| Fastener specification | 紧固件规格 |
A precise statement of set requirements to be satisfied by a fastener, its material, or its processing. It also indicates the procedure used to determine whether the requirements given are satisfied. 对紧固件、其材料或加工过程要满足的设定要求的精确陈述。它还指出了用于确定是否满足给定要求的程序。 |
| Fastener | 紧固件 |
A fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 紧固件是一种机械装置，用于将两个或多个物体相对于彼此固定在确定的位置。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，长格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来的方程，该方程涉及紧固件几何形状和配合面之间的摩擦系数。基于刚体力学和紧固件几何结构由蓝图尺寸完美描述的假设的理论方程。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物学、医学、农业等方面的应用。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷处理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后进行的处理，以将残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，包括冷却和保持在低于环境温度的温度。 |
| Milling | 铣削 |
A machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. Milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. Because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一种加工工艺，通常用于金属和塑料，其中多齿旋转刀具去除材料以产生平坦或异形表面、槽、槽等。金属由旋转多齿刀具去除；主轴每转一圈，每个齿都会去除少量金属。因为工件和刀具可以同时在多个方向上移动，所以几乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 应力范围（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr = Smax – Smin 一个循环中最大和最小应力之间的代数差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Supercharging | 增压 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷冻过程中形成的碳化物，是参与铁合金共晶反应的互不溶相之一。 |
| Clip gauge | 夹规 |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一种位移计，由两个通过刀刃连接到试件上的薄应变测量悬臂组成，以提供断裂力学试件中的载荷线位移，或用作拉伸试验中的引伸计。 |
| Mechanical metallurgy | 机械冶金 |
The science and technology dealing with the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces. 处理金属在外力作用下的行为的科学技术。 |
| Water hammer | 水锤 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流经管道的液体中发生的反射压力波动，通常是阀门突然关闭的结果。浪涌可能导致管道振动，并听到锤击噪音。影响喘振幅度的关键因素是液体的可压缩性（特别是当其含有未溶解气体时）和管壁的弹性。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 废热回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 从烟道和废气中或从工业过程中加热的液体中回收热能。回收装置包括预热器、回热器、再生器和余热锅炉。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m. 现在定义为25.4毫米的非SI长度单位。转换为SI为1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, DHN, VHN, VPN) (Unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now Pa) Indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. The mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which VPN = 0.927(2W/d2) where W is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，DHN，VHN，VPN）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为Pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中VPN=0.927（2W/d2），其中W是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| Plane-strain fracture toughness (KIc) | 平面应变断裂韧性（KIc） |
The crack extension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. 裂纹尖端平面应变条件下的裂纹扩展阻力。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氢致延迟开裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有时用于识别一种氢脆形式的术语，其中金属在小于屈服应力的稳定应力下似乎会自发断裂。在施加应力（或将受应力金属暴露于氢）与开裂开始之间通常存在延迟。也称为静态疲劳。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 转速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （单位rps或rpm）对于绕固定轴旋转的物体，旋转速度是物体每单位时间的转数。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（单位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Head height | 头部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 头部高度应为平行于产品轴线从封头顶部到支承面测量的总距离，并应包括垫圈表面的厚度。提升等级和制造商标识不包括在头部高度中。 |
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