| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂纹尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂纹塑性变形的影响，物理裂纹尺寸增大。有时，根据物理裂纹尺寸的测量值加上塑性区调整的计算值来计算有效裂纹尺寸。计算有效裂纹尺寸的首选方法是将载荷-挠度轨迹正割的柔度与试样类型校准的弹性柔度进行比较。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 两级压缩机 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一种机器，其中气体在低压气缸中从低压压缩到中压，然后在高压气缸中压缩到最终压力。如果两个气缸由中冷器分离，则效率提高。 |
| Combustion chamber | 炉膛 |
1. In a piston engine, the volume between the head of an individual cylinder and the crown of the piston in which the fuel–air mixture burns during each power stroke of the engine. 2. (combustor) In a gas-turbine engine, a ramjet, an afterburner, or a rocket motor, the component, often cylindrical or annular in shape, in which the fuel–air mixture burns in a continuous-flow process. 1.在活塞式发动机中，在发动机的每个动力冲程中，燃料-空气混合物燃烧的单个气缸盖和活塞顶之间的体积。2.（燃烧室）在燃气涡轮发动机、冲压发动机、加力燃烧室或火箭发动机中，燃料-空气混合物在连续流动过程中燃烧的部件，通常为圆柱形或环形。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 径向负荷（单位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| Vane engine (vane motor) | 叶片发动机（叶片马达） |
A rotary engine in which high-pressure hydraulic fluid in the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor acts on the vanes, causing the rotor to revolve within a cylinder. The design is much like a sliding-vane compressor, as is that of a vane pump, used to pump liquids. 一种旋转式发动机，其中偏置转子中装有弹簧的滑动叶片之间的高压液压流体作用在叶片上，使转子在气缸内旋转。这种设计很像滑动叶片压缩机，就像用于泵送液体的叶片泵一样。 |
| Air-cooled condenser | 风冷冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is air, used to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine, the condensate being returned to the boiler. 一种热交换器，其中冷却介质为空气，用于冷凝蒸汽轮机排出的蒸汽，冷凝水返回锅炉。 |
| Hydrogen embrittlement | 氢脆 |
A condition of low toughness, low ductility or cracking in metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen. A common and troublesome form of Stress cracking. Several theories have been proposed to explain hydrogen embrittlement, but, at present, the exact mechanism is still unknown. What is known, however, is the fact that if hydrogen is trapped in a bolt by poor electroplating practices, it can encourage stress cracking. Bolts can fail, suddenly and unexpectedly, under normal loads. Premature crack growth over time under tensile stress leading to unexpected failure in certain metals, caused by small amounts of hydrogen in the microstructure. Hydrogen may enter steels during melting or heat treating, or during processes such as electroplating. 因吸收氢而导致金属韧性低、延展性低或开裂的情况，是一种常见且麻烦的应力开裂形式。在拉伸应力下，裂纹随时间过早扩展，导致某些金属发生意外失效，这是由微观结构中的少量氢引起的。在熔化或热处理过程中，或在电镀等过程中，氢可能进入钢中。已经提出了几种理论来解释氢脆，但目前，确切的机理仍然未知。已知的事实是，如果氢因电镀不当而被困在螺栓中，则会导致应力开裂。在正常载荷下，螺栓可能突然意外失效。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Slip line | 滑移线 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑动平面在观察表面上的轨迹；只有在变形前对表面进行抛光，才能观察到痕迹。通常对金属晶体的观察（在光学显微镜下）是一组称为滑移带的滑移线。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋转泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通过内部部件的旋转来泵送液体的容积泵，如齿轮泵、凸轮泵（类似于罗茨鼓风机）或螺杆泵。 |
| Rotary piston flow meter | 旋转活塞流量计 |
A rotary liquid flow meter in which a cylindrical rotor, eccentrically mounted within a cylindrical casing, the axes of the two cylinders being parallel, is caused to rotate by the liquid flow. The flow rate is determined from the number of rotations of the rotor in a given time. 一种旋转式液体流量计，其中偏心安装在圆柱形外壳内的圆柱形转子，两个圆柱体的轴线平行，由液体流引起旋转。流量由转子在给定时间内的转数确定。 |
| Atomization | 雾化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通过喷嘴（雾化器）喷射从液体（例如柴油或汽油）中产生细小液滴喷雾。 |
| Pressure tap | 测压口 |
A small hole in the wall of a pipe or pressure vessel to which is attached a tube, the other end of which is connected to one side of a pressure transducer. 管子或压力容器壁上的小孔，与管子相连，管子的另一端与压力传感器的一侧相连。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Air pump | 气泵 |
A machine for providing a flow of air or for increasing or decreasing the mass and pressure of air in a closed container. The term pump is more usual when the working fluid is a liquid, while compressor is more usual for gases. 一种用于提供空气流动或用于增加或减少密闭容器中空气质量和压力的机器。当工作流体是液体时，术语泵更常用，而气体更常用压缩机。 |
| Ballonet | 气囊 |
An airbag used in a hybrid airship. Helium gas expels air from the ballonet during ascent. Fans draw air in during descent. 混合动力飞艇中使用的安全气囊。氦气在上升过程中将空气从气囊中排出。风扇在下降过程中吸入空气。 |
| Shank | 螺杆 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| Heat (q, Q) (Unit J) | 热量（q, Q）（单位J） |
A form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at one temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between them. Heat can be identified only as it crosses the boundary. A body can never be said to contain heat which is thus a transient phenomenon. 一种能量形式，由于它们之间的温差在一个温度下通过系统边界传递到另一个温度不同的系统（或环境）。只有当热量穿过边界时才能识别。一个物体不能说永远含有热量，这是一种瞬态现象。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋转阀 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一种圆柱形或锥形塞，其中有一个横向孔，当该孔与相邻管道对齐时，流体可通过该孔流动。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滚动摩擦系数 |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物体滚动表面的力与法向力之比。与滑动摩擦不同，滚动摩擦取决于接触片的大小和滚动元件的半径，其行为取决于接触是弹性的、粘弹性的还是塑性的以及滞后损失。 |
| Stress-strain diagram | 应力-应变图 |
A graph in which corresponding values of stress and strain are plotted against each other. Values of stress are usually plotted vertically(ordinates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally (abscissas or xaxis). Also known as deformation curve and stress-strain curve. 对应的应力和应变值相对绘制的图表。应力值通常垂直绘制（纵坐标或y轴），应变值水平绘制（横坐标或X轴）。也称为变形曲线和应力-应变曲线。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 间距（单位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同涡轮或压缩机叶片的叶栅中，平行于前缘测量的连续叶片之间的距离。2.对于螺纹，平行于螺纹轴线测量的相邻螺纹形状之间的距离。3.对于飞机，机头和水平线之间的垂直关系。俯仰轴是飞机机翼平面内垂直于中心线的轴，飞机绕中心线旋转。俯仰运动是飞机机头的相应向上或向下运动。俯仰姿态是飞机中心线与水平线之间的角度。当中心线水平时，当机头高于其位置时，角度为正。 |
| Densimeter | 密度计 |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于测定固体或液体的密度或相对密度的仪器。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度测试 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm² but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一种试验，其中不同的硬压头在不同载荷下压入固体表面，以产生永久压痕，所产生的压力称为硬度。布氏试验采用球形压头；维氏硬度测试是一个方形金字塔。压痕硬度H与单轴屈服应力Y之间的关系约为H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm²为单位，但现在通常在Pa.2中给出。划痕和锉刀硬度测试要么与一种材料能够标记另一种材料（矿物的莫氏硬度标度）有关，要么与刚性压头在表面上滑动产生的凹槽大小有关。3.回弹硬度涉及掉落压头或旋转臂端部压头撞击表面后的回弹高度。 |
| Alternating stress | 交替应力 |
(Unit Pa) Originally, stresses of changing sign (tension-tocompression-to-tension, etc.) in a component produced by alternating forces acting in opposite directions, but now generally used to describe stresses that vary but may keep the same sign, as produced by periodic, out-of–balance, or vibrational loads. （单位Pa）最初，构件中由相反方向的交变力产生的符号变化的应力（张力到压缩到张力等），但现在通常用于描述变化但可能保持相同符号的应力，如由周期性、失衡或振动载荷产生的应力。 |
| Alpha iron | 阿尔法铁 |
The body-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable below 910 °C (1670 °F). 纯铁的体心立方形式，在910°C(1670°F)以下稳定。 |
| Tension joint | 张力接头 |
A joint which is primarily subjected to loads acting more or less parallel to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少平行于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲劳裂纹扩展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲劳荷载引起的裂纹扩展速率，以每次荷载施加循环的裂纹扩展表示。 |
| Absolute expansion | 绝对扩张 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考虑到容纳液体的容器的任何膨胀后，液体随温度的真实体积膨胀。 |
| Testing machine | 试验机 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向试件施加稳定或振荡或冲击载荷的机器。载荷可以是拉伸的、压缩的、剪切的、弯曲的或扭转的。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m. 现在定义为25.4毫米的非SI长度单位。转换为SI为1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Autonomous energy system | 自主能源系统 |
(stand-alone energy system) A sole source of electricity, usually small-scale, for applications remote from a grid, especially with energy storage in the system. Hydroelectric, photovoltaic, wind-power and other renewable systems are well suited to stand-alone applications. （独立能源系统）一种唯一的电力来源，通常是小规模的，用于远离电网的应用，尤其是系统中的能量存储。水电、光伏、风力和其他可再生能源系统非常适合独立应用。 |
| Forging cracks | 锻造裂纹 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 这可能发生在紧固件制造过程中的切削或锻造操作中，并且位于头部的顶部或带锯齿的头部螺栓的凸起周边上。 |
| Socket head | 凹头 |
Screw head having a hexagonal or other form of recessed socket in the head so that the screw can be turned with a wrench or key, as a hexagon key. 螺钉头上有六角或其他形式的凹座，可以用扳手或钥匙（如六角钥匙）转动螺钉。 |
| constitutive equation | 本构方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本构关系）1.在固体力学或流体力学中，应力与材料的变形、应变、应变率、温度等之间的代数或数值关系。在固体力学中，这种关系有时称为状态方程。简单的线性例子包括胡克定律和牛顿粘度定律。2.在传热学中，将热流与温度梯度联系起来的一种关系，如傅立叶热传导定律。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用绳子、链条、钢筋等拉动车辆移动。2.用于加固的纤维束。 |
| Pressure loss (Unit Pa) | 压力损失（单位Pa） |
The loss in stagnation pressure in internal flow due to wall friction and minor losses in fittings. 壁面摩擦引起的内部流动停滞压力损失和配件的微小损失。 |
| Terminal velocity (Unit m/s) | 终端速度（单位：m/s） |
The velocity reached by an object in free fall through a fluid when the upward drag and buoyancy forces just balance the object’s weight. For an object with a density lower than that of the fluid, the terminal velocity is vertically upwards. 当向上的阻力和浮力正好平衡物体的重量时，物体自由下落通过流体达到的速度。对于密度低于流体密度的物体，终端速度垂直向上。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 两端有螺纹并弯曲成U形的杆。用于夹紧。一种外螺纹紧固件，弯曲成字母U的形状，两端带有螺纹。 |
| Shoulder | 轴肩 |
The portion of a shaft, stepped component, or flanged component, where a change in diameter or other dimension occurs. Even for a nominal step change, in practice there will be a radius where shoulder and shaft meet in order to avoid too severe a stress concentration. 轴、阶梯部件或法兰部件的直径或其他尺寸发生变化的部分。即使是名义阶跃变化，在实践中，肩部和轴相交处也会有一个半径，以避免出现过严重的应力集中。 |
| Crack-extension force (G) | 裂纹扩展力（G） |
The elastic energy per unit of new separation area that would be made available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic solid during a virtual increment of forward crack extension. 在向前裂纹扩展的虚拟增量期间，在弹性固体中理想裂纹的前端可获得的每单位新分离面积的弹性能量。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Plane-strain fracture toughness (KIc) | 平面应变断裂韧性（KIc） |
The crack extension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. 裂纹尖端平面应变条件下的裂纹扩展阻力。 |
| Impact | 撞击 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物体或部件的突然加载，如车辆碰撞或锤击。 |
| Conduit | 导管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金属、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物体，与其横向尺寸相比相对较长，并且有流体流过。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在应力集中点易发生脆性断裂。例如，在缺口拉伸试验中，如果缺口强度小于无缺口试样的抗拉强度，则称材料为缺口脆性材料。否则，称其为缺口韧性。 |
| Wire rope | 钢丝绳 |
A type of cable formed from individual strands of wire with a helical twist. 一种线缆，由具有螺旋扭曲的单独的线股形成。 |
| Composite property | 复合属性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在热力学中，根据封闭系统及其周围环境的性质定义的性质，例如非流动火用函数。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 铁素体不锈钢 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 铁素体不锈钢具有铁素体（BCC）晶体结构，含有10-28%的铬，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均为重量%）。它们具有磁性，可通过冷加工硬化。它们具有良好至中等的机械性能，在高温下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性，在400至540°C的温度下易脆化。用于涡轮零件、高温阀、汽车排气部件和核反应堆堆芯部件。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 当数据点或计算不尽相同时，它们被称为分散的。“预载的大量分散”意味着单个螺栓中的预载差异很大。 |
| Alternative energy | 可替代能源 |
(alternate energy) Energy sources that are renewable and do not have the undesired consequences of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. （替代能源）可再生能源，不会产生化石燃料和核能的不良后果。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 应用热力学 |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程热力学、热力学）热、功和系统特性之间关系的科学，以及燃料中的热能可以转化为机械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源转换的各个方面的研究，包括发电、制冷、所涉及物质的相关特性以及它们之间的关系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本规律。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 压力恢复（单位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通过发散喷嘴或扩散器的未分离流的静压逐渐增加。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋转关节 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在机器人技术中，一种单自由度关节，其中受控变量为关节角度。 |
| Ventilation | 通风系统 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房间、建筑物、乘用车或其他封闭空间中循环新鲜空气的系统。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中异辛烷的体积百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Pitch diameter | 中径 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 对于螺纹，指一个假想圆柱体的直径，其表面将在使凹槽宽度和焊盘宽度等于螺距一半的点穿过螺纹。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纤维 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 当紧固件应无腐蚀性、低导电性或对电磁波透明时，玻璃纤维用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Fastener standard | 紧固件标准 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 详细说明紧固件属性的文件，包括几何形状、材料或化学、热处理、表面处理、测试批量和包装等特性。 |
| Sample standard deviation (s) | 样本标准偏差（s） |
The square root of the sample variance. It is a point estimate of the population standard deviation, a measure of the “spread”of the frequency distribution of a population. This value of sprovides a statistic that is used in computing interval estimates and several test statistics. For small sample sizes, s underestimates the population standard deviation. 样本方差的平方根。它是总体标准偏差的点估计，是总体频率分布“扩散”的度量。SPR的这个值提供了一个用于计算区间估计和若干测试统计量的统计量。对于小样本，s低估了总体标准偏差。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 涡轮流量计 |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ṁ. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ṁ is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （轴向流量计、螺旋桨流量计）一种串联流量计，其中螺旋桨或转子的转速N是质量流量的测量值ṁ. 校准总是必要的，但需要适当的设计ṁ在很宽的范围内与N成正比。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服务器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一种真空操作的伺服电机，用于机动车中，以提供大于驾驶员能力的制动力。 |
| Band clutch | 带式离合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一种摩擦离合器，其驱动是通过一条带在离合器边缘上收缩来实现的。 |
| Age hardening | 时效硬化 |
Raising the strength and hardness of an alloy by heating a supersaturated solid solution at a relatively low temperature to induce precipitation of a finely dispersed second phase. Also known as aging or precipitation hardening. Hardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working. 通过在相对较低的温度下加热过饱和固溶体以诱导细分散的第二相沉淀来提高合金的强度和硬度。也称为时效或沉淀硬化。通常在快速冷却或冷加工后。 |
| Ion carburizing | 离子渗碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一种表面硬化方法，利用高压电能将碳离子在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子渗碳或辉光放电渗碳同义。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趋势。 |
| Temperature factor | 温度系数 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。说明了热膨胀和温度引起的声速变化的影响。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于从容器中排出空气和不凝性气体以保持在亚大气压的泵。皮拉尼和热导率计是用于测量真空系统内绝对压力（真空水平）的真空计，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Checks | 检查 |
Numerous, very fine cracks in a coating or at the surface of a metal part. Checks may appear during processing or during service and are most often associated with thermal treatment or thermal cycling. 涂层中或金属零件表面的许多非常细微的裂纹。在加工或服务期间可能会出现检查，并且通常与热处理或热循环有关。 |
| Stress equalizing | 应力均衡 |
A low-temperature heat treatment used to balance stresses in cold-worked material without an appreciable decrease in the mechanical strength produced by cold working. 一种低温热处理，用于平衡冷加工材料中的应力，而不会明显降低冷加工产生的机械强度。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 热容量（C）（单位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不发生相变的情况下将物体的温度提高1K所需的能量。热容量是一种广泛的热力学性质，取决于温度和压力。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 铁素体脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脱碳，碳损失充分，导致回火马氏体颜色较浅，硬度明显低于相邻母材，金相检查时存在铁素体晶粒或晶界网络。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 冲击强度1.（单位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高应变率条件下导致失效（通过屈服或断裂）的应力。2.（单位J）有时用于描述在夏比或悬臂梁式冲击试验中使样品断裂所需的能量，即使单位不是强度单位。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Proof strength (Unit Pa) | 验证强度（单位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2 or Rp0.2 is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （验证应力，Rp）在永久应变的某个固定值下的屈服强度（偏移屈服强度），由偏离但平行于弹性加载线的线与工程应力-工程应变曲线的交点给出。偏移是任意的，但通常为0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久应变（验证应变）。用于没有明确定义屈服点的材料。对于0.2%的验证应力，采用符号Rp0.2。 |
| Spring | 弹簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 储存机械能并在变形时施加力的弹性部件。作用力F与弹簧x偏转的曲线斜率dF/dx称为弹簧率或弹簧模量k，单位为N/m。对于线性弹簧，F（x）曲线成比例，k称为弹簧常数。一种弹性装置，在应力或压力下屈服，但在应力和压力消除后恢复到其原始状态或位置。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕变疲劳 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金属和其他材料（例如具有时间相关行为的聚合物）在高同源温度下的组合蠕变和疲劳的影响。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量规 |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于测量螺栓应力或应变的超声波仪器。 |
| Static fatigue | 静态疲劳 |
A term referring to a time-dependent reduction in strength with a static (noncyclic) load. The term may refer to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking or the effect of creep on the strength of plastics. Delayed fracture caused by environmental effects under dead-weight loading of materials such as glass. The name is unfortunate, as cyclic loads are not involved and glass is not susceptible to fatigue. 指静态（非循环）载荷下强度随时间变化的降低。该术语可指氢致延迟开裂或蠕变对塑料强度的影响。在玻璃等材料的自重荷载下，由环境影响引起的延迟断裂。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系数 |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系数，表示设计人员对剪切接头强度估计的不确定性。用于载荷和阻力系数设计。 |
| Depth (Unit m) | 深度（单位米） |
1. The vertical distance below a datum surface, especially the sea surface. 2. The distance between the top and bottom of a hole, step in a surface, or a container. 1.基准面以下的垂直距离，尤其是海面。2. 孔的顶部和底部之间的距离、表面上的台阶或容器中的距离。 |
| Grub screw | 平头螺丝 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一种短的无头螺钉，一端有一个凹槽，用于安装螺丝刀或钥匙。 |
| Mass flow meter | 质量流量计 |
An instrument, such as a Coriolis flow meter, which measures the mass flow rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe or other duct, rather than its volume flow rate. 一种仪器，例如科里奥利流量计，一种测量流经管道或其他管道的流体的质量流率而不是其体积流率的仪器。 |
| Milling | 铣削 |
A machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. Milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. Because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一种加工工艺，通常用于金属和塑料，其中多齿旋转刀具去除材料以产生平坦或异形表面、槽、槽等。金属由旋转多齿刀具去除；主轴每转一圈，每个齿都会去除少量金属。因为工件和刀具可以同时在多个方向上移动，所以几乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通过适当的处理增加硬度，通常包括加热和冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：时效硬化、火焰硬化、感应硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角连接两个管道端部的配件。2.示例关节机器人上的第三关节对应于人的肘部。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜计 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一种干式流量计，其中有两个或多个相互连接的腔室，每个腔室的壁上都有一个隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，气体流速由隔膜的移动确定。隔膜流量计通常用于监测家用和商用燃气供应。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 声音在物体（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓应力或应变的超声波测量的术语。 |
| Bright nitriding | 光亮氮化 |
Nitriding in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中氮化，以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Structural frame | 结构框架 |
The underlying load-bearing framework of beams, columns, bracing, etc., of steel, concrete, brick, stone, timber etc., required to support the static and dynamic forces a building or component is subjected to, including its weight and that of its contents. 由钢、混凝土、砖、石、木材等制成的梁、柱、支撑等构成的底层承重框架，用于支撑建筑物或构件承受的静态和动态力，包括其重量及其内含物的重量。 |
| Clutch | 离合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一种用于连接和断开旋转轴的装置，例如在发动机和变速箱之间。 |
| Compressible flow | 可压缩流动 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 马赫数M高到足以使气体密度发生显着变化的气流。对于空气，这是当M>0.3时。 |
| SI system | SI国际单位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的缩写，即国际单位计量系统——一种基于旧公制的国际公认计量单位系统。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳钢在油浴中的硬化。分为常规、快速、马氏体淬火或热淬火。 |
| Atmometer | 气压计 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) An instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （湿度计，蒸发计）测量水从表面蒸发到大气中的速率的仪器。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白渗氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮气的情况下模拟氮化操作。这通常通过使用惰性材料代替氮化剂或通过在铁合金上施加合适的保护涂层来实现。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Fastener manufacturer | 紧固件制造商 |
An organization that fabricates raw steel into a fastener meeting specified standards. 将生钢加工成符合规定标准的紧固件的组织。 |
| Vibration | 振动 |
1. A periodic change with time of the displacements of elements making up a component or structure. 2. The study of the oscillatory motion of bodies and systems and the frequencies, amplitudes, and forces associated with them. 1.组成部件或结构的元件位移随时间的周期性变化。2.研究物体和系统的振荡运动以及与之相关的频率、振幅和力的学科。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 应力强度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一种标度因子，通常用符号K表示，在线弹性断裂力学中用于描述已知尺寸和形状的裂纹尖端施加应力的增强。在任何含有裂纹的结构中，裂纹快速扩展开始时，该因子称为临界应力强度因子，或断裂韧性。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 风压（单位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 与风相关的动态压力。风的静压是大气压。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Strain rate | 应变率 |
The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain rate are reciprocal time. 通常拉伸试验的应变时间速率。直接在试样标距上测量的应变用于确定应变率。因为应变是无因次的，所以应变率的单位是倒数时间。 |
| Actuating system | 驱动系统 |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一种系统，其中提供给执行器的电气、气动或液压输入通常以受控方式产生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一种形成关节的可拆卸机构。关节的两个组件的连接器。1.连接两个或多个轴或机构部件的任何机械紧固件，以传递动力。2.连接两辆车的装置。 |
| Specimen | 样品 |
A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration, that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample. 用于破坏性或无损检测的测试对象，通常具有标准尺寸或配置。可以从样品的每个单位切割一个或多个样品。 |
| Mean stress (Unit Pa) | 平均应力（单位 Pa） |
The average of the maximum and minimum stresses for a material subjected to a stress cycle, as in a fatigue test. 承受应力循环的材料的最大和最小应力的平均值，如在疲劳试验中。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均匀渗碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用渗碳工艺将低碳铁合金转化为整个截面中碳含量均匀且较高的合金。 |
| Machine | 机器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在执行有用任务时传递能量的机制。一个地方有一台以上的连接或执行单独的功能，称为机器。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口铸铁和某些钢在长时间退火过程中形成的细小、明显的无定形碳颗粒。也称为回火碳。 |
| Cone pulley | 锥轮 |
A stepped pulley having several diameters which, when linked by a laterallymoveable transmission belt to a corresponding pulley, gives a series of speed ratios. 具有多种直径的阶梯式皮带轮，当通过可横向移动的传动带连接到相应的皮带轮时，会产生一系列速比。 |
| Computer control | 电脑控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通过预编程计算机或反馈控制对工程设备或系统进行控制。 |
| Ferrite | 铁素体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一种或多种元素在体心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（例如，铁酸铬），否则通常假定溶质为碳。在一些平衡图上，有两个铁素体区域被一个奥氏体区域隔开。下部区域为α铁素体；上部，δ铁氧体。如果没有指定，则假定为 α 铁氧体。 |
| Silky fracture | 丝状断口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一种金属断裂，断裂的金属表面具有精细的纹理，通常外观暗淡。具有坚韧和坚固金属的特征。 |
| Wind tunnel | 风洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于测试和研究的可控气流管道。类型包括排污、闭路、开路回路和开路段。闭路隧道可加压或排空。工作段通常位于流量调节元件的下游，可包括增压室、蜂窝、滤网、湍流格栅和收缩管。紧靠下游通常有一个扩散器。对于基础研究，通常的要求是在低涡流和湍流强度的工作段中实现均匀稳定流动。对于某些应用，流动可能是密度分层、剪切、不稳定或高湍流强度。 |
| Turbine pump (turbopump) | 涡轮泵 |
An axial or centrifugal pump driven by a turbine. Typically used to supply fuel to the combustion chamber of a rocket engine such as on the space shuttle. 由涡轮驱动的轴向或离心泵。通常用于向火箭发动机（如航天飞机）的燃烧室供应燃料。 |
| Thread rolling | 滚丝 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺纹滚压（也称为滚压螺纹）是一种冷成型工艺，通过将硬化钢模具的压痕滚压到圆柱形或锥形坯料的表面来生产螺纹或其他螺旋或环形形状。多边形坯料也进行螺纹轧制，以制造螺纹成型和自锁螺钉。优选的多边形形状为三棱形，并在平模机中生产。 |
| Bypass valve | 旁通阀 |
A valve that directs flow through a bypass. 引导流过旁路的阀门。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋转轴的方向上起作用或移动。 |
| Sampling frequency (Unit Hz) | 采样频率（单位Hz） |
(sampling rate) The number of measurement samples per unit time taken from a continuous analogue signal to produce a discrete signal. It is the inverse of the time between successive measurements (sampling interval, sampling period, or sampling time). （采样率）从连续模拟信号中提取以产生离散信号的每单位时间的测量样本数。它是连续测量之间时间的倒数（采样间隔、采样周期或采样时间）。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Stress amplitude | 应力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重复变化应力的一个循环中最大和最小应力之间代数差的一半。 |
| Hot isostatic pressing | 热等静压 |
Sintering of powdered materials at high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure in order to minimize porosity. 在高温和高静水压力下烧结粉末材料，以尽量减少孔隙率。 |
| Vent | 发泄 |
A small valve that allows the release of pressurized fluid from a pipe, pressure vessel, etc., often to the atmosphere. 一种小阀门，允许将加压流体从管道、压力容器等中释放到大气中。 |
| Normal stress (Unit N) | 法向应力（单位：N） |
The stress component perpendicular to a plane on which forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile stress or compressive stress. A stress in a fluid (such as pressure) or a solid, that is perpendicular to the surface on which it acts. The surface may be a real external surface or an imaginary internal one. 垂直于受力平面的应力分量。法向应力可以是拉应力或压应力。流体（如压力）或固体中垂直于其作用表面的应力。该表面可以是真实的外表面或假想的内表面。 |
| Congruent melting point (Unit K) | 全等熔点（单位K） |
congruent melting point (Unit K) The temperature at which a solid substance at a specified pressure changes phase to a liquid of identical composition. 一致的熔点（单位K）固体物质在特定压力下相变为具有相同成分的液体时的温度。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 临界冷却速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的转变所需的连续冷却速率。对于钢，它是奥氏体必须持续冷却以抑制Ms温度以上的转变的最小速率。 |
| Deflection temperature under load (DTUL) | 负载变形温度（DTUL） |
The temperature at which a simple cantilever beam deflects a given amount under load. Formerly called heat distortion temperature. 简单悬臂梁在负载下偏转给定量的温度。以前称为热变形温度。 |
| Initial preload | 初始预载 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 拧紧单个螺栓时产生的张力。通常会通过后续的装配操作或在役负载和条件进行修改。 |
| Lüders lines | 吕德斯线 |
Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible with the unaided eye, that form along the length of sheet metal or a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45° to the loading axis. Caused by localized plastic deformation, they result from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Lüders bands, Hartmann lines, Piobert lines, or stretcher strains. 拉长的表面标记或凹陷，通常肉眼可见，沿金属板或拉伸试样的长度形成，与加载轴的角度约为45°。由于局部塑性变形，它们是不连续（不均匀）屈服的结果。也被称为吕德斯带、哈特曼线、皮奥伯特线或拉伸线。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中间退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造过程中和最终处理之前的一个或多个阶段对锻造金属进行退火。 |
| Bond strength (Unit Pa) | 结合强度（单位Pa） |
The tensile, compressive or shear stress at which joints fail, e.g. by fracture or excessive deformation. 接头失效的拉伸、压缩或剪切应力，例如断裂或过度变形。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接从渗碳作业中淬火渗碳零件。（2） 也用于直接从可锻操作淬火珠光体可锻零件。 |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程应力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一个术语，有时用于常规应力，以区别于真实应力。在拉伸试验中，通过将施加在试样上的断裂载荷除以试样的原始横截面积来计算。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 离心风机 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一种带有转子的机器，转子由安装在轮毂周围的许多叶片组成，用于移动空气或其他气体。气体轴向进入转子并在增加的压力下径向排出。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨损 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由两个金属部件之间的滑动作用导致的一种磨损，在金属表面上产生氧化膜。这些氧化膜防止在滑动表面之间形成金属结合，导致细磨屑和低磨损率。 |
| Allowable stress design | 许用应力设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。故意低估螺栓和接头材料的强度，以便在结构钢接头的设计中引入安全系数。它是最近定义的荷载和阻力系数设计程序的替代方法。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m²) | 韧性（单位：J/m²） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金属在破裂前吸收能量和塑性变形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂纹萌生和扩展的能力。2.材料在不发生断裂的情况下吸收应变能的能力。 |
| Furnace | 炉 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一种燃烧室，其中燃烧固体、液体或气体燃料以向锅炉或其他工艺设备供应热气。示例包括燃烧室、锅炉炉（蒸汽发生炉）、热风炉、燃油炉、上升气流炉和水冷炉。2.用于加热和熔化材料的腔室，有时具有受控气氛或真空（真空炉）。例如高炉、直接和间接电弧炉、感应炉（高频炉）、马弗炉、反射炉和太阳能炉。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Dynamic load rating (Unit N) | 额定动载荷（单位N） |
The allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 当负载不是静态时，组件或结构上的允许负载。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一种已被淘汰的（即非国际单位制）能量单位，等于1000卡。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量计 |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量计）安装在管道旁路中的流量计，它本身可能是流量计的一部分。孔板用于确保一部分主流通过旁路。 |
| Hot shortness | 热脆性 |
The reduction of ductility in steels at high temperatures caused by melting of sulfides that wet grain boundaries and spread along them. 高温下钢的延展性降低，这是由于硫化物的熔化润湿晶界并沿晶界扩散而引起的。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由两个垂直管组成的装置，在顶部或底部通过一段管子连接，形成U形。 |
| Biomechanics | 生物力学 |
The application of mechanical-engineering principles, including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics together with materials engineering, to biological systems. 机械工程原理（包括热力学、流体力学和固体力学以及材料工程）在生物系统中的应用。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒啮合齿轮箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一种齿轮箱，其中提供不同速比的齿轮对始终啮合，通过将相关齿轮连接或断开驱动轴获得不同的速比。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 涡轮分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10−8 Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（压力降至约10−8Pa）泵，其中动量通过快速旋转的叶片盘传递给气体分子。 |
| Decompression chamber | 减压舱 |
A chamber in which ambient-air pressure can be increased to levels found in deep-sea diving. It is used to gradually acclimatize divers back to normal conditions and avoid ‘the bends’. 环境气压可以提高到深海潜水水平的腔室。它用于逐渐使潜水员适应正常条件，避免“弯曲”。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面应力断裂韧性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在线弹性断裂力学中，由试样的R曲线和临界裂纹扩展力曲线之间的切线确定的不稳定条件下裂纹扩展阻力的值。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 国际度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，国际计量局）政府间组织，其任务是为可追溯到国际单位制的单一、一致的计量系统提供基础。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在钢上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮（从稻草色到蓝色），从线圈或薄片的边缘延伸。有时称为退火边界。 |
| Sigma phase | σ相 |
A hard, brittle, nonmagnetic intermediate phase with a tetragonal crystal structure, containing 30 atoms per unit cell, space group P42/mnm, occurring in many binary and ternary alloys of the transition elements. The composition of this phase in the various systems is not the same, and the phase usually exhibits a wide range in homogeneity. Alloying with a third transition element usually enlarges the field of homogeneity and extends it deep into the ternary section. 一种硬、脆、非磁性中间相，具有四方晶体结构，每单位晶胞含有30个原子，空间群P42/mnm，存在于许多过渡元素的二元和三元合金中。该相在各种系统中的组成不尽相同，并且该相通常表现出宽范围的均匀性。与第三过渡元素的合金化通常会扩大均匀性范围，并将其延伸到三元区。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s² for any unsupported body. 物体被拉向地球中心或其他天体的吸引力，行星或其他天体表面的引力。它的强度是通过产生的加速度来衡量的，对于任何无支撑的物体，地球的重力都会产生大约9.8m/s²的加速度。 |
| Torque monitor | 扭矩监测器 |
A torque tool control system which monitors the amount of torque being developed by the tool during use, but does not control the tool or the torque produced. 一种扭矩工具控制系统，监控工具在使用过程中产生的扭矩量，但不控制工具或产生的扭矩。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在车床上加工一个垂直于旋转轴的平面。 |
| Elongation | 伸张率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 机械测试中使用的术语，用于描述试样在受力时的延伸量。 |
| Turboblower | 涡轮鼓风机 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 离心式或轴流式压缩机或风扇。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Zero initial conditions | 零初始条件 |
The assumption normally made in control engineering that up to a start time defined as t = 0, all variables have zero value. 在控制工程中通常作出的假设，即在定义为t=0的开始时间内，所有变量均为零值。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 适用于冷加工低碳钢或中碳钢的亚临界退火处理。与最终退火相比，精加工退火是一种折衷处理，可降低残余应力，从而最大限度地降低加工中的变形风险，同时保留冷加工对可加工性的大部分好处。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽发电厂冷凝器上的低于大气压的压力导致整体效率显着提高。 |
| Bimetallic strip | 双金属片 |
A strip formed by welding, riveting or brazing together two metals having different coefficients of expansion, which causes the strip to curl when its temperature changes. Typical combinations are steel and copper or steel and brass. 将两种膨胀系数不同的金属焊接、铆接或钎焊在一起形成的带材，当温度变化时，带材会卷曲。典型的组合是钢和铜或钢和黄铜。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 废热回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 从烟道和废气中或从工业过程中加热的液体中回收热能。回收装置包括预热器、回热器、再生器和余热锅炉。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗气蚀诱导剂 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的轴流泵，通过增加进口压头防止主泵出现气穴。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 带齿锁紧垫圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 这些垫圈用于将紧固件（如螺栓和螺母）锁定到组件的零部件上，或增加紧固件与组件之间的摩擦力。它们的设计方式类似于螺旋弹簧锁紧垫圈，可采用碳钢。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Homogenizing | 均质化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高温以消除或减少扩散引起的化学偏析。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脱碳，具有足够的碳损失，以在金相检查下仅显示清晰定义的铁素体晶粒。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 与主要荷载引起的应力不同，但主要荷载产生的应力；例如，桶装压缩试件和锻件周围产生的环向应力。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一种用于在孔中切割螺纹的螺纹硬金属塞。它具有纵向凹槽，用于在切割时清除切屑。渐进式切割通过连续使用三个丝锥实现：锥度、二次和塞。第一和第二丝锥具有锥度，以帮助沿孔的轴线开始螺纹；塞式丝锥没有锥度，用于盲孔的最终切割。2.管道中或管道末端的阀门。 |
| Striation | 条纹组织 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一种疲劳断裂特征，通常在电子显微照片中观察到，表明每次应力循环后裂纹前沿的位置。条纹之间的距离表示在一个应力循环期间裂纹前沿穿过该晶体的前进，垂直于条纹的线表示局部裂纹扩展的方向。 |
| Erosion | 侵蚀 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固体表面与流体、多组分流体或撞击液体或固体颗粒之间的机械相互作用，原始材料从固体表面逐渐损失。 |
| Catastrophic failure | 灾难性故障 |
A sudden and total failure of a large engineering structure such as an aeroengine, aircraft, space vehicle, bridge, or dam. 大型工程结构（如航空发动机、飞机、航天器、桥梁或水坝）突然完全失效。 |
| Working section | 工作区 |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 风洞中放置模型进行测试或进行详细测量的部分。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 盐速计 |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一种体积流量计，通过测量电导率或辐射水平来检测流量中少量盐或放射性同位素的渡越时间。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料条件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有内部尺寸的上限的情况。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪应力（单位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪应力，切向应力，τ）（1）当金属晶体中的平行平面彼此滑动时存在的应力。（2）与力作用平面相切的应力分量。也称为切向应力。1.平行于固体材料内任何平面的应力。它可能是由于施加在身体上的弯矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.对应于流动粘性流体内的速度梯度的应力。 |
| Ferralium | 铁素体钢 |
Ferralium is a type of Super Duplex Stainless Steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一种超级双相不锈钢，经过优化用于紧固件。 |
| Austempered steels | 等温钢 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等温淬火，机械性能得到改善的中高碳钢。在加热到800°和900°C之间形成奥氏体相后，将它们淬火并保持在略高于马氏体转变范围（260°和370°C之间）以形成贝氏体，然后进一步冷却。球墨铸铁的等温淬火导致贝氏体和球状石墨的微观结构。等温淬火球墨铸铁具有优异的韧性和耐磨性。 |
| Elastic limit | 弹性极限 |
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全释放应力时能够承受的最大应力，且不会留下任何永久应变（变形）。 |
| Bulk density (Unit kg/m³) | 容重（单位kg/m³） |
The average density of a mass of granular or powdered material at ambient conditions. 在环境条件下大量粒状或粉状材料的平均密度。 |
| Vibration isolation | 隔振 |
The prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to another part of the same system, such as a building or other structure. Isolation may be achieved using dampers (vibration damping) or by active feedback-control methods. Mechanical vibration is often attenuated by means of components immersed in oil such as in dashpots (viscous damping). Vibration suppression can be achieved (a) using dampers and absorbers tuned to a particular frequency to suppress vibratory forces in structures and other systems (passive suppression) or (b) by the measurement of vibration at key locations in a structure and the application of cancellation forces (active suppression). 防止振动从系统的一个部件传递到同一系统的另一部分，如建筑物或其他结构。可以使用阻尼器（减振）或主动反馈控制方法实现隔离。机械振动通常通过浸入油中的部件来衰减，例如缓冲罐（粘性阻尼）。可以通过（a）使用调谐到特定频率的阻尼器和吸收器来抑制结构和其他系统中的振动力（被动抑制），或（b）通过测量结构中关键位置的振动并施加抵消力（主动抑制），实现振动抑制。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Beta annealing | β退火 |
Producing a beta phase by heating certain titanium alloys in the temperature range of which this phase forms followed by cooling at an appropriate rate to prevent its decomposition. 通过在形成β相的温度范围内加热某些钛合金，然后以适当的速率冷却以防止其分解，从而产生β相。 |
| Effective yield strength | 有效屈服强度 |
An assumed value of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plastic yielding on fracture test parameters. 单轴屈服强度的假设值，代表塑性屈服对断裂试验参数的影响。 |
| Carbon steels | 碳钢 |
(plain carbon steels) Steels in which carbon is the principal alloying element, and the amount of manganese does not exceed 1.65% and the copper and silicon contents are less than 0.60%. There are three main types: low-carbon steels (0.08–0.35% carbon); medium-carbon steels (0.35–0.50% carbon); and high-carbon steels (0.50–2.0% carbon). （普通碳钢）以碳为主要合金元素，锰含量不超过1.65%，铜和硅含量低于0.60%的钢。主要有三种类型：低碳钢（0.08-0.35%碳）；中碳钢（0.35–0.50%碳）；和高碳钢（0.50–2.0%碳）。 |
| Machine screw | 机械螺丝 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 带有机加工螺纹的沉头开槽螺钉，如螺栓上的螺纹。一种相对较小的螺钉，直径通常小于20毫米，螺纹沿整个长度一直延伸到头部，用于拧入螺纹孔中。如果通过装配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，则会导致螺纹与孔表面接触不良。 |
| Cementite | 渗碳体 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化铁一种铁和碳的化合物，化学上称为碳化铁，化学式近似为Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶体结构。当它在钢中以相形式出现时，锰和其他碳化物形成元素的存在将改变其化学成分。 |
| Minute (min) | 分钟（min） |
A non-SI unit of time. The conversion to SI is 1 min = 60 s. 非SI时间单位。转换为1分钟=60秒。 |
| Strain aging | 应变时效 |
The changes in ductility, hardness, yield point, and tensile strength that occur when a metal or alloy that has been cold worked is stored for some time. In steel, strain aging is characterized by a loss of ductility and a corresponding increase in hardness, yield point, and tensile strength. 已冷加工的金属或合金在储存一段时间后发生的延展性、硬度、屈服点和抗拉强度的变化。在钢中，应变时效的特点是延性损失，硬度、屈服点和抗拉强度相应增加。 |
| V-block | V型块 |
A block having a 90° V-shaped recess; used in a workshop to hold round workpieces. 具有90°V形凹槽的块体；在车间里用来装圆形工件。 |
| Critical temperature | 临界温度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果压力恒定，则与临界点同义。（2） 高于该温度时，气相不能通过压力升高而冷凝为液体。 |
| Mechanical units | 机械单位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的单位，其量纲包括质量、长度和时间。 |
| Radiation pressure (Unit μPa) | 辐射压力（单位：μPa） |
The pressure exerted on a surface exposed to any form of electromagnetic radiation. If the radiation is absorbed, it is equal to the power-flux density divided by the speed of light. 施加在暴露于任何形式电磁辐射的表面上的压力。如果辐射被吸收，它等于功率通量密度除以光速。 |
| Taper key | 楔键 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 边平行但横截面沿其长度逐渐变细的键。 |
| Maraging steels | 马氏体时效钢 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘aging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“马氏体”和“时效”命名的超高强度铁合金。它们含有镍、铬、钴和钼，在空气冷却下形成强度约为1GPa的马氏体。当再加热至约500°C并老化数小时时，室温强度达到约2.4GPa。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被认为是均匀的条件下生产的一定数量的某些产品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 设定压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全阀或安全阀开启时的压力，对应于适用于受保护压力容器的相关规范或标准。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合处关系图 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 说明紧固件和连接件上的力和变形的数学图。 |
| Crack-growth rate | 裂纹增长速度 |
Rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to statically or dynamically applied load. 由于静态或动态施加的载荷，裂纹在材料中的扩展速率。 |
| Double aging | 双级时效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用两种不同的时效处理来控制由过饱和基质形成的沉淀物类型，以获得所需的性能。第一次时效处理，有时称为中间处理或稳定处理，通常在比第二次更高的温度下进行。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里温度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性转变温度，低于此温度金属或合金为铁磁性，高于此温度则为顺磁性。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接头 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速断开、快速连接）一种软管连接，允许快速组装或拆卸，包括插座和带有弹簧加载锁定机构的插头。 |
| Activation energy | 活化能 |
(Ea, U) (Unit kJ/mol) The minimum energy for a chemical reaction to occur or for processes such as diffusion to take place in crystals. （Ea, U）（单位kJ/mol）发生化学反应或在晶体中发生扩散等过程的最小能量。 |
| Vacuum carburizing | 真空渗碳 |
A high-temperature gas carburizing process using furnace pressures between 7 and 55 kPa during the carburizing portion of the cycle. 在循环的渗碳部分期间使用7至55kPa之间的炉压的高温气体渗碳工艺。 |
| Effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads | 螺母、螺栓头或螺纹的有效半径 |
Distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. Must be determined by integration. 零件几何中心与配合零件之间的合力通过的点圆之间的距离。必须通过积分来确定。 |
| Fillet | 圆角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓头和螺栓杆之间的过渡区域，或其他直径变化之间的过渡区域。 |
| Destructive testing | 破坏性测试 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通过增加载荷测量材料、部件或结构的机械性能，直到样品因断裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Screw machine | 螺丝机 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一种用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的机床。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺纹磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一种使用异形砂轮生产或精加工非常精密螺纹的方法。 |
| Altitude | 高度 |
(Unit m) Vertical height measured relative to a specified datum such as sea level. （单位m）相对于特定基准（例如海平面）测量的垂直高度。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺纹 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一种夹角为29°的螺纹，主要用于机床上的进给丝杠。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 变形（单位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于压力、热变化、水分变化或其他原因导致的身体形态变化。在固体力学中，由外部或内部载荷引起的身体各部分或整个身体的形状或大小的任何可逆（弹性）或永久（塑性）变化。它包括拉伸、压缩、弯曲和扭曲。物体中相同的变形状态可以表现为伸长和剪切的不同组合。为了说明总应变中有多少是剪切，将其分为膨胀分量和偏差分量，前者改变体积但不改变形状，后者改变形状但不改变体积。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 离心力（单位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 惯性反作用力对向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金钢 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有铬、镍、钼、锰、硅、钨和钒等合金元素的钢。添加这些是为了提高与普通碳钢相比的淬透性、韧性、强度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等性能。低合金钢的总合金含量（包括碳）小于约8%。它们是可硬化的，强度比普通碳钢高出30%。高合金钢含有相当多的合金含量，并针对特定性能而开发，例如卓越的耐腐蚀性和耐化学性。 |
| Cycle annealing | 循环退火 |
An annealing process employing a predetermined and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific properties or microstructures. 采用预定且严格控制的时间-温度循环来产生特定性能或微观结构的退火工艺。 |
| Countersinking | 埋头孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 从钻孔的边缘向外张开以形成截锥形凹陷，以容纳具有锥形头的螺钉，从而提供齐平的配件。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 临界压缩比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可变压缩单缸活塞发动机中确定的烃类燃料初期爆震的压缩比。2.空气-燃料混合物由于产生的温度升高而自燃的压缩比。 |
| Stress wave | 应力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物体某个位置的不平衡力（如冲击力）会使物体中的材料产生振动，并以应力波或波包的形式传递到相邻元件，最终传递到物体的所有部位。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或产生或消耗能量的速度。功率单位为瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 锁紧螺母管螺纹 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 锁紧螺母管螺纹是最大直径的直螺纹，可在管道上切割。其形式与美国或布里格斯标准锥管螺纹相同。一般情况下，只需要通规。它们由一个表示最小内螺纹锁紧螺母螺纹的直螺纹塞和一个表示最大外螺纹锁紧螺帽螺纹的直形螺纹环组成。该螺纹仅用于将零件固定在一起，或用于将轴环固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要紧密螺纹接头的情况下。 |
| Clearance hole | 间隙孔 |
A hole of specified size such that a bolt, stud, etc. of the same nominal size will always pass through. 指定尺寸的孔，使相同标称尺寸的螺栓、螺柱等可以通过。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一种研磨工具，由柔性背衬材料（例如编织布、纸或硫化纤维）、粘合材料（例如胶水或合成树脂）和砂砾组成。 |
| Volume flow rate | 体积流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m³/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （体积流量）（单位m³/s）单位时间内流经表面或管道或其他管道的材料体积，通常为流体或粉末。 |
| Melting point (Unit K or °C) | 熔点（单位K或°C） |
The temperature at which a solid material undergoes the phase change to a liquid at a specified pressure, usually 1 atm. Pure metals and eutectics have single-valued melting points, while alloys with other compositions melt over a range of temperature such that there is a well-defined start and end to the melting process, but there are states in between where solid and liquid are both present. 在特定压力下，固体材料发生相变为液体的温度，通常为1大气压。纯金属和共晶具有单值熔点，而具有其他成分的合金在一定温度范围内熔化，熔化过程有一个明确的起点和终点，但其间存在固态和液态并存的状态。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通过将金属浸入热氧化盐或盐溶液中产生的黑色饰面。 |
| Pressure ratio | 压力比 |
One pressure divided by another which may be a reference pressure. In many flow and thermodynamic processes, the pressure ratio is more important than the absolute pressure levels. For example, in compressible gas flow the Mach number is determined by the ratio of the stagnation pressure to the static pressure. 一个压力除以另一个压力，该压力可以是参考压力。在许多流动和热力学过程中，压力比比绝对压力水平更重要。例如，在可压缩气流中，马赫数由停滞压力与静压之比决定。 |
| Chilled castings | 冷铸件 |
Iron castings cooled at a rate that results in white iron (slow enough to avoid the formation of martensite, yet fast enough to prevent any silicon present from causing decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite). 铸铁件以产生白口铁的速度冷却（足够慢以避免形成马氏体，但足够快以防止任何存在的硅导致渗碳体分解成铁和石墨）。 |
| Compression crease | 压缩折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在压缩具有高体积分数长丝的复合材料期间形成的折痕。这些复合材料通过形成与加载轴成一定角度的折痕而在压缩中失效。 |
| Martensitic stainless steels | 马氏体不锈钢 |
Martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. They can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. They have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. Uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 马氏体不锈钢是一种可硬化的磁性不锈钢，其铬含量为9-18%，碳含量为0.06-1.25%，锰、硅、镍和钼的总含量通常高达约2.5%。它们可以进行热处理，使马氏体成为主要的微组分，通常可在退火或淬火回火条件下获得。它们具有优异的强度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蚀性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步枪枪管、蒸汽轮机管道和叶片、喷气发动机部件、手动工具、机械零件、紧固件、阀门、弹簧、轴承、泵轴、喷嘴、采矿设备和耐磨零件。 |
| Radius of bend | 弯曲半径 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在弯曲过程中与弯曲内表面接触的销或心轴的圆柱面半径。对于使用垫片或垫块的180°自由弯曲或半导向弯曲，弯曲半径为垫片或垫板厚度的一半。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毁坏荷载（单位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足够的塑性铰链以发生坍塌，结构成为机制的施加载荷。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 维氏硬度测试 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金刚石棱锥压头（维氏硬度计）和可变载荷的压痕硬度测试，能够对从极软铅到碳化钨的所有硬度范围使用一个硬度标度。也称为钻石金字塔硬度测试。 |
| Viscoelasticity | 粘弹性 |
A property involving a combination of elastic and viscous behavior. A material having this property is considered to combine the features of a perfectly elastic solid and a perfect fluid. A phenomenon of time-dependent, in addition to elastic, deformation (or recovery) in response to load. 结合弹性和粘性的特性。具有这种性质的材料被认为是完美弹性固体和完美流体的结合体。除了弹性变形（或恢复）外，还随时间变化的一种现象。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉胀材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比为负的人造材料，其横截面在受到纵向拉应力时会膨胀，在受到纵向压应力时会收缩。 |
| Hot-wire analyzer | 热电阻丝型分析仪 |
An electrical atmosphere analysis device that is based on the fact that the electrical resistivity of steel is a linear function of carbon content over a range from 0.05% C to saturation. The device measures the carbon potential of furnace atmospheres (typically). This term is not to be confused with the hot-wire test which measures heat extraction rates. 一种基于以下事实的电气氛分析设备：钢的电阻率是从0.05%C到饱和范围内的碳含量的线性函数。该设备测量炉内气氛的碳势（通常）。不要将此术语与测量热提取率的热线测试相混淆。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳势 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的环境在规定条件下改变或保持钢的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定环境中，所达到的碳含量将取决于温度、时间和钢成分等因素。 |
| Lead of thread | 螺纹导程 |
On a single threaded screw, the distance the screw or nut advances in one complete revolution. 在单螺纹螺钉上，螺钉或螺母在一整圈中前进的距离。 |
| Thermal analysis | 热分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一种通过记录发生热阻的温度来确定金属转变的方法。这些阻力表现为绘制或机械追踪的加热和冷却曲线斜率的变化。当这些数据在加热和冷却的近似平衡条件下得到保证时，该方法通常用于确定构建平衡图所需的某些临界温度。 |
| Push rod | 推杆 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在顶置气门活塞发动机中，通过气门摇臂打开和关闭气门的杆。连杆由曲轴箱中的凸轮轴驱动。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Notch ductility | 缺口延展性 |
The percentage reduction in area after complete separation of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen. 在缺口试样的拉伸试验中，金属完全分离后的面积减少百分比。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 总水头（hT）（单位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT = pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 总压力pT以液体柱（通常为水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g为重力加速度，ρ为液体密度。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞测试 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 测定试件在高速下破裂时吸收的能量的试验，与静态试验不同。测试可以在拉伸、弯曲或扭转条件下进行，测试杆可以有缺口或无缺口。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 临界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火处理，包括加热至并保持在上临界温度和下临界温度之间的温度，以获得部分奥氏体化，然后缓慢冷却或保持在低于下临界温度的温度。 |
| Diesel engine | 柴油发动机 |
(compression–ignition engine) A piston engine operating on the Diesel cycle in which the air is compressed to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the fuel and combustion is initiated as the fuel is injected into the hot air. Diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios (typically in the range 12 to 24) than petrol engines. Although named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor, Diesel engine is often spelled with a lower case d, contrary to normal practice. （压燃式发动机）在柴油循环中运行的活塞式发动机，在该循环中，空气被压缩至高于燃料自燃温度的温度，当燃料喷射到热空气中时，燃烧开始。柴油发动机在比汽油发动机更高的压缩比下运行（通常在12到24的范围内）。虽然以发明人鲁道夫·迪塞尔命名，但迪塞尔发动机通常拼写为小写d，这与正常做法相反。 |
| Nut factor | 螺母系数 |
An experimental constant used to evaluate or describe the ratio between the torque applied to a fastener and the Preload achieved as a result. 用于评估或描述施加在紧固件上的扭矩与由此获得的预载之间的比率的实验常数。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中退火以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕销 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 从曲柄上伸出的一个螺柱，作为连接杆的附件。锻造合金最初铸造，然后通过挤压、锻造或轧制等工艺成形为最终形状的金属合金。 |
| Feather key | 滑键 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一种平行键，固定在轴上或在其上滑动的构件的轮毂上。当固定在轴上时，其长度必须足以将滑动构件固定或驱动在轴上的任何位置。当处于滑动构件中时，键只需与轮毂一样长。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分离器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 从螺栓上去除锈蚀螺母的工具。它由一个围绕螺母放置的刚性钢环组成。穿过环的螺纹径向支撑在楔形尖端上，该尖端凹陷并穿过螺母的表面。 |
| Radial engine | 径向发动机 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 气缸沿径向围绕曲轴布置的活塞式发动机，这种设计通常用于早期飞机发动机。 |
| Hot hardness | 热硬度 |
The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高温下的硬度，常用来对刀具的性能进行排名。 |
| Combined carbon | 复合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中除游离碳外的部分。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全阀（安全泄压阀） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根据法律安装在所有压力容器（如蒸汽锅炉）上的机械阀，其打开以防止内部压力超过该容器的最大设计值。一旦压力降至安全水平，阀门将再次关闭。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Spring clip | 弹簧夹 |
A clip made of a material such as spring steel which grips an inserted part. 由弹簧钢等材料制成的夹子，用于夹住插入的零件。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 将冷加工的有色金属合金软化到规定的硬度或抗拉强度水平的最终局部退火。 |
| Hardenability | 淬透性 |
Defined as the ability of a ferrous material to acquire hardness after austenitization and quenching. The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface where the metal exhibits a specific hardness (50 HRC, for example) or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. 定义为黑色金属材料在奥氏体化和淬火后获得硬度的能力。铁合金从高于上临界温度的温度淬火时形成马氏体的相对能力。淬透性通常以淬火表面下方的距离来测量，金属在淬火表面处表现出特定硬度（例如50HRC）或微观结构中马氏体的特定百分比。 |
| Tensile strength (Unit Pa) | 抗拉强度（单位Pa） |
In tension testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength. The resistance that a material offers to tensile stress. It is defined as the smallest tensile stress required to break the body. (ultimate strength, ultimate tensile strength, UTS, Rm, Rm) The nominal or engineering stress given by the maximum load in a tension test divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. The maximum load could be the fracture load for a brittle material, but for a ductile material it is usually taken as the load at which necking begins, beyond which the load falls. 在拉伸试验中，最大载荷与原始横截面积之比。也称为极限强度。材料对拉伸应力的抵抗力。它被定义为破坏主体所需的最小拉伸应力。（极限强度、极限抗拉强度、UTS、Rm、Rm）拉伸试验中最大载荷除以试样原始横截面积得出的标称或工程应力。对于脆性材料，最大载荷可以是断裂载荷，但对于韧性材料，最大荷载通常被视为颈缩开始时的载荷，超过该载荷时，载荷下降。 |
| Compound pendulum | 复摆 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可绕轴自由摆动的刚体。 |
| Induction hardening | 感应淬火 |
A surface-hardening process in which only the surface layer of a suitable ferrous workpiece is heated by electromagnetic induction to above the upper critical temperature and immediately quenched. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，只有合适的含铁工件的表面层通过电磁感应加热到高于上临界温度，并立即淬火。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德罗数，NA）一个固定数值为6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常数−摩尔正好包含这个数量的基本实体。对阿伏伽德罗常数值的微小调整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接过程中熔化的连接金属的微观结构截面所显示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Nominal power (Unit kW) | 公称功率（单位kW） |
1. For an internal combustion engine, the average power output of a typical production engine under normal working conditions measured according to SAE standard J 1349/ISO 1585. 2. For an electric motor, the rated equivalent mechanical power output. 1.对于内燃机，根据SAE标准J 1349/ISO 1585测量的正常工作条件下典型生产发动机的平均功率输出。2.对于电动机，额定等效机械功率输出。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 设计荷载（单位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或结构在正常运行条件下预期承受的最大负载。 |
| Prying | 撬动 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 当外部荷载为偏心拉伸荷载时，通过伪杠杆作用放大外部荷载。 |
| Inclusions | 夹杂物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金属基体中的小块非金属杂质。 |
| Absolute viscosity | 绝对粘度 |
A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other moving with unit velocity. 流体内部剪切特性的量度，表示为两个水平面中的任何一个上的单位面积切向力，两个水平面被给定流体的一个单位厚度隔开，其中一个平面固定，另一个以单位速度移动。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Mechatronics | 机电一体化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 机械工程、电气工程、电子工程和软件工程的集成。 |
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