| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 应力强度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一种标度因子，通常用符号K表示，在线弹性断裂力学中用于描述已知尺寸和形状的裂纹尖端施加应力的增强。在任何含有裂纹的结构中，裂纹快速扩展开始时，该因子称为临界应力强度因子，或断裂韧性。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂强度（单位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m², the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按规定速率撕裂预裂片材所需的张力除以片材厚度。特别用于塑料、橡胶、织物和弹性体。由于单位不是应力单位，而是相当于J/m²，韧性单位，“强度”一词是完全错误的。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱状结构 |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由单向生长形成的平行细长晶粒的粗略结构，最常见于铸件中，但有时也出现在伴随固态转变的扩散生长产生的结构中。 |
| Wind tunnel | 风洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于测试和研究的可控气流管道。类型包括排污、闭路、开路回路和开路段。闭路隧道可加压或排空。工作段通常位于流量调节元件的下游，可包括增压室、蜂窝、滤网、湍流格栅和收缩管。紧靠下游通常有一个扩散器。对于基础研究，通常的要求是在低涡流和湍流强度的工作段中实现均匀稳定流动。对于某些应用，流动可能是密度分层、剪切、不稳定或高湍流强度。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Relative humidity (ϕ) | 相对湿度（ψ） |
The ratio or percentage of the actual mass of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum possible mass of moisture at the same temperature. 给定温度下给定体积空气中的实际水分质量与相同温度下的最大可能水分质量的比率或百分比。 |
| Elasticity | 弹性 |
The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一种材料的特性，通过这种特性，由应力引起的变形在去除应力后消失。完全弹性体在应力释放后完全恢复其原始形状和尺寸。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Induction tempering | 感应回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| Screw thread | 螺纹 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圆柱体的外表面或内表面上呈螺旋形或在圆锥体的外表面和内表面上以锥形螺旋形的均匀截面或形状的脊。 |
| Bar | 巴（气压单位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105 Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0ºC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4ºC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一种广泛使用的（非SI）压力单位，大约等于海平面上的正常大气压。转换为SI为1bar=105Pa。压力单位——0ºC时75.006厘米高的水银柱或4ºC时约33.45英尺水柱产生的压力。它等于105帕斯卡。标准大气压（海平面）为1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公称直径 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 紧固件的“目录直径”。通常大致等于主体的直径或螺纹的外径。 |
| Transverse strain | 横向应变 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于试样加载轴的平面内的线性应变。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 总热量（单位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一个术语。这是不恰当的，因为它表明，它包括动能的方式与总焓相同，但它实际上并不是的。此外，热和焓是完全不同的量，正如它们的定义所示。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Constant-force spring | 恒力弹簧 |
A spring that has the same restoring force regardless of displacement. The most common type takes the form of a coiled strip that, owing to tight coiling during manufacture, is pre-stressed (a steel measuring tape is an example). The uncoiling force is approximately constant as the change of curvature of the strip is approximately constant. Not to be confused with a clockwork spring from which power can be obtained. 无论位移如何，具有相同恢复力的弹簧。最常见的类型是卷绕带，由于制造过程中的紧密卷绕，该卷绕带是预应力的（钢卷尺就是一个例子）。随着带材曲率的变化近似恒定，开卷力近似恒定。不要与可获得动力的发条弹簧混淆。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一种带有方形或矩形端头的螺栓，可嵌入机床工作台的T形槽中，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛顿内摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 两个平行流体层之间的剪切应力与其中一层相对于另一层的速度成正比，与它们之间的距离成反比。比例常数是动态粘度μ。对于牛顿流体，μ与压力梯度、剪切应力和应变无关，但可能随温度和压力而变化。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Radioactive heat (Unit J) | 放射性热（单位J） |
Thermal energy released from the nucleus of an atom such as uranium235 by fission due to the absorption of a neutron. Heat is also produced by radioactive decay. 铀235等原子核因吸收中子而裂变释放的热能。放射性衰变也会产生热量。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 组合尺寸标注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程图上使用链式尺寸标注和平行标注。 |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控变量的实际值与期望值之间的差值。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 应力强度校准 |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于经验或分析结果的数学表达式，该表达式将特定试样平面几何形状的应力强度因子与载荷和裂纹长度联系起来。也称为K校准。 |
| Flame straightening | 火焰矫直 |
Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通过使用气体火焰进行局部加热来纠正金属结构的变形。 |
| Torque converter | 变矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的涡轮机，由叶轮、涡轮机和反作用构件组成。应用包括机动车变速器。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 两个连杆连接在一起形成运动副，其中接触面为螺纹，因此它们的相对运动包括旋转和滑动。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 风压（单位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 与风相关的动态压力。风的静压是大气压。 |
| Atmosphere | 大气 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一种已被淘汰的（非SI）压力单位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大约等于在平均海平面测量的大气压力（大气压）。 |
| Free ferrite | 游离铁氧体 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷却过程中亚共析奥氏体分解直接形成的铁素体，没有同时形成渗碳体。也是先共析铁氧体。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金钢经淬火产生马氏体，在550°C以上回火时产生细小沉淀的过程，这抑制了位错运动，扭转了在较高回火温度下强度降低的趋势。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均匀伸长 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸试验中，在最大载荷下和颈缩开始之前的伸长率。 |
| Artificial aging | 人工时效 |
Aging above room temperature. 在室温以上的时效。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦学中，在任何温度下直接接触的金属表面之间的结合。与钎焊和钎焊不同，接合面至少软化或更通常熔化的接合工艺。在固态（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金属或热塑性塑料可通过向热界面施加压力来连接。在锻造焊接中，通过压缩预热工件之间的连接来实现连接。在摩擦焊接（旋转焊接）中，一个接触表面在被加载到另一个表面之前快速旋转。接触时，摩擦产生的热量使材料软化，并允许密封接头的严重塑性变形。在搅拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋转，使表面凹陷，并横穿形成连接线。电阻焊涉及同时产生的压力和电产生的热量，如点焊，在点焊中，大电流短时间通过电极之间压在一起的金属板。 |
| Dynamic hardness | 动态硬度 |
(rebound hardness) The resistance of a material to local indentation by a rapidly-moving rigid indenter. In most practical methods the indenter is allowed to fall under gravity on to the surface of the material when the rebound height is a measure of the dynamic hardness. （回弹硬度）材料对快速移动的刚性压头局部压痕的阻力。在大多数实际方法中，当回弹高度是动态硬度的测量值时，允许压头在重力作用下落在材料表面上。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中负荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的区域上的部件上的载荷，理想化为楔形或刀刃的线载荷和锥体的点载荷。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y记录仪 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一种绘制变量y和变量x的图形的设备，两者都以伏特数的形式。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料条件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有内部尺寸的上限的情况。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性质随时间的减少。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 带齿锁紧垫圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 这些垫圈用于将紧固件（如螺栓和螺母）锁定到组件的零部件上，或增加紧固件与组件之间的摩擦力。它们的设计方式类似于螺旋弹簧锁紧垫圈，可采用碳钢。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 总水头（hT）（单位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT = pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 总压力pT以液体柱（通常为水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g为重力加速度，ρ为液体密度。 |
| Spring materials | 弹簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金属，包括普通碳钢和耐腐蚀钢、磷青铜、弹簧黄铜、铍铜和镍合金，所有这些金属在其加工硬化状态下都允许大的可逆弹性应变而不会产生永久变形。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料条件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有内部尺寸的下限的情况。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金属的脆性断裂，断裂位于形成金属的晶粒或晶体之间。又称晶间破裂。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶体形成的结晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基体晶格之间的连续性，通常伴随着两个晶格中的一些应变。由于晶格适合于沉淀和基体之间的界面，因此不存在可识别的相边界。 |
| Forge | 锻造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通过锤击或强制过程使金属成型，同时保持塑料成型。过程会使用模具。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m³/s or kg/s) | 额定流量（单位：m³/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液压系统或机器中，制造商为部件指定的体积或质量流量是其按设计运行所需的最大值。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| Beta annealing | β退火 |
Producing a beta phase by heating certain titanium alloys in the temperature range of which this phase forms followed by cooling at an appropriate rate to prevent its decomposition. 通过在形成β相的温度范围内加热某些钛合金，然后以适当的速率冷却以防止其分解，从而产生β相。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| Degrees of freedom | 自由度 |
The number of independent variables (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration within the phases present) that may be altered at will without causing a phase change in an alloy system at equilibrium; or the number of such variables that must be fixed arbitrarily to define the system completely. 可以随意改变而不引起平衡时合金系统相变的自变量的数量（例如存在的相内的温度、压力或浓度）；或必须任意固定以完全定义系统的此类变量的数量。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一种方形、六角形或其他形状的金属紧固件，具有内螺纹，可拧在螺栓、螺柱或心轴上。与外螺纹螺栓一起使用的内螺纹紧固件。通常为六边形，但也有许多其他几何形状，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夹持工具。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| Profile | 轮廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物体的横截面形状，如机翼或凸轮。 |
| Dew point analyzer | 露点分析仪 |
An atmosphere monitoring device that measures the partial pressure of water vapor in an atmosphere. 一种大气监测装置，用于测量大气中水蒸气的分压。 |
| Celsius | 摄氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0ºC) and the boiling point of water (100ºC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰点（0ºC）和水的沸点（100ºC）的温标。这些点之间的间隔被划分为100度。这个比例是由安德斯·摄氏设计的。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪、雾、露水和颗粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。这些酸分别来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人为排放。酸烟灰由未燃烧的碳颗粒组成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大气中。这些颗粒是化石燃料燃烧不良造成的。 |
| Variance | 方差 |
A measure of the squared dispersion of observed values or measurements expressed as a function of the sum of the squared deviations from the population mean or sample average. 观测值或测量值的平方离散度的度量，表示为总体平均值或样本平均值的平方偏差之和的函数。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 转向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 气流通过斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨胀风机时所经历的方向变化。 |
| Sample average | 样本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 时间分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 将控制问题分解为具有相对较短和较长时间常数的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脱碳，具有足够的碳损失，以在金相检查下仅显示清晰定义的铁素体晶粒。 |
| Grain | 晶粒 |
1. An individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. Most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) A non-SI unit of mass. The conversion to SI is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10−5 kg. 1.多晶固体中的单个晶体。大多数工程材料，如金属和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非国际单位制的质量单位。转换为SI为1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 总能量（单位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 与系统相关的所有形式能量的总和，包括动能、势能、内能、磁能、化学能和电能。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆时针旋转时前进的螺钉。 |
| Kinetic energy | 动能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物体因运动而拥有的能量。它是赋予物体使其运动的能量。撞击时，它被转换成其他形式的能量，如应变、热、声和光。 |
| Air compressor | 空气压缩机 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一种涡轮机，它吸入空气并以更高的压力、温度和密度输送空气。它可以是轴流式、风扇式、往复式或旋转式设计。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在钢上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮（从稻草色到蓝色），从线圈或薄片的边缘延伸。有时称为退火边界。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波摆动 |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一种用于潮汐能发电的机器，由两个同心的充气水下气缸组成。内部下部圆柱体系在海底，而顶部封闭的上部浮子单元由于波浪运动引起的静水压力变化而上下移动。两个气缸的相对运动用于发电，其中直线运动取代了电磁发电机更常见的旋转运动。 |
| Breaking load | 断裂载荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加载到破裂的试样或结构构件上的最大载荷（或力）。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物学、医学、农业等方面的应用。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Case | 包盖 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 铁合金的一部分，从表面向内延伸，其成分已经改变，可以进行表面硬化。通常被认为是合金的一部分，（a）其成分与原始成分发生了可测量的变化，（b）在蚀刻横截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于规定值。与核心形成对比。 |
| Nanomanufacturing | 纳米制造 |
1. The manufacture of nanoscale materials. 2. The manufacture of components or devices that have critical dimensions of order 1 nm. 1.纳米材料的制造。2.具有1nm级临界尺寸的部件或装置的制造。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式电极炉 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一种通过使用浸入陶瓷衬里中的电极加热熔融盐浴对零件进行液体渗碳的炉。 |
| Angström (Å) | 昂斯特罗姆（Å） |
An obsolete (non-SI) unit of length, sometimes still employed for atomic and crystallographic measurements. The conversion to SI is 1 Å = 10−10 m. 一种已被淘汰的（非SI）长度单位，有时仍用于原子和晶体学测量。转换为SI为1Å=10-10m。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（单位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有单个主旋翼的直升机中，机身沿与旋翼相反的方向旋转的趋势。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量规 |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于测量螺栓应力或应变的超声波仪器。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等变换 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等温或等压相变，其中相关的两个相在整个过程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Load factor (F) | 负载系数（F） |
The ratio between an increase in bolt tension and the external load which has caused the increase. Factors reflecting the probability of an increase in load in a shear joint. Used in load and resistant factor design. 螺栓张力增加与导致增加的外部载荷之间的比率。反映剪切接缝中荷载增加概率的系数。用于载荷和阻力系数设计。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦损失（单位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于机器、机构、连杆等内部的摩擦而将机械能转化为热能。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火时效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1 (the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳钢的脆化是由于溶质碳在现有位错处的沉淀和铁素体在不同温度下的差异导致的钢沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由钢从略低于Ac1的温度（奥氏体开始形成的温度）快速冷却引起的，可以通过从较低温度淬火来最小化。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 离心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一种泵，液体通过泵壳的眼轴向进入，然后通过叶轮加速，从而在输送到环形扩散器（蜗壳）之前增加其动能和压力，从而进一步增加液体压力并从中流出树叶。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸试验（拉力试验） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一种试验，在这种试验中，精密加工的拉伸试样（拉伸试件）的横截面通常为圆形或矩形，具有在试验机中夹紧的大端部，受到越来越大的拉伸载荷，通常达到断裂点，以产生应力-应变曲线，从中可以看出弹性模量、比例极限等材料特性，可以确定验证应力、屈服点和极限拉伸应力。相关标准为ISO 6892-1。 |
| Vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, DHN, VHN, VPN) (Unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now Pa) Indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. The mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which VPN = 0.927(2W/d2) where W is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，DHN，VHN，VPN）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为Pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中VPN=0.927（2W/d2），其中W是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夹 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夹，开口销）大致与字母R形状相同的线夹。线夹的直线部分穿过钻在轴或杆上的孔，从而将车轮固定在轴上，或防止轴轴向移动。 |
| Effective discharge area (Unit m²) | 有效排放面积（单位m²） |
A nominal area for flow through a pressure relief valve used to determine the valve’s flow capacity given the pressure difference across it, the fluid density and correction factors to allow for compressibility, the back pressure and the coefficient of discharge. 流经泄压阀的标称面积，用于确定阀门的流量，给定压力差、流体密度和允许可压缩性的校正因子、背压和排放系数。 |
| Finished hexagon bolts | 精制六角螺栓 |
A washer faced or chamfered bearing surface with a close body tolerance. 头下有垫圈面或倒角，尺寸公差小 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 应力范围（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr = Smax – Smin 一个循环中最大和最小应力之间的代数差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Allotropy | 同素异形体 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多态性的近义词。同素异形体通常仅限于描述元素、终端相和合金中的多晶型行为，其行为与主要组成元素的行为非常相似。 |
| Thermocouple | 热电偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一种测量温度的装置，由两种不同的金属或合金组成，一端电连接，另一端与电压测量仪相连。当一个结比另一个结更热时，产生的热电动势大致与热结和冷结之间的温差成比例。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度计测量弹性体、塑料和橡胶等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度仪测量直径为1.1–1.4mm的硬化钢棒（压头）在用校准弹簧快速施加的给定力下渗入试验材料的深度。有两种主要的压头设计：A型（适用于较软的材料），其杆端为截头35°锥形，逐渐变细至直径0.79 mm；D型（较硬的材料），端部为30°锥形，尖端半径为0.1mm。A型的弹簧力为8.05N，D型为44.45N。硬度值与渗透深度相关（最大限制为2.5mm），因此，对于零渗透，硬度为100，对于最大渗透，硬度是零。相关标准为ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所选材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纤维素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Micrometer | 千分尺 |
(micrometer gauge) A mechanical-contact device for the accurate measurement of the length, width, diameter, etc. of an object, the depth of a hole, the height of a step, etc. The usual arrangement is a spindle that is moved by rotation of a thimble, the distance then being read off a vernier scale. （千分尺）一种机械接触装置，用于精确测量物体的长度、宽度、直径等、孔的深度、台阶的高度等。通常的布置是通过顶针的旋转移动主轴，然后通过游标尺读取距离。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Double-shear test | 双剪试验 |
A shear test having two stationary, shear blades and one moving one and that uses solid round bars as test specimens. 一种剪切试验，具有两个固定的剪切刀片和一个移动的刀片，并使用实心圆棒作为试样。 |
| Alloy | 合金 |
1. A metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. A plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. This results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由两种或多种元素组成的金属材料，其中一种通常是添加了其他元素的金属，例如铁碳或铝铜（二元合金）；镍铬铁（三元合金）。2.由两种或多种不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。这导致无法通过聚合获得的材料。 |
| Extra spring | 额外弹簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大约对应于高于全硬的冷加工状态，超过该状态进一步冷加工将不会显着增加强度和硬度。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 热容率（c）（单位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁC where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁC其中C是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（CP）。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬质合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 难熔金属碳化物（如碳化钨）在金属基体粘结剂（如钴、镍或铁）中的烧结混合物。它们具有高熔点、韧性、抗压强度和耐磨性。应用包括用于砂轮和纸张、切削工具、钻头、拉丝模和圆珠笔尖。当应用于机床时，有时称为硬金属。 |
| Statistic | 统计 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根据样本中的观察值计算得出的汇总值。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可锻铸铁 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口铸铁一种通过长时间退火制成的铸铁，脱碳，石墨化，或两者都发生，以消除部分或全部渗碳体。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脱碳是主要反应，产品将呈现出较轻的断裂表面，“白心可锻”。否则，断裂表面将变暗，“黑心可锻”。铁素体可锻性材料主要为铁素体基体；根据热处理和所需硬度，珠光体可锻材料可能包含珠光体、球状体或回火马氏体。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳势 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的环境在规定条件下改变或保持钢的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定环境中，所达到的碳含量将取决于温度、时间和钢成分等因素。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲劳缺口系数（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 无缺口试样的疲劳强度与相同材料和条件的有缺口试样的疲劳强度之比；两种强度都是在相同数量的应力循环下确定的。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 径向负荷（单位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| Preload | 预载 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次拧紧螺母时螺纹紧固件中产生的张力。经常与工作载荷或螺栓力或螺栓张力互换使用但容易使用不当。 |
| Prevailing torque | 有效扭矩 |
Torque required to run a nut down against the joint when some obstruction, such as a plastic insert in the threads, or a noncircular thread, or other, has been introduced to help the fastener resist vibration loosening. Prevailing torque, unlike normal torque on a nut or bolt, is not proportional to the Preload in the fastener. 当引入了一些障碍物（如螺纹中的塑料插件或非圆螺纹或其他障碍物）以帮助紧固件抵抗振动松动时，将螺母向下压靠接头所需的扭矩。与螺母或螺栓上的正常扭矩不同，主要扭矩与紧固件中的预载不成比例。 |
| Bearing failure | 轴承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 当横向载荷除以承载面积产生导致永久塑性变形的应力时，铆接或螺栓连接中发生的失效。 |
| Shear lip | 剪切唇 |
A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface. The term sometimes also denotes a narrow, often crescent-shaped, fibrous region at the edge of a fracture that is otherwise of the cleavage type, even though this fibrous region is in the same plane as the rest of the fracture surface. 沿断裂面边缘的狭窄倾斜脊。该术语有时还表示断裂边缘处的狭窄、通常为新月形的纤维区域，否则为解理型，即使该纤维区域与断裂表面的其余部分位于同一平面内。 |
| Bearing yield strength | 轴承屈服强度 |
The bearing stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain in a bearing test. 在轴承测试中，材料在轴承应力与轴承应变的比例之间表现出特定的极限偏差时的轴承应力。 |
| Head height | 头部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 头部高度应为平行于产品轴线从封头顶部到支承面测量的总距离，并应包括垫圈表面的厚度。提升等级和制造商标识不包括在头部高度中。 |
| Connecting rod | 连杆 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （连杆）将动力从一个系统传递到另一个系统的连杆，通常由线性运动变为旋转运动，如图所示，连杆将活塞连接到往复式压缩机或泵的曲轴或内燃机的曲轴上。大端（底端）是连接到曲轴一个曲柄销上轴承的大端。小端（小端）通过活塞销连接到活塞上。 |
| Cavitation damage | 气蚀损坏 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通过在包含蒸汽和/或气体的相邻液体中形成空穴或气泡并破坏固体表面。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孪晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重结晶过程中晶体中的孪晶形式。 |
| Grip length | 夹紧长度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夹紧在一起的所有部件的总厚度，包括垫圈、垫圈和接头构件。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 调质热处理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制备材料的初步热处理，以便对随后的热处理进行所需的反应。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定确切的热处理。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金钢 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有铬、镍、钼、锰、硅、钨和钒等合金元素的钢。添加这些是为了提高与普通碳钢相比的淬透性、韧性、强度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等性能。低合金钢的总合金含量（包括碳）小于约8%。它们是可硬化的，强度比普通碳钢高出30%。高合金钢含有相当多的合金含量，并针对特定性能而开发，例如卓越的耐腐蚀性和耐化学性。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽压力曲线 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 对于纯物质，绘制了饱和压力与饱和温度的曲线。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Compression member | 压缩构件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一种结构部件，其上的主要载荷是压缩的。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流体运动的特点是无序、旋转（即旋涡）三维速度波动，覆盖广泛的频率和长度尺度。压力、温度和其他流体特性也会波动，热、质量和动量的扩散会大大增强。与层流和过渡流一样，牛顿流体的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，该方程原则上可以通过直接数值模拟（DNS）求解，在直接数值模拟中，波动运动的所有时间和长度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Allowable stress design | 许用应力设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。故意低估螺栓和接头材料的强度，以便在结构钢接头的设计中引入安全系数。它是最近定义的荷载和阻力系数设计程序的替代方法。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大应力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在应力循环中具有最高代数值的应力，拉应力被认为是正的，压应力被认为是负的。名义应力是最常用的。 |
| Coalescence | 聚结 |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通过吸收以牺牲剩余为代价的晶粒的生长或以通过吸收或再沉淀为代价的以剩余为代价的相或颗粒的生长。 |
| Austempering | 等温淬火 |
A heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite and then held at a temperature just above Ms until transformation to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in both austempered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI), austempered steel consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and austenite. Heat treatment comprising austenitization of a steel article, cooling it to a bainitic range at a rate higher than the critical cooling rate and holding at a fixed temperature until the completion of bainitic transformation. 一种铁合金的热处理，其中零件从奥氏体化温度以足够快的速度淬火，以避免形成铁素体或珠光体，然后保持在略高于Ms的温度，直到完全转变为贝氏体。虽然在奥氏体钢和奥氏体球铁(ADI)中都被指定为贝氏体，但奥氏体钢由含有铁素体和碳化物的两相混合物组成，而奥氏体球墨铸铁由含有铁素体和奥氏体的两相混合物组成。热处理包括钢制品的奥氏体化，以高于临界冷却速率的速率将其冷却到贝氏体范围，并保持在固定温度直到贝氏体转变完成。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Atmometer | 气压计 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) An instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （湿度计，蒸发计）测量水从表面蒸发到大气中的速率的仪器。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 离心力（单位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 惯性反作用力对向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一种压缩机，其中动能通过叶轮中的径向加速度添加到流体中，然后通过扩散器的流动转换为压力增加。 |
| Vice | 老虎钳 |
A workshop tool used to hold a workpiece and consisting of two jaws, one fixed and the other moved by turning a screw. 一种用于夹持工件的车间工具，由两个钳口组成，一个固定，另一个通过转动螺钉移动。 |
| Pulley | 带轮 |
A free or driven wheel on a shaft with an appropriately shaped rim to carry a flat belt, vee belt, notched belt, rope, or chain. Used to transmit power or motion. 轴上的自由轮或从动轮，具有适当形状的轮缘，以承载平皮带、V形皮带、槽口皮带、绳索或链条。用于传递动力或运动。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 拨动（拨动夹） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由两个销杆组成的装置，在同一平面的两个端点之间几乎成一条直线。将杠杆对齐会在端部之间产生较大的力。用于获得较大的机械优势或用作锁定机构。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| Eutectic melting | 共晶熔化 |
Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微观区域的熔化，其成分对应于系统中的共晶成分。 |
| Flat head | 平头 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平顶表面和锥形轴承表面。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相变增韧 |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通过微结构的应力诱导转变来提高材料的断裂韧性。 |
| Serrations | 锯齿 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 边缘或表面上的一排凹口或齿状突起。在工程图纸上，圆形部件表面的锯齿超过约60°的圆弧。 |
| Crank pin | 曲柄销 |
It is a short shaft parallel to the axis of the crankshaft but radially offset from it, to which is attached the big end of a connecting rod in a bearing. Sometimes the crank pin is supported at one end only (a wrist pin) but in built-up or one-piece forged crankshafts, the crank pin is supported by thick plates (crank arms, crank webs) at either end. 它是一个短轴，平行于曲轴的轴线，但径向偏移，轴承中连杆的大端连接到该短轴上。有时曲柄销仅在一端支撑（腕销），在组合式或整体锻造曲轴中，曲柄销在两端由厚板（曲柄臂、曲柄腹板）支撑。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲劳强度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金属在指定数量的应力循环变化下可以承受的应力。可以在指定的循环次数内持续而不失效的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。 |
| Non-ferrous metal | 有色金属 |
Strictly, all metals and alloys that do not contain iron, but usually taken to mean aluminium- and copper-based alloys. 严格来说，所有不含铁的金属和合金，但通常指铝基和铜基合金。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲线 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余压力或松弛压力随时间变化的曲线图。 |
| Elastic constants | 弹性常数 |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 将材料的弹性位移与施加的力相关联的比例因子。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Bend test | 弯曲试验 |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 确定待成形金属（通常为薄板、带材、板材或线材）的相对延展性或确定金属的坚固性和韧性（例如，焊接后）的试验。试样通常在规定的直径上重复弯曲一个规定的角度，然后在规定的循环次数内弯曲。弯曲试验有四种一般类型，根据施加在试样上的力进行弯曲的方式命名：自由弯曲、引导弯曲、半引导弯曲和环绕弯曲。 |
| Sample variance (s²) | 样本方差（s²） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每个观测值与样本平均值之差的平方和除以样本大小减1。它是总体方差的点估计。 |
| Fahrenheit | 华氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32ºF) and the boiling point of water (212ºF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 温标基于水的冰点（32ºF）和水的沸点（212ºF）。这些点之间的间隔被分成180等份。尽管被摄氏刻度所取代，华氏刻度有时仍用于非科学测量。 |
| Rockwell hardness number (HR) | 洛氏硬度值（HR） |
A number derived from the net increase in the depth of impression in a Rockwell hardness test as the load on an indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load and then returned to the minor load. Rockwell hardness numbers are always quoted with a scale symbol representing the penetrator, load, and dial used. 当压头上的载荷从固定的小载荷增加到大载荷，然后返回到小载荷时，洛氏硬度试验中压痕深度的净增加值。洛氏硬度值总是用刻度符号引用，表示所用的穿透器、载荷和刻度盘。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺丝攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一种杠杆，其中心有一个可调节的方孔，丝锥柄安装在该孔中，以便施加扭矩以切断螺纹。 |
| Bypass valve | 旁通阀 |
A valve that directs flow through a bypass. 引导流过旁路的阀门。 |
| Hot quenching | 热淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一个不精确的术语，用于涵盖各种淬火程序，其中淬火介质规定温度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Stress raisers | 局部应力集中 |
Changes in contour or discontinuities in structure that cause local increases in stress. 导致局部应力增加的轮廓变化或结构不连续性变化。 |
| Transfer moulding | 转移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （树脂传递模塑，RTM）一种对聚合物进行压缩模塑的方法，其中模具在操作开始前关闭。 |
| Densimeter | 密度计 |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于测定固体或液体的密度或相对密度的仪器。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘数0.01的SI单位前缀；因此厘米是长度单位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Axial load (Unit N) | 轴向载荷（单位N） |
In general, a tensile or compressive load directed along the axis of a component. Strictly the load should pass through the centroid of the cross section to avoid inducing bending moments and be perpendicular to the plane of the section. 通常，沿部件的轴定向的拉伸或压缩载荷。严格来说，载荷应通过横截面的质心以避免产生弯矩并垂直于横截面。 |
| Hot shortness | 热脆性 |
The reduction of ductility in steels at high temperatures caused by melting of sulfides that wet grain boundaries and spread along them. 高温下钢的延展性降低，这是由于硫化物的熔化润湿晶界并沿晶界扩散而引起的。 |
| Shear fracture | 剪切断裂 |
A ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. Contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切应力作用下，晶体（或多晶块）通过滑动或撕裂而分离的韧性断裂。与解理断裂形成对比。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皱 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金属板深冲过程中，在法兰边缘和拉深半径之间的金属区域内获得的波浪状状态。当设置不平衡压缩力时，在其他成形操作中也可能发生起皱。 |
| Stress corrosion | 应力腐蚀 |
(stress-corrosion cracking) Corrosion failure accelerated by local stresses (particularly tensile) which enhance cracking in both monotonic and fatigue loading. （应力腐蚀开裂）局部应力（特别是拉伸应力）加速的腐蚀失效，该局部应力在单调载荷和疲劳载荷下都会增强开裂。 |
| Track rod | 横拉杆 |
A bar connecting the ends of the steering arms in an automotive vehicle. 连接汽车转向臂端部的杆。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Subcritical annealing | 不完全退火 |
A process anneal performed on ferrous alloys at a temperature below Ac1. 在低于Ac1的温度下对铁合金进行的工艺退火。 |
| Bearing strain | 轴承应变 |
The ratio of the deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承孔在作用力方向上的变形与轴承测试中销直径的比值。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Maximum continuous load | 最大连续负载 |
(maximum continuous rating) (Unit kg/s) The maximum rate of steam output that a boiler can supply for a specified period, usually 24 hours. （最大连续额定功率）（单位为kg/s）锅炉在规定时间内（通常为24小时）可供应的最大蒸汽输出率。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕变模量（单位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 从蠕变测试中获得的选定应变水平下的应力/应变比，通常随时间绘制以显示刚度的变化。 |
| Rivet | 铆钉 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一种一端有头的短杆，插入待连接板上对齐的孔中，然后通过锤击或成型在突出的杆身上制作第二个头。最常见的头部形状是扁平、圆顶和倒锥形。在阵列中，铆钉间距是相邻铆钉中心之间的距离。故障可能由不同的机制或模式发生。一种一体式紧固件，由头部和主体组成，用于将两个或多个部件紧固在一起，方法是将主体穿过每个部件上的孔，然后在主体端部形成第二个头部。除非取下头部，否则无法移除。 |
| Lubricant | 润滑剂 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 为了减少两个表面之间的摩擦或磨损而置于两个表面间的任何物质。 |
| Bulk density (Unit kg/m³) | 容重（单位kg/m³） |
The average density of a mass of granular or powdered material at ambient conditions. 在环境条件下大量粒状或粉状材料的平均密度。 |
| Planar anisotropy | 平面异向性 |
A variation in physical and/or mechanical properties with respect to direction within the plane of material in sheet form. 在片状材料平面内，物理和/或机械性能相对于方向的变化。 |
| Machine | 机器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在执行有用任务时传递能量的机制。一个地方有一台以上的连接或执行单独的功能，称为机器。 |
| Spanner (wrench) | 扳手 |
A tool for applying torque to tighten or loosen a nut, bolt, or screw. Grip is applied by a serrated ring or an open U-shape at the end of the tool. On imperial-size spanners, the BSW and BSF marking refers to the diameter of the screw thread; similarly for BA spanners. Spanners for unified and metric threads are marked with the distance across the flats (‘A/F’) of the nut or head of the bolt. 拧紧或松开螺母、螺栓或螺丝的工具。通过工具端部的锯齿环或开口U形应用夹持。在英制扳手上，BSW和BSF标记是指螺纹的直径；类似于BA扳手。用于统一螺纹和公制螺纹的扳手在螺母或螺栓头的平面（'A/F'）上标记距离。 |
| Pitch diameter | 中径 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 对于螺纹，指一个假想圆柱体的直径，其表面将在使凹槽宽度和焊盘宽度等于螺距一半的点穿过螺纹。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋转鼓风机 |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋转式压缩机）一种容积式气体压缩机，可以是叶片式、螺旋式、啮合凸角式（罗茨鼓风机）或滑动叶片式。 |
| Gearbox | 变速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一种由啮合齿轮组成的机构，将动力和扭矩从直接连接到发动机的输入轴传递到输出轴。该机构通常包含在充满润滑油的外壳内。示例一个简单的四速滑动啮合齿轮箱，其中具有不同齿数的齿轮沿着齿轮箱内的平行花键轴滑动，以相互啮合并改变输出与输入速度的比率（齿轮比）。 |
| Cheese head | 圆柱头 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺钉或螺栓上的圆柱头。为了驱动，它可以是开槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Nonlinear behavior | 非线性行为 |
A fastener or joint system is said to exhibit nonlinear behavior when the relationship between the External load on the joint and deformation of the parts is nonlinear, or when the relationship between increasing Preload and deformation is nonlinear. 当接头上的外部载荷与零件变形之间的关系是非线性的，或者当增加的预载荷与变形之间的联系是非线性的时，可以说紧固件或接头系统表现出非线性行为。 |
| Elastic interactions | 弹性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 当螺栓拧紧时，它会“在其自身附近”部分压缩接头构件稍后拧紧附近的螺栓时，进一步压缩该区域的接头。这允许第一个螺栓稍微松弛（失去一点预载）。但拧紧接头另一侧的螺栓可能会增加早期在近侧拧紧的一些螺栓的预载。在装配过程中，储存在单个螺栓中的弹性能量的这些位移和变化称为弹性相互作用。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Stress cracking | 应力开裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每种模式都涉及高应力和化学作用。该系列包括氢脆、应力腐蚀开裂、应力脆化和氢辅助应力腐蚀。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 风冷发动机 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一种由气流直接冷却的内燃机，而不是通过流经发动机缸体的水被散热器冷却。 |
| Stretch forming | 拉伸成型 |
A manufacturing process in which sheet-metal components are physically stretched over a forming die using a press, punch, or edge clamps. Stretching combined with bending reduces springback. 一种制造工艺，其中使用压力机、冲头或边缘夹具在成形模上物理拉伸金属板部件。拉伸与弯曲相结合可减少回弹。 |
| Dynamic recovery | 动态恢复 |
A process occurring in hot working of metals in which a fine subgrain structure forms within the elongated grains due to annihilation of dislocations due to easy cross slip and climb. It results in a lowering of the flow stress. Dynamic recovery, as opposed to dynamic recrystallization that occurs in hot working, occurs in metals of high stacking fault energy such as aluminum, αiron, and most bcc metals. 金属热加工中发生的一种过程，由于易于交叉滑动和攀爬，位错湮灭，细长晶粒内形成细亚晶粒结构。这导致流动应力降低。与热加工中发生的动态再结晶相反，动态回复发生在高层错能金属中，如铝、α铁和大多数bcc金属。 |
| Latent heat | 潜热 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物质发生相变时吸收或释放的热能。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 从向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性种子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （时间频率，f）（单位Hz）振荡中每秒的周期数或循环过程的重复率。 |
| Stress relieving | 应力消除 |
Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. 加热到合适的温度，保持足够长的时间以减少残余应力，然后缓慢冷却以尽量减少新残余应力的产生。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 将有机物质转化为元素碳。 |
| Gear ratio | 传动比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 对于接触的两个齿轮，主动齿轮上的齿数与从动齿轮上的齿数之比。 |
| Compression stroke | 压缩冲程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往复式压缩机或发动机中工作流体被压缩的冲程。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接从渗碳作业中淬火渗碳零件。（2） 也用于直接从可锻操作淬火珠光体可锻零件。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可压缩性（单位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 当物质受到压力增加时体积减少或密度增加的量度。它被定义为体积模量的倒数。液体和固体通常被认为是不可压缩的，而气体是高度可压缩的。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金属中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每单位面积或体积的晶粒数、平均直径或从面积测量得出的晶粒尺寸数来报告。 |
| Dead centre | 止点 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄机构中，活塞连杆和曲柄都在一条线上，因此不会有驱动力矩。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一种非铁合金和一些铁合金的回火，其特征是抗拉强度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之间。 |
| Acoustic emission | 声发射 |
(stress-wave emission) Sound emitted by some materials when deformed under load. It arises from stress waves emitted by sudden dislocation motion in crystals, slip, crack growth, etc. （应力波发射）某些材料在负载下变形时发出的声音。它是由晶体中突然的位错运动、滑移、裂纹扩展等发出的应力波引起的。 |
| Shrink fit | 过盈配合 |
A tight interference fit between two components resulting from heating an outer part and/or cooling an inner part to allow easy assembly. The outer component contracts on cooling, while the inner part expands on warming to ambient temperature, thus gripping the two parts together. 由于加热外部部件和/或冷却内部部件而导致的两个部件之间的紧密过盈配合，以便于组装。外部部件在冷却时收缩，而内部部件在加热到环境温度时膨胀，从而将两个部件夹在一起。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面垫圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面为半球形的垫圈。与接触面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。减少螺栓或螺柱中的弯曲应力，允许一些自对准，并对不平行的接头表面或角度进行一些补偿。 |
| Erosion | 侵蚀 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固体表面与流体、多组分流体或撞击液体或固体颗粒之间的机械相互作用，原始材料从固体表面逐渐损失。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一种研磨工具，由柔性背衬材料（例如编织布、纸或硫化纤维）、粘合材料（例如胶水或合成树脂）和砂砾组成。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Cylinder head | 气缸盖 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式发动机缸体上方的机械铸件，通常由铝合金或铸铁制成，用于封闭气缸。它通常包括燃烧室的一部分以及阀门和火花塞的孔。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奥氏体晶界区域的材料熔化的过热阶段。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩尔（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. SI国际单位制中物质量的基本单位。此前，它被定义为一个系统中的物质量，该系统包含的基本实体数量与0.012千克碳-12中的原子数量相同。从2019年5月20日起，它已被定义为包含6.02214076×1023个基本实体的物质量。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非热变化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在没有热波动的情况下进行的反应；也就是说，不需要热激活。相反，在恒温下发生的反应是等温转变。在这种情况下，热活化是必要的，并且反应作为时间的函数进行。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 线性（拉伸或压缩）应变 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始线性尺寸中的力，每单位长度的变化。长度的增加被认为是正的。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋输送机 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋输送机、螺旋输送机、蜗杆输送机）一种用于散装搬运半固态材料的机器，由在槽或外壳中旋转的螺旋螺杆组成。 |
| Air composition | 空气成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的温度和1个大气压的压力下，空气的海平面成分（体积百分比）主要是78.084%的氮气、20.947%的氧气和0.934%的氩气。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氢、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨组成。不同的来源给出的组成略有不同。不包括水蒸气（通常为0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Heat tinting | 热着色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通过加热氧化使金属表面着色，以揭示微观结构的细节。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 热容量（C）（单位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不发生相变的情况下将物体的温度提高1K所需的能量。热容量是一种广泛的热力学性质，取决于温度和压力。 |
| Stabilizing treatment | 稳定化处理 |
(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hardenable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature. （1）在精加工至最终尺寸之前，反复加热含铁或非铁零件至或略高于其正常工作温度，然后冷却至室温，以确保使用中的尺寸稳定性。（2）在淬火可淬硬钢中转变残余奥氏体，通常通过冷处理。（3）将固溶处理的稳定等级奥氏体不锈钢加热至870至900°C（1600至1650°F），使所有碳沉淀为TiC、NbC或TaC，从而避免在随后暴露于高温时敏化。 |
| Compressed liquid | 压缩液体 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于与其温度对应的饱和压力的压力的液体。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面处理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保护表面免受腐蚀和磨损或改变其机械性能的工艺，包括化学、电化学、机械和热处理。 |
| Compression ratio | 压缩率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is SW and the clearance volume is CL, the compression ratio is given by ( SW + CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其冲程顶部的燃烧室的容积与活塞位于其冲程底部的气缸总体积的比例。对于活塞发动机，如果扫气量为SW，间隙容积为CL，则压缩比由(SW+CL)/CL给出，即它是体积比而不是压力比。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根细长的凸肋。 |
| Blank carburizing | 毛坯渗碳 |
Simulating the carburizing operation without introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入碳的情况下模拟渗碳操作。这通常通过使用惰性材料代替渗碳剂或通过在铁合金上施加合适的保护涂层来实现。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Overaging | 过时效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在时间和温度条件下的时效大于获得某一特性最大变化所需的时间和温度，从而使该特性沿初始值的方向发生变化。 |
| Shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| Flattening test | 压扁试验 |
This term as applied to tubing refers to a method of testing a section of tubing by flattening it until the inside walls are parallel and separated by a given distanceusually equal to three times the wall thickness for seamless tubes and five times the wall thickness for lap-welded tubes. Boiler tubes subjected to this test should show no cracks or flaws. The flattening test applied to rivets, consists in flattening a rivet head while hot to a diameter equal to 21⁄2 times the diameter of the shank or body of the rivet. Good rivet steel must not crack at the edges of the flattened head. 该术语适用于管材，是指通过压扁管材直至内壁平行并隔开给定距离（通常等于无缝钢管壁厚的三倍，搭接焊管壁厚的五倍）来测试管材截面的方法。进行该试验的锅炉管应无裂纹或缺陷。适用于铆钉的压扁试验包括在热态下压扁铆钉头，使其直径等于铆钉柄或铆钉体直径的21⁄2倍。良好的铆钉钢不得在扁平头部边缘开裂。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Izod test | 悬臂梁试验 |
A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一种冲击试验，其中垂直安装的V形切口试样受到摆臂末端重量的突然冲击。断开自由端所需的能量是材料冲击强度或韧性的量度。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一种环形合成橡胶环，位于加工成平面或圆柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Band clutch | 带式离合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一种摩擦离合器，其驱动是通过一条带在离合器边缘上收缩来实现的。 |
| Cementation | 胶结 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高温下通过扩散将一种或多种元素引入金属物体的外部。 |
| Slip joint | 滑动接头 |
A mechanical connection which allows limited endwise relative movement of two components such as pipes, rods, and ducts. 一种机械连接，允许两个部件（如管道、杆和管道）进行有限的轴向相对运动。 |
| Die casting | 压铸 |
A process in which molten metal, particularly alloys of aluminium, magnesium, copper, and zinc, is forced under pressure (10 to 200 MPa) into a reusable hardened-steel mould machined into a die. 在压力（10至200MPa）下将熔融金属（特别是铝、镁、铜和锌的合金）强制进入加工成模具的可重复使用的硬化钢模具中的过程。 |
| Radial wave equation | 径向波动方程 |
A differential equation describing the transmission of a wave in a system with radial symmetry. 描述波在径向对称系统中传输的微分方程。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的压力。大约等于9.81Pa。 |
| Butt joint | 对接接头 |
The end-to-end joining of two plates either by welding or by overlapping plates that are bolted or riveted. 通过焊接或通过螺栓或铆接的重叠板将两块板端对端连接。 |
| Diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 压力容器（如锅炉）设计用于在正常条件下运行的压力。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 应力差（单位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 − σ3). 载荷体中最大和最小主应力之间的代数差，等于系统中最大剪应力的两倍。由（σ1− σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Actuating system | 驱动系统 |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一种系统，其中提供给执行器的电气、气动或液压输入通常以受控方式产生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Flange bolt | 法兰螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在头部下方带有内置垫圈状法兰的螺栓。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺纹 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 顺时针或向右转动时进入配合部件的螺纹。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 热电结 |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 两根不同金属线的末端之间的焊接、锡焊或绞合连接，如热电偶。 |
| Set screw | 紧定螺钉（平头螺钉、紧定螺栓） |
Usually a hardened steel screw having either no head or a square head and with various degrees of points or ends to lock or tighten adjustable machine parts in position on a shaft. A short, headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screwdriver or key, the other end being pointed, square, or otherwise shaped. Typically used to secure a pulley, gear, or other component on a shaft. 通常是一种硬化钢螺钉，无头或方头，具有不同程度的点或端部，用于将可调机械部件锁定或拧紧在轴上的适当位置。一端有凹槽，用来装螺丝刀或钥匙，另一端是尖的、方形的或其他形状的。通常用于将皮带轮、齿轮或其他部件固定在轴上。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Magnetic test | 磁性测试 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. The test works by utilizing the change in magnetic properties of metals at their Curie point–the temperature above which metals lose their magnetism. 用于测试各种淬火剂的热提取率的方法。该测试通过利用金属在居里点（即金属失去磁性的温度）的磁性变化来进行。 |
| Ablative materials | 烧蚀材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂层材料，旨在通过质量损失为流体流中的物体提供热保护。 |
| Absolute zero | 绝对零度 |
Temperature of -273.16″C or 459.69″F or OK at which molecular motion vanishes and a body has no heat energy. 温度为-273.16″C或459.69″F，此时分子运动消失且物体没有热能。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂扩展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料对裂纹扩展的抵抗力的量度，以应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力或使用J积分概念导出的J值表示。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式湿度计 |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通过吸收到吸湿介质中来确定大气中水蒸气含量的仪器。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中液体溶液在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）一种合金，其成分由平衡图上的共晶点表示。（3）由共晶反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Translational joint | 平移铰 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制变量为直线运动的机器人关节。 |
| Rockwell hardness test | 洛氏硬度测试 |
An indentation-hardness test using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness. A direct-reading hardness test based on depth of indentation, in which a minor load (typically 30 to 100 N) is applied before the major load (typically 120 to 1 500 N). There are different scales using conical or spherical indenters for different ranges of hardness. An indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. 使用校准机器进行的压痕硬度测试，该机器利用恒定载荷下的压痕深度作为硬度测量值。一种基于压痕深度的直读硬度测试，其中在主要载荷（通常为120至1500N）之前施加较小载荷（通常是30至100N）。对于不同的硬度范围，使用锥形或球形压头有不同的刻度。在某些任意固定条件下，基于指定穿透器穿透试样深度的压痕硬度试验。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Combustion | 燃烧氧化 |
An exothermic chemical reaction in which a fuel and an oxidant, typically air, react together to release a significant quantity of thermal energy in the presence of a flame. In the case of fluid fuels, ignition may be from an electric spark or compression of the 一种放热化学反应，其中燃料和氧化剂（通常是空气）一起反应，在火焰存在的情况下释放大量热能。 |
| Compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| Stiffness | 刚度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金属或形状抵抗弹性变形的能力。（2）所述应力增加速率相对于在所述金属或形状中诱导的应变增加速率；产生给定应变所需的应力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Actual power | 实际功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （实际马力）（单位W或hp）在随后通过变速箱等传输之前，在发动机输出轴上传递的功率。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通过活塞的往复运动、叶片的旋转或叶轮的旋转而使液体、气体、蒸汽或泥浆流动的机器。 |
| Wedge | 楔子 |
A short triangular prism whose major surfaces subtend an acute angle, that can be driven between two objects or parts of an object to split, tighten, or secure them, or to widen an opening or raise a heavy object. The acute angle gives a high mechanical advantage. 一种短的三棱镜，其主面对着一个锐角，可在两个物体或物体的一部分之间驱动，以将它们分开、拧紧或固定，或加宽开口或举起重物。锐角具有很高的机械优势。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滚动摩擦系数 |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物体滚动表面的力与法向力之比。与滑动摩擦不同，滚动摩擦取决于接触片的大小和滚动元件的半径，其行为取决于接触是弹性的、粘弹性的还是塑性的以及滞后损失。 |
| Joint space | 关节空间 |
The description of the position and orientation of a robot in terms of the rotational angles and translational positions of the joints. Kinematic analysis, normally using homogeneous transforms, allows conversion between this description and the end‐effector position and orientation in x,y,z space. 根据关节的旋转角度和平移位置描述机器人的位置和方向。通常使用齐次变换的运动学分析允许在该描述与x、y、z空间中的末端执行器位置和方向之间进行转换。 |
| Edge distance | 边距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，从轴承试样的边缘到孔中心的距离。 |
| Electroplating | 电镀 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用电解将一种金属沉积到另一种金属上。待镀金属形成电解池中的阴极，待沉积金属形成阳极。 |
| Available resource | 可用资源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （总资源）（单位J）理论上可从可再生能源（例如海浪、风或总入射太阳能）获得的年度总能量。 |
| Stress factor | 应力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。它是由紧固件长度变化引起的超声波传输时间变化与总传输时间变化之间的比率。 |
| Press quenching | 压淬 |
A quench in which hot dies are pressed and aligned with a part before the quenching process begins. Then the part is placed in contact with a quenching medium in a controlled manner. This process avoids part distortion. 一种淬火方法，在淬火过程开始之前，热模具被压制并与零件对齐。然后将零件以受控方式放置在与淬火介质接触的位置。该过程避免了零件变形。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜计 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一种干式流量计，其中有两个或多个相互连接的腔室，每个腔室的壁上都有一个隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，气体流速由隔膜的移动确定。隔膜流量计通常用于监测家用和商用燃气供应。 |
| Preload relaxation | 预载松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓头下的轴承应力过大（由局部斑点高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母轴承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能会在首次向螺栓施加预载荷后导致预载荷松弛。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 钢或铸铁中的游离碳。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分离器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 从螺栓上去除锈蚀螺母的工具。它由一个围绕螺母放置的刚性钢环组成。穿过环的螺纹径向支撑在楔形尖端上，该尖端凹陷并穿过螺母的表面。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| GGas turbine | G燃气轮机 |
An engine in which air, compressed by a multi-stage axial compressor and/or one or more centrifugal compressors, flows into a combustion chamber (or chambers) where fuel is burned and the hot gases then drive an axial turbine which powers the compressor. 由多级轴流压缩机和/或一个或多个离心压缩机压缩的空气流入燃烧室（或多个燃烧室），在燃烧室中燃烧燃料，然后热气体驱动轴流涡轮，为压缩机提供动力。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 两端有螺纹并弯曲成U形的杆。用于夹紧。一种外螺纹紧固件，弯曲成字母U的形状，两端带有螺纹。 |
| Initial strain | 初始应变 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕变试验中（蠕变发生之前）达到给定载荷条件后，试样立即产生的应变。有时称为瞬时应变。 |
| DTI | DTI |
Direct tension indicator. A fastener used primarily in the structural steel industry, designed to indicate that a certain minimum amount of tension has been developed in the fastener during assembly. 直接张力指示器。一种主要用于结构钢行业的紧固件，旨在表明在装配过程中紧固件中产生了一定的最小张力。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在涡扇发动机中，旁通流的质量流量与通过发动机核心的质量流量之比。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Scuffing | 擦伤 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| Significance level | 显着性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 当假设为真时，给定的显著性检验将拒绝特定效应不存在的假设的所述概率（风险）。 |
| Unison ring | 协调环 |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可调导向叶片或定子叶片的涡轮机中，一组叶片连接到的环，当环旋转时，所有叶片角度都可调整。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 热平衡（热预算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 仅涉及跨系统边界的热传递和存储能量的能量平衡。 |
| Martensitic stainless steels | 马氏体不锈钢 |
Martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. They can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. They have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. Uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 马氏体不锈钢是一种可硬化的磁性不锈钢，其铬含量为9-18%，碳含量为0.06-1.25%，锰、硅、镍和钼的总含量通常高达约2.5%。它们可以进行热处理，使马氏体成为主要的微组分，通常可在退火或淬火回火条件下获得。它们具有优异的强度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蚀性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步枪枪管、蒸汽轮机管道和叶片、喷气发动机部件、手动工具、机械零件、紧固件、阀门、弹簧、轴承、泵轴、喷嘴、采矿设备和耐磨零件。 |
| Abelian group | 阿贝尔群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 与二元运算相关的一组元素的属性。在阿贝尔群中，群元素在二元运算下交换。如果a和b是任意两个群元素并且（+）符号表示二元运算 |
| Assembly drawing | 装配图纸 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 显示零件如何组装以生产组件或整机的工程图。它可能包括显示内部特征、对装配至关重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件编号的部分。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓头的底面应与螺纹或柄轴完全垂直。例如，如果面和轴之间的角度为868或948，则称紧固件的角度为48（有时称为垂直度）。 |
| Compounding | 复合串联 |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽机（复合蒸汽机）或脉冲涡轮机中，通过串联的两个或多个级逐渐降低压力（膨胀）。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 结构完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷载条件下，评估部件和结构因屈曲、断裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| 显示更多数据，请使用查询功能！ | ||