| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Acoustic separation | 声学分离 |
(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （单位m）使用驻声波（通常是超声波）将流体中的粒子分离，以将它们驱动到节点（声学粒子浓度）。 |
| Set screw | 紧定螺钉（平头螺钉、紧定螺栓） |
Usually a hardened steel screw having either no head or a square head and with various degrees of points or ends to lock or tighten adjustable machine parts in position on a shaft. A short, headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screwdriver or key, the other end being pointed, square, or otherwise shaped. Typically used to secure a pulley, gear, or other component on a shaft. 通常是一种硬化钢螺钉，无头或方头，具有不同程度的点或端部，用于将可调机械部件锁定或拧紧在轴上的适当位置。一端有凹槽，用来装螺丝刀或钥匙，另一端是尖的、方形的或其他形状的。通常用于将皮带轮、齿轮或其他部件固定在轴上。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：盐水淬火、碱淬火、冷模淬火、强制空气淬火、强淬火、油淬火、压力淬火、喷射淬火、直接淬火、雾淬火、热淬火、间断淬火、选择性淬火、时间淬火和水淬火。1.通过将物体放入水、油、盐、熔融金属或其他介质的浴中快速冷却的过程。这是一种热处理方法，特别用于形成回火钢前的马氏体。浴温度是淬火温度。2.燃烧的抑制。3.在活塞式发动机中，燃烧过程中一部分气体的冷却，通常通过减小活塞顶和气缸盖之间的间隙来实现。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺纹小径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹根部或内螺纹顶部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Steel-wire rope | 钢丝绳 |
A rope or cable made up of many steel strands wrapped helically about an axis, each strand being made of metal wires twisted together like a helix. 一种绳索或缆绳，由许多绕轴螺旋缠绕的钢绞线组成，每根钢绞线由金属丝缠绕在一起形成螺旋。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容积式压缩机 |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何类型的压缩机，包括活塞式和旋转螺杆式，在单位时间内以高压输送固定体积的气体。容积泵每单位时间输送固定体积的流体，通常为液体。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氢损伤 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 当氢存在于某些金属中时可能发生的脆化、开裂、起泡和氢化物形成的总称。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Cementite | 渗碳体 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化铁一种铁和碳的化合物，化学上称为碳化铁，化学式近似为Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶体结构。当它在钢中以相形式出现时，锰和其他碳化物形成元素的存在将改变其化学成分。 |
| Bucket | 吊桶 |
1. A cup-shaped vane with a central dividing ridge attached to the periphery of the runner of an impulse water turbine such as a Pelton turbine. 2. A rotor blade in a compressor or turbine. 1.一种杯形叶片，所述杯形叶片具有附接到冲击式水轮机（例如冲击式水轮机台）的转轮的外围的中央分隔脊。2.压缩机或涡轮机中的转子叶片。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一类由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种单体组成的热塑性共聚物，其性能（特别是韧性）优于单个成分。 |
| Kinetic friction | 动摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (Unit N) The sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （动摩擦，滑动摩擦）（单位N）两个相互接触的表面相对运动的滑动阻力。 |
| Screw compressor | 螺杆压缩机 |
A positive-displacement rotary compressor in which gas is progressively compressed by two intermeshing, counter-rotating, helical screws. 一种容积式旋转压缩机，其中气体由两个相互啮合、反向旋转的螺旋螺杆逐渐压缩。 |
| Breaking stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 两端有螺纹并弯曲成U形的杆。用于夹紧。一种外螺纹紧固件，弯曲成字母U的形状，两端带有螺纹。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲劳强度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金属在指定数量的应力循环变化下可以承受的应力。可以在指定的循环次数内持续而不失效的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔辐射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加热室，近似于黑体辐射的辐射通过该小孔传递出去。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽发电厂冷凝器上的低于大气压的压力导致整体效率显着提高。 |
| Modulus of rupture | 断裂模量 |
Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. 弯曲试验或扭转试验中的标称断裂应力。在弯曲中，断裂模量是断裂时的弯矩除以截面模量。在扭转中，断裂模量是断裂时的扭矩除以极截面模量。 |
| Mass flow meter | 质量流量计 |
An instrument, such as a Coriolis flow meter, which measures the mass flow rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe or other duct, rather than its volume flow rate. 一种仪器，例如科里奥利流量计，一种测量流经管道或其他管道的流体的质量流率而不是其体积流率的仪器。 |
| Valve spring | 气门弹簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在阀门打开后将其恢复到关闭位置的弹簧，也用于防止阀门反弹。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高强度低合金钢 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA钢）是含有各种微合金元素的钢，如少量的铜、镍、铬、钼、铌、钛和钒，与普通碳钢相比，具有更好的强度（高达900MPa）和腐蚀性能。这些改进归功于晶粒细化和沉淀硬化、炼钢过程中更好的化学控制以及精确的轧制温度。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 时间分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 将控制问题分解为具有相对较短和较长时间常数的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Coaxial | 同轴 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同轴线的部件的术语，例如同心轴。 |
| Lathe | 车床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一种机床，其中夹持在主轴箱中的工件靠着切削工具旋转，以生产车削、钻孔、端面或螺纹部件。 |
| Dead load (Unit N) | 静载（单位N） |
A load on a component or structure that is steady with time, e.g. the self-weight of a bridge. 部件或结构上随时间稳定的载荷，例如桥梁的自重。 |
| Combined carbon | 复合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中除游离碳外的部分。 |
| Case | 包盖 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 铁合金的一部分，从表面向内延伸，其成分已经改变，可以进行表面硬化。通常被认为是合金的一部分，（a）其成分与原始成分发生了可测量的变化，（b）在蚀刻横截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于规定值。与核心形成对比。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一种在六角面上有槽的螺母，与具有钻孔的螺栓一起使用，以便将开口（开口）销插入穿过螺母和螺栓以防止拧松。 |
| Critical strain | 临界应变 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 刚好足以引起再结晶的应变；由于应变很小，通常只有百分之几，再结晶只发生在少数核上，从而产生由非常大的晶粒组成的再结晶结构。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷却曲线 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 显示材料冷却过程中时间和温度之间关系的曲线。 |
| Absolute temperature (Unit K) | 绝对温度（单位K） |
A temperature T measured relative to absolute zero, 0 K or −273.15°C, the lowest temperature achievable at which molecular motion vanishes so that a body would have zero heat energy. The kelvin is equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius (°C). The kelvin temperature scale (kelvin absolute temperature scale) is an absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale derived from the Celsius scale: T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15. The Rankine absolute scale is derived from the Fahrenheit scale such that T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67, i.e. a scale relative to 0 R or −459.67°F where R is the Rankine degree symbol and °F is the Fahrenheit symbol. 相对于绝对零、0K或0K测量的温度T−273.15°C，分子运动消失的最低温度，因此物体的热能为零。开尔文的大小等于摄氏度（℃）。开尔文温度标度（开尔文绝对温度标度）是从摄氏标度得出的绝对或热力学温度标度：T（K）=T（°C）+273.15。兰金绝对标度是从华氏标度得出，使得T（R）=T（°F）+459.67，即相对于0R或0R的标度−459.67°F，其中R是朗肯度符号，°F是华氏度符号。 |
| Cavitation | 空蚀空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部压力降低而在液体中形成充满蒸汽或气体的空腔，通常原因是流体的加速，例如收敛喷嘴的流动。如果液体中没有溶解气体，当压力降至饱和蒸汽压力以下时，会发生蒸汽空化。如果气泡是由于高温形成的，则该过程称为沸腾。如果存在溶解气体，则由于压力降低、温度升高或扩散（脱气），会发生气穴。在船用螺旋桨尖端和液压机械中，空化气泡的破裂可能会引起噪音和振动，并导致以点蚀形式出现的表面损坏。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| Rated load (Unit N) | 额定负荷（单位：N） |
The maximum load that a structure or component has been designed to carry. 结构或部件设计承受的最大荷载。 |
| Stress amplitude | 应力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重复变化应力的一个循环中最大和最小应力之间代数差的一半。 |
| Temper color | 回火颜色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一种薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮，当钢在低温或短时间内在空气或轻度氧化气氛中回火时形成。颜色范围从稻草色到蓝色，取决于氧化皮的厚度，随回火时间和温度而变化。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| constitutive equation | 本构方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本构关系）1.在固体力学或流体力学中，应力与材料的变形、应变、应变率、温度等之间的代数或数值关系。在固体力学中，这种关系有时称为状态方程。简单的线性例子包括胡克定律和牛顿粘度定律。2.在传热学中，将热流与温度梯度联系起来的一种关系，如傅立叶热传导定律。 |
| Shock load | 冲击载荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，导致应力迅速增加。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波义耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在给定的绝对温度T下，气体的压力p与其体积的乘积是恒定的。与查尔斯定律一起，它产生了理想的气体方程p=Mrt，其中m是气体的质量，R是特定的气体常数。恒温下气体的体积与压力成反比。这意味着随着压力的增加，气体的体积会减少。 |
| Preload accuracy | 预载精度 |
A measure of the precision with which a given tool or procedure creates preload in a bolt when the bolt is tightened. A common torque wrench, for example, is said to produce preload with an accuracy of +30%. The mean preload, however, may not be that which the designer intended, or may not be what he should have intended. Accuracy as used here, in other words, is synonymous with Scatter. 当螺栓拧紧时，给定工具或程序在螺栓中产生预紧力的精度度量。例如，一个普通的扭矩扳手据说可以产生精度为+30%的预载。然而，平均预载可能不是设计者预期的。这里使用的准确度是分散度的同义词。 |
| Nipple | 喷嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一种包含止回阀的装置，该止回阀拧入润滑点，通过该润滑点可以将润滑脂引入，例如轴承中。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 J/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到SI的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102J/m²。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽压力曲线 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 对于纯物质，绘制了饱和压力与饱和温度的曲线。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 简单机器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是负载（输出力）与作用力（输入力）的比值。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的压力。大约等于9.81Pa。 |
| Closed-die forging | 闭模锻造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一对具有待制造部件的阴模的模具（闭模）内通过压缩形成工件，多余的金属在模具相遇处作为飞边排出。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 两个连杆连接在一起形成运动副，其中接触面为螺纹，因此它们的相对运动包括旋转和滑动。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲劳裂纹扩展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲劳荷载引起的裂纹扩展速率，以每次荷载施加循环的裂纹扩展表示。 |
| Free ferrite | 游离铁氧体 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷却过程中亚共析奥氏体分解直接形成的铁素体，没有同时形成渗碳体。也是先共析铁氧体。 |
| Balance weight | 平衡器 |
A corrective mass used in the static or dynamic balancing of a rotating object. 用于旋转物体的静态或动态平衡的校正质量。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄径为ds≈d或ds>d的紧固件，或螺纹连接到头部，或全螺纹螺柱。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美国机械工程师学会。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于从奥氏体化温度以低于特定钢临界冷却速度的速度淬火而导致钢的不完全硬化，导致除马氏体外还形成一种或多种相变产物。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 涡轮流量计 |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ṁ. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ṁ is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （轴向流量计、螺旋桨流量计）一种串联流量计，其中螺旋桨或转子的转速N是质量流量的测量值ṁ. 校准总是必要的，但需要适当的设计ṁ在很宽的范围内与N成正比。 |
| Feather key | 滑键 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一种平行键，固定在轴上或在其上滑动的构件的轮毂上。当固定在轴上时，其长度必须足以将滑动构件固定或驱动在轴上的任何位置。当处于滑动构件中时，键只需与轮毂一样长。 |
| Cylinder head | 气缸盖 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式发动机缸体上方的机械铸件，通常由铝合金或铸铁制成，用于封闭气缸。它通常包括燃烧室的一部分以及阀门和火花塞的孔。 |
| Effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads | 螺母、螺栓头或螺纹的有效半径 |
Distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. Must be determined by integration. 零件几何中心与配合零件之间的合力通过的点圆之间的距离。必须通过积分来确定。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓断裂或螺纹脱落的术语。原因可能有很多种。 |
| Square thread | 方螺纹 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺纹的一种形式，螺纹的横截面形成正方形，使螺纹的宽度等于螺纹之间的间距。 |
| Hydrodynamics | 流体力学 |
A term sometimes used to mean fluid dynamics, even when the fluid is a gas or a liquid other than water. 有时用于表示流体动力学的术语，即使流体是气体或水以外的液体。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Precipitation hardening | 沉淀硬化 |
Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution. 因成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀而导致的硬化。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在内部火焰中过量氧气产生的气体火焰。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m²) | 韧性（单位：J/m²） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金属在破裂前吸收能量和塑性变形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂纹萌生和扩展的能力。2.材料在不发生断裂的情况下吸收应变能的能力。 |
| Cavitation damage | 气蚀损坏 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通过在包含蒸汽和/或气体的相邻液体中形成空穴或气泡并破坏固体表面。 |
| Precipitation heat treatment | 沉淀热处理 |
Artificial aging in which a constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution. 成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀的人工时效。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Wind tunnel | 风洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于测试和研究的可控气流管道。类型包括排污、闭路、开路回路和开路段。闭路隧道可加压或排空。工作段通常位于流量调节元件的下游，可包括增压室、蜂窝、滤网、湍流格栅和收缩管。紧靠下游通常有一个扩散器。对于基础研究，通常的要求是在低涡流和湍流强度的工作段中实现均匀稳定流动。对于某些应用，流动可能是密度分层、剪切、不稳定或高湍流强度。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷载（单位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋转力施加在物体上的载荷分量，如齿轮，倾向于引起或阻止旋转。 |
| Fracture surface | 断裂面 |
The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken. 一块金属破碎时产生的不规则表面。 |
| Torque converter | 变矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的涡轮机，由叶轮、涡轮机和反作用构件组成。应用包括机动车变速器。 |
| Furnace | 炉 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一种燃烧室，其中燃烧固体、液体或气体燃料以向锅炉或其他工艺设备供应热气。示例包括燃烧室、锅炉炉（蒸汽发生炉）、热风炉、燃油炉、上升气流炉和水冷炉。2.用于加热和熔化材料的腔室，有时具有受控气氛或真空（真空炉）。例如高炉、直接和间接电弧炉、感应炉（高频炉）、马弗炉、反射炉和太阳能炉。 |
| International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) | 国际实用温标（IPTS） |
A close approximation to the thermodynamic temperature scale based upon the triple points of hydrogen (13.8 K), neon (24.6 K), oxygen (54.4 K), argon (83.8 K), mercury (234.3 K), and water (273.2 K); the melting point of gallium (302.9 K); and the freezing points of indium (429.7 K), tin (505.1 K), zinc (692.7 K), aluminium (933.5 K), silver (1 234.9 K), gold (1 337.3 K), and copper (1 基于氢（13.8K）、氖（24.6K）、氧（54.4K）、氩（83.8K），汞（234.3K）和水（273.2K）的三相点的热力学温度标度的近似值；镓的熔点（302.9K）；铟（429.7K）、锡（505.1K）、锌（692.7K），铝（933.5K）、银（1234.9K）、金（1337.3K）和铜等。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用过程中的延展性或断裂韧性损失。通常是金属或合金的延展性或韧性或两者的严重损失。多种形式的脆化可导致脆性断裂。在热处理或高温服务期间，可能会出现多种形式（热致脆化）。影响钢的一些脆化形式包括蓝脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火时效脆化、西格玛相脆化、应变时效脆化，回火脆化、回火马氏体脆化和热脆化。此外，钢和其他金属和合金可能因环境条件而脆化（环境辅助脆化）。环境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、碱脆化、腐蚀脆化、蠕变断裂脆化、氢脆化、液态金属脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固态金属脆化和应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料条件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有内部尺寸的下限的情况。 |
| Minimum stress-intensity factor (Kmin) | 最小应力强度因子（Kmin） |
In fatigue, the minimum value of the stress-intensity factor in a cycle. This value corresponds to the minimum loadwhen the load ratio is 0 and is taken to be 0 when the load ratio is ≤0. 在疲劳中，一个循环中应力强度因子的最小值。该值对应于负载比为0时的最小负载，当负载比为≤0 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一种方形、六角形或其他形状的金属紧固件，具有内螺纹，可拧在螺栓、螺柱或心轴上。与外螺纹螺栓一起使用的内螺纹紧固件。通常为六边形，但也有许多其他几何形状，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夹持工具。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 声压（单位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 声波传播引起的压力与环境压力的瞬时偏差，可通过空气中的麦克风和水中的水听器测量。 |
| Abrasion | 磨损 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通过硬质颗粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂纸、研磨清洁、研磨加工），也可以是操作的结果（磨损）。 |
| Stress–strain curve | 应力-应变曲线 |
(stress–strain diagram) A plot of stress vs strain for a solid material obtained from a test in which a specimen is loaded in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof. Diagrams of true stress vs true strain deviate from those of nominal stress vs nominal strain only at large strains where appreciable changes in cross section of testpieces occur. （应力-应变图）从试验中获得的固体材料的应力与应变图，其中试样在拉伸、压缩、剪切或其组合中加载。只有在试件横截面发生明显变化的大应变下，真实应力与真实应变图与标称应力与标称应变图不同。 |
| Transfer machines | 转印机 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 当零件在自动输送机上移动时，这些专用机床用于对零件或夹具中的零件执行各种加工操作，自动输送机是机床设置的一部分。在设置中，零件可以从其入口点直线移动到其出口点，或者设置可以构造为U形，以便零件在其起点附近排出。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式湿度计 |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通过吸收到吸湿介质中来确定大气中水蒸气含量的仪器。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 热力学状态 |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系统或工作流体根据其性质的状态。 |
| Torsion spring | 扭簧 |
1. A spring in the form of a torsion bar. 2. A helical spring to which torque can be applied at the ends. 1.一种扭杆形式的弹簧。2.一种螺旋弹簧，其端部可施加扭矩。 |
| Standard hole | 标准孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，钻孔至规定公差，其中与轴的间隙通过轴上的余量来实现。标准轴加工至规定公差，其中与孔的间隙通过孔上的公差实现。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 热疲劳 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于温度梯度的存在而产生的疲劳，温度梯度随时间变化，从而在结构中产生循环应力。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微动腐蚀 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于两个表面之间的腐蚀和轻微振荡运动，接触表面之间的界面加速劣化。（2）一种以化学反应为主的微动磨损形式。微动腐蚀通常以颗粒的去除和随后形成的氧化物为特征，这些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此会增加磨损。微动腐蚀可能涉及其他化学反应产物，这些化学反应产物可能不是磨料。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效应 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金属件的尺寸对其机械和其他性能以及对制造变量（如锻造、压下和热处理）的影响。一般来说，尺寸越大，机械性能越低。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，长格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来的方程，该方程涉及紧固件几何形状和配合面之间的摩擦系数。基于刚体力学和紧固件几何结构由蓝图尺寸完美描述的假设的理论方程。 |
| Induction tempering | 感应回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| Load range, P | 负载范围P |
In fatigue, the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum loads in a fatigue cycle. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最大和最小载荷之间的代数差。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Thread form | 螺纹形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺纹的横截面形状，定义螺纹角度、齿根和齿冠轮廓等。螺纹长度：紧固件中包含全深度切割或轧制螺纹的部分的长度。 |
| Fracture test | 断裂试验 |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一种试验，其中试样被破坏并用肉眼或低倍显微镜检查其断裂表面，以确定成分、晶粒尺寸、表层深度或内部不连续性等因素。1.记录单调加载试样的载荷偏转（或应力-应变），直到其在拉伸、压缩、剪切或扭转中断裂。2.在疲劳技术中，确定试样在不同重复载荷模式下的断裂循环次数。3.测定断裂韧性的实验。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式电极炉 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一种通过使用浸入陶瓷衬里中的电极加热熔融盐浴对零件进行液体渗碳的炉。 |
| Micrometer | 千分尺 |
(micrometer gauge) A mechanical-contact device for the accurate measurement of the length, width, diameter, etc. of an object, the depth of a hole, the height of a step, etc. The usual arrangement is a spindle that is moved by rotation of a thimble, the distance then being read off a vernier scale. （千分尺）一种机械接触装置，用于精确测量物体的长度、宽度、直径等、孔的深度、台阶的高度等。通常的布置是通过顶针的旋转移动主轴，然后通过游标尺读取距离。 |
| Uniaxial strain | 单轴应变 |
Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen. 由平行于试样纵轴的应力引起的长度增加（或减少）。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 温度（单位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物质分子动能的定量量度，以及它的冷热程度。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一种形式，带有内脊钢套筒，用于安装螺母或螺栓或螺钉的头部。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蚀电池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 当两种具有不同电势的金属（阳极和阴极）在液体（电解质）存在下连接在一起时形成的天然“电池”。 |
| Absolute zero | 绝对零度 |
Temperature of -273.16″C or 459.69″F or OK at which molecular motion vanishes and a body has no heat energy. 温度为-273.16″C或459.69″F，此时分子运动消失且物体没有热能。 |
| Slip band | 滑带 |
A group of parallel slip lines so closely spaced as to appear as a single line when observed under an optical microscope. 一组平行滑移线，间距如此之近，以至于在光学显微镜下观察时显示为一条直线。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 热电结 |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 两根不同金属线的末端之间的焊接、锡焊或绞合连接，如热电偶。 |
| Hydraulics | 液压系统 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括运河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系统中的水流。 |
| Stress raisers | 局部应力集中 |
Changes in contour or discontinuities in structure that cause local increases in stress. 导致局部应力增加的轮廓变化或结构不连续性变化。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 冲击强度1.（单位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高应变率条件下导致失效（通过屈服或断裂）的应力。2.（单位J）有时用于描述在夏比或悬臂梁式冲击试验中使样品断裂所需的能量，即使单位不是强度单位。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 弹性应变能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物体弹性变形所消耗的能量。本质上，弹性变形过程中所做的所有功都以弹性能的形式存储，并且在释放所施加的力时恢复该能量。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 传动测功机 |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一种测功机，其中轴传递的功率由其转速和扭矩的乘积获得，扭矩由沿轴测得的剪切应变确定。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化温度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金发生部分熔融的最低温度。 |
| External load | 外部负载 |
Forces exerted on fastener and=or joint members by such external factors as weight, wind, inertia, vibration, temperature expansion, pressure, etc. Does not equal the Working load in the fastener. 由重量、风、惯性、振动、温度膨胀、压力等外部因素施加在紧固件和/或接头构件上的力。不等于紧固件中的工作负载。 |
| Breaks | 断裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超过屈服点的老化材料中出现折痕或隆起。根据断裂的起源，它可能被称为交叉断裂、线圈断裂、边缘断裂或贴纸断裂。 |
| Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | 线弹性断裂力学 |
A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a structure containing a cracklike flaw of known size and shape. 一种断裂分析方法，可确定在含有已知尺寸和形状裂纹状缺陷的结构中引起断裂不稳定性所需的应力（或载荷）。 |
| Raised-face flange | 凸面法兰 |
A flange which contacts its mating joint member only in the region in which the gasket is located. The flanges do not contact each other at the bolt circle. 仅在垫圈所在区域接触其配合接头构件的法兰。法兰在螺栓圆处不相互接触。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Unison ring | 协调环 |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可调导向叶片或定子叶片的涡轮机中，一组叶片连接到的环，当环旋转时，所有叶片角度都可调整。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金钢经淬火产生马氏体，在550°C以上回火时产生细小沉淀的过程，这抑制了位错运动，扭转了在较高回火温度下强度降低的趋势。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 开尔文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0ºC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100ºC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10−23 when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m²/(s²K). 国际单位制中热力学温度的基本单位。开尔文温度标度在绝对零度和与摄氏度大小相同的度间隔（开尔文）处有一个零点。水的冰点为273K（0ºC），沸点为373K（100ºC）。它先前被定义为水三相点热力学温度的分数1/273.16。从2019年5月20日起，通过将玻尔兹曼常数kB的固定数值取为1.380649×10来定义−当以等于kg·m²/（s²K）的单位J/K表示时。 |
| Brake fluid | 制动液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于将力传递到盘式制动器中的活塞或鼓式制动器中的轮缸的液压油。要求包括高沸点和低吸湿性。 |
| Initial preload | 初始预载 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 拧紧单个螺栓时产生的张力。通常会通过后续的装配操作或在役负载和条件进行修改。 |
| Gasket stress | 垫片应力 |
The contact stress exerted on the gasket by the joint members. 连接件施加在垫片上的接触应力。 |
| Gamma iron | 加马铁 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 纯铁的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）温度范围内稳定。 |
| Fracture | 断裂 |
(rupture) The separation of materials, components, or structures into two or more parts by the propagation of one or more cracks. Cracking may be globally elastic (brittle) or accompanied by varying degrees of plasticity (ductile). （断裂）通过一个或多个裂纹的扩展将材料、部件或结构分离成两个或更多部分。裂纹可能是整体弹性（脆性）或伴有不同程度的塑性（延性）。 |
| Air-cooled condenser | 风冷冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is air, used to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine, the condensate being returned to the boiler. 一种热交换器，其中冷却介质为空气，用于冷凝蒸汽轮机排出的蒸汽，冷凝水返回锅炉。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“发条”）或螺旋（圆柱形）弹簧。以螺旋状缠绕的弹簧钢丝。 |
| Rpm (N) | 转速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分钟转数的缩写。它是一种广泛使用的转速非SI单位。相应的角速度ω，单位为rad/s，由πN/30给出。还使用Rps（每秒转数），此时角速度为2πN。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火时效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶热处理后快速冷却引起的时效。 |
| Compression | 压缩 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加载，其主要作用是挤压和缩短部件或试件。2.压力增加导致物质体积减少和密度增加。 |
| Degree (°) | 度数（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一种度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Compression stroke | 压缩冲程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往复式压缩机或发动机中工作流体被压缩的冲程。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在热处理中，将硬化钢或硬化铸铁重新加热到共析温度以下的温度，以降低硬度和增加韧性。该工艺有时也适用于正火钢。（2）在工具钢中，有时使用回火来表示碳含量，但这是不恰当的。（3）在非铁合金和一些铁合金（不能通过热处理硬化的钢）中，通过机械或热处理或两者产生的硬度和强度，其特征是在冷加工过程中具有一定的结构、机械性能或面积减小。 |
| Fitted bolt | 装配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一种螺栓，其头部正下方有一个普通的无螺纹部分。 |
| Profile | 轮廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物体的横截面形状，如机翼或凸轮。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（单位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手长度的乘积。力或力偶绕轴产生扭转的力矩。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 对于稳定流动的流体（液体或气体），压力、每单位体积的动能和每单位体积的势能之和在流体中的任何点都是恒定的。使用这种关系，可以通过在两个点测量流体的压力来测量流体的速度，就像使用压力计或皮托管一样。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 设定压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全阀或安全阀开启时的压力，对应于适用于受保护压力容器的相关规范或标准。 |
| Reproducibility | 再现性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一个术语，用于描述与从单个实验室内和实验室之间获得的具体定义的方差分量相关的测试结果可变性。 |
| Cheese head | 圆柱头 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺钉或螺栓上的圆柱头。为了驱动，它可以是开槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防冻液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一种物质，如乙二醇，添加到水冷发动机的冷却系统中，以降低冷却水的冰点，并抑制生锈和其他沉积物的形成。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Pulley | 带轮 |
A free or driven wheel on a shaft with an appropriately shaped rim to carry a flat belt, vee belt, notched belt, rope, or chain. Used to transmit power or motion. 轴上的自由轮或从动轮，具有适当形状的轮缘，以承载平皮带、V形皮带、槽口皮带、绳索或链条。用于传递动力或运动。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗弯强度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 断裂或断裂时刻外层纤维的最大应力。 |
| Fastener standard | 紧固件标准 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 详细说明紧固件属性的文件，包括几何形状、材料或化学、热处理、表面处理、测试批量和包装等特性。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制垫圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 设计用于沉头螺钉的垫圈。在某些应用中用于增强外观。 |
| Taper key | 楔键 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 边平行但横截面沿其长度逐渐变细的键。 |
| Conduit | 导管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金属、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物体，与其横向尺寸相比相对较长，并且有流体流过。 |
| Kinetic energy | 动能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物体因运动而拥有的能量。它是赋予物体使其运动的能量。撞击时，它被转换成其他形式的能量，如应变、热、声和光。 |
| Natural unit system (n.u. system) | 自然单位制（n.u.制） |
A non-SI system of units, based on fundamental constants, used in high-energy and particle physics. The n.u. of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum, c0 = 299 792 458 m/s. 基于基本常数的非国际单位制，用于高能和粒子物理n.u.速度是真空中的光速，c0=299792458m/s。 |
| Freezing point | 冰点 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物质从液态变为固态的温度。大多数物质的冰点随着压力的增加而增加。从固体到液体的逆过程是熔化；熔点与凝固点相同。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射线厚度计 |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一种由X射线源和探测器组成的装置，用于测定片状或平板状材料的厚度，包括金属、纸张、塑料、橡胶和陶瓷。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果仅将紧固件与环境隔离，则据说紧固件上的涂层可提供屏障保护。例如，油漆提供屏障保护。 |
| Radian (rad) | 弧度（rad） |
A coherent derived SI unit defined as the plane angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc having a length equal to the radius. Thus 2π radians are equivalent to 360° and 1 rad ≈ 57.3°. 一种相干导出的国际单位制单位，定义为在圆心处被长度等于半径的弧对向的平面角。因此，2π弧度相当于360°和1弧度≈57.3°. |
| Thermodynamic properties | 热力学性质 |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 温度、压力和定义工作流体状态的密集属性：比内能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Allowable stress design | 许用应力设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。故意低估螺栓和接头材料的强度，以便在结构钢接头的设计中引入安全系数。它是最近定义的荷载和阻力系数设计程序的替代方法。 |
| Elastic energy | 弹性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其弹性行为范围内变形所需的能量，忽略因内耗引起的小热损失。试样在被测标距内每单位体积材料吸收的能量。它是通过测量应力-应变曲线下达到规定弹性应变的面积来确定的。另见弹性模量和应变能。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂强度（单位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m², the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按规定速率撕裂预裂片材所需的张力除以片材厚度。特别用于塑料、橡胶、织物和弹性体。由于单位不是应力单位，而是相当于J/m²，韧性单位，“强度”一词是完全错误的。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例极限内，材料的延伸与所施加的力成比例。近似地说，它是弹性材料拉伸时应力和应变之间的关系。该定律指出，应力（单位面积的力）与应变（尺寸变化）成比例。该定律仅适用于有限的范围，由罗伯特·胡克于1676年发现。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物学、医学、农业等方面的应用。 |
| Engineering strain (e) | 工程应变（e） |
A term sometimes used for average linear strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the original gage length. 一个术语，有时用于平均线性应变或常规应变，以便将其与真实应变区分开来。在张力测试中，通过将标距变化除以原始标距来计算。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Crosshead | 十字头 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一种往复式构件，在导轨之间滑动，活塞杆一侧固定在其上，连杆另一侧固定在该构件上，用于将往复式运动转换为旋转运动。2.机械试验机早期设计中的活动梁。3.一种螺钉头，其具有采用配合螺丝刀的+形槽。 |
| Kiln | 窑 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃烧、烘烤或干燥的工业烤箱。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角连接两个管道端部的配件。2.示例关节机器人上的第三关节对应于人的肘部。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 临界温度范围 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 与转换范围同义，这是首选术语。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| B-basis | B-基础 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 机械性能值超过该值时，至少90%的值预计会下降，置信度为95%。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Air-hardening steel | 空气硬化钢 |
A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. The terms should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. (50 mm) or more in diameter. Same as self-hardening steel. 一种钢，含有足够的碳和其他合金元素，可以在空气或其他气体介质中从高于其转变范围的温度冷却过程中完全硬化。这些术语应仅限于能够通过在相当大的截面（直径约2英寸（50毫米）或更大）中通过空气冷却而硬化的钢。与自硬钢相同。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 涡轮分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10−8 Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（压力降至约10−8Pa）泵，其中动量通过快速旋转的叶片盘传递给气体分子。 |
| Tempered martensite embrittlement | 回火马氏体脆化 |
Embrittlement of ultrahigh-strength steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205 to 400 °C (400 to 750 °F); also called 350 °C or 500 °F embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prioraustenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the segregation of impurities at prioraustenite grain boundaries. 超高强度钢在205至400°C（400至750°F）温度范围内回火引起的脆化；也称为350°C或500°F脆化。回火马氏体脆化被认为是由于渗碳体沉淀在原奥氏体晶界或层间晶界上以及杂质在原奥氏体晶粒边界处偏析的综合影响。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Swift cup test | 斯威夫特杯测试 |
A simulative cupping test in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into cups by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. 一种模拟拔杯试验，将不同直径的圆形坯料夹紧在模环中，并用平底圆柱冲头将其深拉入杯中。 |
| Wear | 磨损 |
Damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between that surface and a contacting surface or substance. The deterioration of a component or structure with time and usage, often impairing the function for which it was designed, owing to abrasion, corrosion, fatigue, friction, etc. during relative motion of parts. The wear factor (K), with unit mm³/N.m, is an empirical dimensional factor that quantifies surface wear due to mechanical frictional contact, and defined by K = /Fs where is the worn volume (in mm³), F is the contact load (in N), and s is the sliding distance (in m). 由于固体表面与接触表面或物质之间的相对运动，对固体表面的损坏，通常涉及材料的渐进损失。部件或结构随时间和使用而劣化，通常由于部件相对运动过程中的磨损、腐蚀、疲劳、摩擦等而损害其设计功能。磨损系数（K），单位为mm³/N.m、 是量化机械摩擦接触导致的表面磨损的经验尺寸因子，由K=/Fs定义，其中是磨损体积（单位：mm³），F是接触载荷（单位：N），s是滑动距离（单位：m）。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕变疲劳 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金属和其他材料（例如具有时间相关行为的聚合物）在高同源温度下的组合蠕变和疲劳的影响。 |
| Dynamics | 动力学 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力学中研究运动物体的分支。它的两个主要分支是运动学和动力学，前者研究运动而不考虑其原因，后者也考虑引起运动的力。 |
| Fillet | 圆角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓头和螺栓杆之间的过渡区域，或其他直径变化之间的过渡区域。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在气缸中往复运动的一种容积泵。在吸入冲程，流体通过入口阀吸入腔室，然后在出口阀关闭时打开。在输送冲程中，流体通过出口阀被迫流出腔室，然后出口阀打开，同时入口阀关闭。轴向和径向配置都很常见。 |
| Flattening test | 压扁试验 |
This term as applied to tubing refers to a method of testing a section of tubing by flattening it until the inside walls are parallel and separated by a given distanceusually equal to three times the wall thickness for seamless tubes and five times the wall thickness for lap-welded tubes. Boiler tubes subjected to this test should show no cracks or flaws. The flattening test applied to rivets, consists in flattening a rivet head while hot to a diameter equal to 21⁄2 times the diameter of the shank or body of the rivet. Good rivet steel must not crack at the edges of the flattened head. 该术语适用于管材，是指通过压扁管材直至内壁平行并隔开给定距离（通常等于无缝钢管壁厚的三倍，搭接焊管壁厚的五倍）来测试管材截面的方法。进行该试验的锅炉管应无裂纹或缺陷。适用于铆钉的压扁试验包括在热态下压扁铆钉头，使其直径等于铆钉柄或铆钉体直径的21⁄2倍。良好的铆钉钢不得在扁平头部边缘开裂。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 组合尺寸标注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程图上使用链式尺寸标注和平行标注。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趋势。 |
| Dew point analyzer | 露点分析仪 |
An atmosphere monitoring device that measures the partial pressure of water vapor in an atmosphere. 一种大气监测装置，用于测量大气中水蒸气的分压。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 区域熔炼（区域精炼） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一种净化材料的过程，其中一个狭窄的熔融区沿材料长度移动，导致杂质在一端分离。 |
| Dew point | 压力露点 |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 气体开始凝结成液体的温度和压力。 |
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流体渗透多孔固体或气体被液体溶解的过程。 |
| Alloy | 合金 |
1. A metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. A plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. This results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由两种或多种元素组成的金属材料，其中一种通常是添加了其他元素的金属，例如铁碳或铝铜（二元合金）；镍铬铁（三元合金）。2.由两种或多种不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。这导致无法通过聚合获得的材料。 |
| Failure | 失效 |
The result when a body, component, or structure is incapable of performing the task for which it was designed. The term is often used without reference to what causes failure, such as fracture, buckling, excessive deformation, wear, or erosion. Failure criteria (failure theories, theories of strength) are mathematical expressions for the combinations of stress, strain, or strain energy at which materials fail, which are employed in design to dimension components. 主体、部件或结构无法执行其设计任务时的结果。该术语通常未提及导致失效的原因，如断裂、屈曲、过度变形、磨损或侵蚀。失效准则（失效理论、强度理论）是材料失效时应力、应变或应变能组合的数学表达式，用于部件尺寸设计。 |
| Elongation measurement | 伸张率测量 |
Bolt elongation is directly proportional to axial stress when the applied stress is within the elastic range of the material. If both ends of a bolt are accessible, a micrometer measurement of bolt length made before and after the application of tension will ensure the required axial stress is applied. 当施加的应力在材料的弹性范围内时，螺栓伸长率与轴向应力成正比。如果螺栓的两端都可以接近，则在施加张力前后对螺栓长度进行测微计测量，以确保施加所需的轴向应力。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Single-shear test | 单剪试验 |
(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一种剪切试验，类似于用于圆棒试样的双剪切试验，但仅使用一个固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板试样的剪切试验。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在机床工作台上用一种特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容纳T形螺栓的方头，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Morse taper | 莫氏锥度 |
A self holding, standard taper largely used on drilling tools, drilling machine spindles, and some lathes. 一种自持式标准锥度，主要用于钻孔工具、钻床主轴和一些车床。 |
| Impact extrusion | 冲击挤压 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 挤压单独的软金属组件，其特性允许快速执行操作。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 总能量（单位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 与系统相关的所有形式能量的总和，包括动能、势能、内能、磁能、化学能和电能。 |
| Modulus of resilience | 回弹系数 |
The amount of energy stored in a material when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. 当加载到其弹性极限时，材料中储存的能量量。通过测量应力-应变曲线下直至弹性极限的面积来确定。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夹 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夹，开口销）大致与字母R形状相同的线夹。线夹的直线部分穿过钻在轴或杆上的孔，从而将车轮固定在轴上，或防止轴轴向移动。 |
| Blue brittleness | 蓝色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 当淬火钢在250–350°C范围内回火（在部件表面产生蓝色色调的温度）时，延展性异常损失。某些钢在加热到约205至370°C（400至700°F）范围内的某个温度后表现出脆性，特别是在高温下加工钢时。镇静钢几乎没有这种脆性。 |
| Shear test | 剪切试验 |
Any of several tests to obtain shear strength of a metal. Common tests used on mill products include the double-shear test, single-shear test, the blanking shear test (also known as the punching shear test) and the torsion test. 获得金属剪切强度的几种测试中的任何一种。轧机产品上常用的试验包括双剪试验、单剪试验、落料剪切试验（也称为冲切试验）和扭转试验。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 国际单位制能量单位。一焦耳是一牛顿的力在一米的距离上所做的功。符号为J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Nanomanufacturing | 纳米制造 |
1. The manufacture of nanoscale materials. 2. The manufacture of components or devices that have critical dimensions of order 1 nm. 1.纳米材料的制造。2.具有1nm级临界尺寸的部件或装置的制造。 |
| Uniform strain | 均匀应变 |
The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test. 在应变局部化（颈缩）开始之前发生的应变；拉伸试验中最大载荷的应变。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 为改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影响非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范围，或导致新相的出现，或两者兼而有之。此外，合金元素强烈影响相变动力学，从而影响合金材料的微观结构形成。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德罗数，NA）一个固定数值为6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常数−摩尔正好包含这个数量的基本实体。对阿伏伽德罗常数值的微小调整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Quench cracking | 淬火开裂 |
Fracture of a metal during quenching from elevated temperature. Most frequently observed in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. Cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, corners, or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the volume changes accompanying transformation to martensite. 高温淬火时金属断裂。在高硬度和低韧性的硬化碳钢、合金钢或工具钢零件中最常见。裂纹通常来自圆角、孔、角部或其他应力集中区，并由伴随马氏体转变的体积变化引起的高应力引起。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 当加载部件或结构的能量释放率低于临界值时，裂纹自行停止扩展。如果可以预测，可以将其纳入结构完整性评估。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕变模量（单位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 从蠕变测试中获得的选定应变水平下的应力/应变比，通常随时间绘制以显示刚度的变化。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜计 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一种干式流量计，其中有两个或多个相互连接的腔室，每个腔室的壁上都有一个隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，气体流速由隔膜的移动确定。隔膜流量计通常用于监测家用和商用燃气供应。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大应力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在应力循环中具有最高代数值的应力，拉应力被认为是正的，压应力被认为是负的。名义应力是最常用的。 |
| Gage length | 标距 |
The original length of the portion of a specimen over which strain, change of length, or other characteristics are determined. 确定应变、长度变化或其他特性的试样部分的原始长度。 |
| Vibrometer | 测振仪 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一种用于测量振动表面运动的装置，通常使用非接触激光技术。 |
| Closed system | 封闭系统 |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一个封闭的热力学系统由一定量的质量组成。能量可以以功或热的形式存在，其体积可以改变，但没有质量可以越过它的边界。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂扩展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料对裂纹扩展的抵抗力的量度，以应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力或使用J积分概念导出的J值表示。 |
| Carburizing flame | 渗碳火焰 |
A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame. 一种气体火焰，会在气焊操作中将碳引入一些加热的金属中。渗碳火焰是还原火焰，但还原火焰不一定是渗碳火焰。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| Silky fracture | 丝状断口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一种金属断裂，断裂的金属表面具有精细的纹理，通常外观暗淡。具有坚韧和坚固金属的特征。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋转阀 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一种圆柱形或锥形塞，其中有一个横向孔，当该孔与相邻管道对齐时，流体可通过该孔流动。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查尔斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （盖-吕萨克定律）在恒定压力下，固定质量气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。恒压下气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。 |
| Bolt | 螺栓 |
(machine bolt) A fastener in the form of an externally-threaded cylinder with a head on one end that is inserted through holes in assembled parts that are then held together by a nut tightened on to the thread. A bolt has an unthreaded region below the head so that when located in a hole, transverse loads are borne by two plain cylindrical surfaces in contact. In contrast, use of a machine screw, that has threads all along its length, results in threads bearing against the plain surface of a hole. Officially, a threaded fastener designed to be used with a nut. （机械螺栓）外螺纹圆柱状紧固件：一端有头的紧固件，通过装配零件上的孔插入，然后通过拧紧到螺纹上的螺母固定在一起。螺栓头部下方有一个无螺纹区域，因此当位于孔中时，横向载荷由两个接触的平面圆柱面承担。相反，使用沿其长度具有螺纹的机器螺钉，会导致螺纹支撑在孔的平面上。正式情况下，螺纹紧固件设计用于与螺母一起使用。 |
| Shear strength | 抗剪强度 |
The maximum shear stress that a material is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated from the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and is based on the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. 材料能够承受的最大剪切应力。抗剪强度根据剪切或扭转试验期间的最大载荷计算，并基于试样横截面的原始尺寸。 |
| Condensation shock | 冷凝冲击 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 对于通过发散喷嘴的湿气体超音速流动，在温度降至饱和温度的点下游的某个点处，冷凝以自发成核的形式发生。凝结过程进行得很快，导致相当厚的不连续性，称为凝结激波。 |
| Check valve | 止回阀 |
(clack valve, non-return valve) A mechanical device that allows fluid flow in one direction only. The numerous designs include ball, diaphragm, disc, lift, split disc, and swing check valves. （瓣阀、止回阀）一种仅允许流体单向流动的机械装置。众多设计包括球阀、隔膜阀、盘阀、升降阀、分体盘阀和旋启式止回阀。 |
| Pressure snubber | 压力缓冲器 |
(pressure-pulse snubber) A device used for filtering, dampening, and the protection of transducers, pressure gauges, and switches, from pressure surges, pressure spikes, and water hammer. A typical design uses a fixed mesh or porous metal disc installed in an inline body. In a piston-type pressure-gauge snubber, a piston is forced against an orifice leading to the gauge. （压力脉冲缓冲器）一种用于过滤、阻尼和保护传感器、压力表和开关免受压力浪涌、压力尖峰和水锤影响的装置。典型的设计使用安装在内联阀体中的固定网格或多孔金属盘。在活塞式压力表缓冲器中，活塞被压靠在通向压力表的孔口上。 |
| Liquid carburizing | 液体渗碳 |
Surface hardening of steel by immersion into a molten bath consisting of cyanides and other salts. 通过浸入由氰化物和其他盐组成的熔池中对钢进行表面硬化。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量规 |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于测量螺栓应力或应变的超声波仪器。 |
| Interrupted quenching | 间断淬火 |
A quenching procedure in which the workpiece is removed from the first quench at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then subjected to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than the first. 在该淬火过程中，工件在显著高于淬火剂的温度下从第一次淬火中取出，然后经受具有不同于第一次淬火的冷却速率的第二次淬火系统。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速万向节 |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV关节，匀速关节）在两个轴之间传递恒定角速度的连接，这两个轴既不必在一条直线上，也不必固定其轴向位置。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小负载（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲劳中，循环中施加载荷的最小代数值。 |
| Fatigue life (N) | 疲劳寿命（N） |
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure occurs. 给定试样在失效发生之前所承受的特定特征的应力或应变的循环次数。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Load ratio, R | 负载比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最小载荷与最大载荷的代数比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也称为应力比。 |
| Recrystallization temperature | 再结晶温度 |
The approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold-worked metal occurs within a specified time. 冷加工金属在规定时间内发生完全再结晶的近似最低温度。 |
| Supercharging | 增压 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| Residual stress (Unit Pa) | 残余应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses that remain within a body as the result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. (internal stress) An internal-stress system found in components that have experienced elastic unloading from non-uniform plastic-strain fields during manufacture. 由于热处理或机械处理或两者兼而有之而留在物体内的应力。（内应力）在制造期间从非均匀塑性应变场经历弹性卸载的部件中发现的内应力系统。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全阀 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度过高，允许气体在真空下进入系统的阀门。 |
| Electroplating | 电镀 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用电解将一种金属沉积到另一种金属上。待镀金属形成电解池中的阴极，待沉积金属形成阳极。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面张力（σ，γ）（单位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液体和气体或两种不混溶液体之间的界面处，作用在界面处的液体分子上的不平衡内聚力导致表面张力的性质，从而导致张力的发展，就像皮肤或薄膜一样。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 径向负荷（单位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（单位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 对于锥齿轮，轴与节锥生成器之间的角度。 |
| Abelian group | 阿贝尔群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 与二元运算相关的一组元素的属性。在阿贝尔群中，群元素在二元运算下交换。如果a和b是任意两个群元素并且（+）符号表示二元运算 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡图 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡条件下，合金系统中相场的温度、压力和成分极限的图形表示。在金属系统中，压力通常被认为是恒定的。 |
| Screw | 螺钉 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一种螺纹紧固件，设计用于攻丝或未攻丝（如木螺钉）孔，但不与螺母配合使用。其螺纹被切割或卷成圆柱形或锥形柄，用于切割自身螺纹（如木螺钉）或嵌入螺纹孔。自攻螺钉（钣金螺钉、自攻螺钉）具有足够硬的螺纹，当打入薄板或部件中的孔时，它会在薄板或软材料部件中切割内螺纹。螺钉头是螺钉的一部分，用于向螺钉施加扭矩。常见的螺钉头设计为横截面为圆形，带有直径槽或十字，或为六边形，并带有十字或六边形凹槽。螺纹是沿圆柱形或锥形体的外表面（外螺纹）或内表面（内螺纹）具有均匀截面的一个或多个连续螺旋槽。当螺纹横截面旋转并沿轴轴向前进时产生的三维形状称为螺旋面，螺纹投影到轴上时形成的角度称为倾角。螺纹用于紧固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺钉；定位和测量仪器；在动力驱动中；在一些电气配件中（爱迪生螺纹）；并安装在曲轴端部，以抑制漏油（抛掷器螺纹）。在圆柱体上形成平行螺纹；圆锥上的锥形螺纹，通常具有1:16的锥形率。当顺时针旋转时，具有右手螺纹的螺钉似乎会远离观察者。所有标准螺钉、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺纹，但有时使用左手螺纹。相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为螺距或螺纹率，对于单个连续螺旋槽（单个起始螺纹），与螺母和螺栓头之间的轴向间距（导程）在一周内的变化相同，每mm的螺纹形式数为螺距的倒数。对于相同的螺钉直径，粗螺纹的每毫米螺纹数少于细螺纹。多头螺纹（通常为粗螺纹，见下文）由两个或多个沿其轴线同时延伸的相同螺纹组成，以提供更大的承载面积和更大的速比。根据螺纹的数量，起点之间的间隔为180°（双起点）、120°（三起点）、90°（四起点）等。因此，在双起始螺纹中，导程是螺距的两倍；多起点螺纹中两个相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为分割螺距。螺纹上的位置，即螺纹实体部分的侧面和螺纹之间的空间之间的距离相等，即节点，其相关直径称为节径。图中显示了螺纹的基本术语，其中一些与齿轮传动的基本术语相同。在圆柱面上形成或切割的螺旋线，可沿轴线向右或向左前进。螺旋可以是单个或多个。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 总热量（单位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一个术语。这是不恰当的，因为它表明，它包括动能的方式与总焓相同，但它实际上并不是的。此外，热和焓是完全不同的量，正如它们的定义所示。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡试验筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一种闭路循环水隧洞，其中静压可降至足够低的水平，以便进行气蚀研究。 |
| Residual preload | 残余预载荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加载螺栓连接中保持的张力。 |
| Twist drill | 麻花钻 |
A hardened-steel drill bit having one or more helical flutes running from a conical tip to the smooth part of the shank. 一种淬火钢钻头，具有一个或多个螺旋槽，从锥形尖端延伸到柄部的光滑部分。 |
| Compression failure | 压缩失败 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纤维复合材料中的屈曲、断裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在压缩中的承载能力的降低或消除。 |
| Serrations | 锯齿 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 边缘或表面上的一排凹口或齿状突起。在工程图纸上，圆形部件表面的锯齿超过约60°的圆弧。 |
| Thermal compressor | 热压缩机 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（热压缩机）用于提升低压废蒸汽或排气压力的喷射压缩机。2.一种由吸收器、发电机、泵和节流装置组成的装置，用于替代吸收冷却制冷系统中的机械蒸汽压缩机。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奥氏体晶界区域的材料熔化的过热阶段。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| Fatigue | 疲劳 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料极限抗拉强度的重复或波动应力下导致断裂的现象。疲劳失效通常发生在静态施加的载荷下，不会产生明显影响。疲劳断裂是渐进性的，从在波动应力作用下生长的微小裂纹开始。在承受随机或周期性变化载荷的部件和结构中，指强度逐渐降低，导致在低于单调载荷下导致失效的应力下发生失效的术语。可变负载由失衡的机械和其他振动源、阵风等引起，大部分故障是由疲劳引起的。疲劳是裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展的结果。在制造部件中，裂纹萌生通常发生在应力集中点。在一段时间（通常是数百万次应力循环）后，裂纹达到临界长度，此时下一个峰值载荷会导致突然脆性或韧性断裂。疲劳产生的断裂表面在缓慢裂纹扩展期间显示出从裂纹萌生部位发出的特征条纹或进展标记，最终断裂的表面外观不同。 |
| Principal stress (normal) | 主应力（正常） |
The maximum or minimum value of the normal stressat a point in a plane considered with respect to all possible orientations of the considered plane. On such principal planes the shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of stress at a point may be: (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of the three principal stresses are zero; (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only one of the three principal stresses is zero; or (3) triaxial, a state of stress in which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either biaxial or triaxial stress. 相对于所考虑平面的所有可能方向，所考虑平面中某点处的法向应力的最大值或最小值。在这样的主平面上，剪切应力为零。在三个相互垂直的平面上有三个主应力。一点的应力状态可以是：（1）单轴，三个主应力中的两个为零的应力；（2）双轴，三个主应力中只有一个为零的应力状态；或（3）三轴，即主应力均不为零的应力状态。多轴应力是指双轴或三轴应力。 |
| Shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Microhardness | 显微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通过在非常轻的载荷下将压头（如维氏或努氏压头）压入材料表面来确定的材料硬度；通常压痕很小，必须用显微镜测量。能够确定结构内不同微组分的硬度，或测量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| Thermoelectric converter | 热电转换器 |
(thermoelectric generator) A device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. Due to the Seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. Due to the Peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. The thermoelectric figure of merit (Z), with unit 1/K, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by Z = σα2/k where α is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. The product of Z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （热电发生器）由串联连接的交替的n型和p型半导体元件夹在两块陶瓷板之间组成的装置。由于塞贝克效应，当板之间保持温差时，就会产生电能。由于珀尔帖效应，热电转换器可以通过使电流通过而充当热电加热器或热电冷却器（热电制冷机）。热电优值（Z）和第一单元/K是一个尺寸参数，热电装置的效率主要取决于此，由Z=σα2/K定义，其中α是塞贝克系数，σ是电导率，K是热导率。Z和温度的乘积是无量纲的。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Relative humidity (ϕ) | 相对湿度（ψ） |
The ratio or percentage of the actual mass of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum possible mass of moisture at the same temperature. 给定温度下给定体积空气中的实际水分质量与相同温度下的最大可能水分质量的比率或百分比。 |
| Flange bolt | 法兰螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在头部下方带有内置垫圈状法兰的螺栓。 |
| Rupture stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶体的一部分在一定的晶体学方向上相对于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性变形，通常在特定的晶体主义平面上。有时被称为滑翔。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛顿内摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 两个平行流体层之间的剪切应力与其中一层相对于另一层的速度成正比，与它们之间的距离成反比。比例常数是动态粘度μ。对于牛顿流体，μ与压力梯度、剪切应力和应变无关，但可能随温度和压力而变化。 |
| Fracture toughness | 断裂韧性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂纹扩展阻力测量的通用术语。该术语有时仅限于断裂力学试验的结果，这些结果直接适用于断裂控制。该术语通常包括非基于断裂力学分析的切口或预裂纹试样的简单试验结果。基于使用经验或与断裂力学试验的经验相关性，后一类试验的结果通常有助于断裂控制。 |
| A-basis | A-基础 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 99% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. Also called A-allowable. 机械性能值超过该值时，至少99%的值预计会下降，置信度为95%。也被称为A-容许。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 连续沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanstätten structure. 来自过饱和固溶体的沉淀，其中沉淀颗粒通过长程扩散生长而无需基质再结晶。连续析出物从在整个基体中或多或少均匀分布的核生长而来。它们通常是随机取向的，但可能形成魏氏结构。 |
| Thermal stresses | 热应力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均匀温度分布引起的金属应力。 |
| Forging | 锻造处理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 将生钢制成特定形状的过程。锻造产品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夹和障碍销。 1. 一种通过手工或机器锤击金属（落锻、压力机）制造部件的方法。2.通过锻造工艺制成的零件。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 长细比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均匀柱的有效无支撑长度除以横截面积的最小回转半径。 |
| Elastic limit | 弹性极限 |
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全释放应力时能够承受的最大应力，且不会留下任何永久应变（变形）。 |
| Static equilibrium | 静态平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固体上的所有外力和力矩的合力为零，则固体、结构或物理系统（或任何细分部分）无论是静止还是以恒定速度移动，都是处于静态平衡。 |
| Crystalline defects | 结晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 与完美的三维原子堆积的偏差是造成材料的大部分结构敏感特性的原因。晶体缺陷可以是点缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（空位）、线缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Form of thread | 螺纹形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一个螺距长度的螺纹在轴向平面中的轮廓。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 钢或铸铁中的游离碳。 |
| Auxiliary power unit (APU) | 辅助动力装置（APU） |
In aircraft–gas–turbine applications, a small gas turbine used to provide start-up power, electrical and hydraulic power, and compressed air for cabin ventilation. In other applications, an APU may be a gas turbine or internal-combustion engine used to provide emergency power. 在飞机-燃气轮机应用中，小型燃气轮机用于提供启动动力、电力和液压动力以及用于机舱通风的压缩空气。在其他应用中，APU可以是用于提供应急动力的燃气轮机或内燃机。 |
| Tension testing | 张力测试 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一种确定材料在单轴载荷下的行为的方法，这种载荷倾向于拉伸金属。将已知长度和直径的纵向试样夹持在两端，并以缓慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到发生断裂。也称为拉伸测试。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在车床上加工一个垂直于旋转轴的平面。 |
| Clamping force | 夹紧力 |
The equal and opposite forces which exist at the interface between two joint members. The clamping force is created by tightening the bolts, but is not always equal to the combined tension in the bolts. Hole interference problems, for example, can create a difference between clamping force and bolt loads. 存在于两个连接构件之间的界面处的相等和相反的力。夹紧力是通过拧紧螺栓产生的，但并不总是等于螺栓中的组合张力。例如，孔干涉问题可能会在夹紧力和螺栓载荷之间产生差异。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通过活塞的往复运动、叶片的旋转或叶轮的旋转而使液体、气体、蒸汽或泥浆流动的机器。 |
| Fatigue limit for p % survival | p%存活率的疲劳极限 |
The limiting value of fatigue strength for p%survival as the number of stress cycles becomes very large; pmay be any number, such as 95, 90, etc. 随着应力循环次数的增加，p%存活率的疲劳强度极限值变得非常大；p可以是任何数字，例如95、90等。 |
| Water hammer | 水锤 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流经管道的液体中发生的反射压力波动，通常是阀门突然关闭的结果。浪涌可能导致管道振动，并听到锤击噪音。影响喘振幅度的关键因素是液体的可压缩性（特别是当其含有未溶解气体时）和管壁的弹性。 |
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