| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Strength of materials | 材料强度 |
A confusing name for what is really stress analysis, reflecting older engineering design based upon elasticity and ‘theories of strength’ for different materials, without regard to cracks. 对于真正的应力分析，这是一个具有迷惑性的名称，反映了基于弹性和不同材料的“强度理论”的旧工程设计，而不考虑断裂。 |
| Elastic interactions | 弹性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 当螺栓拧紧时，它会“在其自身附近”部分压缩接头构件稍后拧紧附近的螺栓时，进一步压缩该区域的接头。这允许第一个螺栓稍微松弛（失去一点预载）。但拧紧接头另一侧的螺栓可能会增加早期在近侧拧紧的一些螺栓的预载。在装配过程中，储存在单个螺栓中的弹性能量的这些位移和变化称为弹性相互作用。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋转关节 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在机器人技术中，一种单自由度关节，其中受控变量为关节角度。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 连续式炉 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一种用于热处理材料的炉子，该炉子连续通过炉子，进入一个门并从另一个门排出。参见带式高炉、直燃隧道式高炉、旋转罐式炉、振动炉。 |
| Stretch forming | 拉伸成型 |
A manufacturing process in which sheet-metal components are physically stretched over a forming die using a press, punch, or edge clamps. Stretching combined with bending reduces springback. 一种制造工艺，其中使用压力机、冲头或边缘夹具在成形模上物理拉伸金属板部件。拉伸与弯曲相结合可减少回弹。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Degree (°) | 度数（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一种度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦学中，通过相对运动的两个表面中较软的表面的塑性变形形成凹槽。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小负载（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲劳中，循环中施加载荷的最小代数值。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Humidify | 加湿 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 将水蒸气添加到空气或其他气体中以增加其湿度。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| mechanical engineering | 机械工业 |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 与能量转换、应力分析、振动、动力学和运动学有关的工程分支，尤其适用于设计（机器设计、机械工程设计）。 |
| J-integral | J-积分 |
A mathematical expression describing a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other, used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front; JIc is the critical value of the J-integral required to initiate crack extension from a preexisting crack. 描述从一个裂纹表面到另一个裂纹正面的线或表面积分的数学表达式，用于表征断裂前具有可观塑性的材料的断裂韧性。J积分通过考虑裂纹前缘周围的局部应力应变场，无需描述裂纹尖端附近材料的行为；JIc是从先前存在的裂纹开始裂纹扩展所需的J积分的临界值。 |
| Angle of contact | 接触角 |
(Unit °) The angle subtended at the centre of a pulley or sprocket wheel by the circumferential contact of a belt or chain. （单位°）皮带或链条的圆周接触在皮带轮或链轮的中心所对的角度。 |
| Active accommodation | 主动适应能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用来自传感器的信息，例如在视觉系统中，允许机器人显示对环境的适应。 |
| Stress distribution | 应力分布 |
The manner in which tensile, compressive, and shear stresses are distributed within a loaded body, indicated by loci of constant stress. 拉应力、压应力和剪应力在受载物体内的分布方式，由恒定应力轨迹表示。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 连续沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanstätten structure. 来自过饱和固溶体的沉淀，其中沉淀颗粒通过长程扩散生长而无需基质再结晶。连续析出物从在整个基体中或多或少均匀分布的核生长而来。它们通常是随机取向的，但可能形成魏氏结构。 |
| Granular fracture | 粒状断裂 |
A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken that is characterized by a rough, grainlike appearance, rather than a smooth or fibrous one. It can be subclassified as transgranular or intergranular. 金属破碎时产生的一种不规则表面，其特征是粗糙的颗粒状外观，而不是光滑或纤维状的外观。它可以细分为穿晶或晶间。 |
| Bypass valve | 旁通阀 |
A valve that directs flow through a bypass. 引导流过旁路的阀门。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋转鼓风机 |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋转式压缩机）一种容积式气体压缩机，可以是叶片式、螺旋式、啮合凸角式（罗茨鼓风机）或滑动叶片式。 |
| Stress wave | 应力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物体某个位置的不平衡力（如冲击力）会使物体中的材料产生振动，并以应力波或波包的形式传递到相邻元件，最终传递到物体的所有部位。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔热（绝缘） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一种材料，可以是低导电性固体，或多孔固体或织物，其中存在含有空气或其他气体的空隙，从而导致整体低导热性。当应用于热或冷物体的表面时，表面传热通常减少。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 计算机辅助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，计算机集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用计算机，不仅可以控制制造和组装的机器和机器人，还可以进行工艺规划，以及在生产过程中监控材料和组件的进度等。 |
| Track rod | 横拉杆 |
A bar connecting the ends of the steering arms in an automotive vehicle. 连接汽车转向臂端部的杆。 |
| Rivet | 铆钉 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一种一端有头的短杆，插入待连接板上对齐的孔中，然后通过锤击或成型在突出的杆身上制作第二个头。最常见的头部形状是扁平、圆顶和倒锥形。在阵列中，铆钉间距是相邻铆钉中心之间的距离。故障可能由不同的机制或模式发生。一种一体式紧固件，由头部和主体组成，用于将两个或多个部件紧固在一起，方法是将主体穿过每个部件上的孔，然后在主体端部形成第二个头部。除非取下头部，否则无法移除。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余强度（单位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂纹、热冲击等引起的缺陷的受损体的强度。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在应力集中点易发生脆性断裂。例如，在缺口拉伸试验中，如果缺口强度小于无缺口试样的抗拉强度，则称材料为缺口脆性材料。否则，称其为缺口韧性。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 从缺口试样表面到缺口底部的距离。在圆柱形试样中，通过加工环形槽去除的原始横截面积的百分比。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量损失（单位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 从能量守恒原理来看，这是一个常用的术语错误，但可以用于表示转换为过程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，从热机散发到周围环境的热能，或由机器中的摩擦或表面阻力产生的热能。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒变大。 |
| Effective yield strength | 有效屈服强度 |
An assumed value of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plastic yielding on fracture test parameters. 单轴屈服强度的假设值，代表塑性屈服对断裂试验参数的影响。 |
| Clevis | U形夹 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一种U形钩，末端有孔，固定螺栓或销（U形销）穿过这些孔。 |
| Pulse | 脉冲 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或减少，如压力、电压或力，与过程中的其他时间尺度相比，时间尺度较短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Air cleaner | 空气净化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一种设备，例如过滤器、水力旋流器或静电除尘器，用于从气流中去除颗粒和气溶胶。 |
| Preload | 预载 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次拧紧螺母时螺纹紧固件中产生的张力。经常与工作载荷或螺栓力或螺栓张力互换使用但容易使用不当。 |
| Strain gage | 应变计 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一种测量金属拉伸和类似试验中产生的少量应变的装置。将一卷细线安装在一张纸、塑料或类似载体基质（背衬材料）上，该载体基质呈矩形，通常约25mm（1.0in.）长，这是粘在测试金属的一部分。随着线圈随试样延伸，其电阻成正比增加，这被称为粘结电阻应变计。其他类型的量规测量实际变形。机械、光学或电子设备有时用于放大应变以便于读取。 |
| Galilean transformation | 伽利略变换 |
In steady fluid flow, the addition or subtraction of a constant velocity to the entire flowfield, e.g. so that flow can be considered relative to a moving object or flow feature, such as a shock wave. 在稳定的流体流动中，对整个流场增加或减少恒定速度，例如，可以考虑相对于移动物体或流动特征（例如冲击波）流动。 |
| Actual cubic feet per minute | 实际立方英尺每分钟 |
(acfm) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) measure of volumetric flow rate; the volume of a gas flowing per minute at actual operating pressure and temperature, as opposed to the corresponding volume flow rate at STP. （acfm）已被淘汰的（即非SI）体积流量测量；在实际工作压力和温度下每分钟流动的气体体积，与STP下的相应体积流量相反。 |
| Temper color | 回火颜色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一种薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮，当钢在低温或短时间内在空气或轻度氧化气氛中回火时形成。颜色范围从稻草色到蓝色，取决于氧化皮的厚度，随回火时间和温度而变化。 |
| Low-E coating | 低辐射涂层 |
(low-emittance coating) A thin metallic or metal-oxide coating on a glass sheet to absorb and reflect infrared radiation. The coating is applied either by a pyrolytic chemical vapour-deposition process (hard coat), or by sputtering (soft coat). （低辐射涂层）玻璃板上的薄金属或金属氧化物涂层，用于吸收和反射红外辐射。通过热解化学气相沉积工艺（硬涂层）或溅射（软涂层）施加涂层。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 热容率（c）（单位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁC where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁC其中C是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（CP）。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸弯曲试验 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金属板成形性的模拟试验，其中金属板条在其端部夹紧在锁珠中，并通过冲头在中心变形。选择试验条件，以便在冲头接触区域发生断裂。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 压力贮存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （压力容器）密闭容器：在大气压以上的压力下储存气体或挥发性液体，如液化气体的密闭容器。此类贮存器通常为圆柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Selective heating | 局部加热 |
Intentionally heating only certain portions of a workpiece. 有意仅加热工件的某些部分。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比热容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 将1千克物质的温度升高1K所需的热量。单位为J/（kg K）。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Carburizing flame | 渗碳火焰 |
A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame. 一种气体火焰，会在气焊操作中将碳引入一些加热的金属中。渗碳火焰是还原火焰，但还原火焰不一定是渗碳火焰。 |
| Regenerative pump | 涡流泵 |
(regenerative turbine pump, peripheral pump) A pump with a double-sided impeller having a large number of radial blades. The pressure of the pumped liquid increases progressively over several revolutions of the impeller. It is particularly suited to producing large heads at small flow rates without cavitation. （再生涡轮泵，外围泵）具有具有大量径向叶片的双面叶轮的泵。泵送液体的压力在叶轮的几圈内逐渐增加。它特别适合于在小流速下产生大水头且不产生气穴。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度误差常数 |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 当控制系统的参考（需求）输入是抛物线时，输出信号在稳定状态下也将是抛物线。在这种情况下恒定的信号是加速度，因此对于抛物线输入，称为加速度误差常数的稳态误差是加速度中的误差。 |
| Conduit | 导管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金属、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物体，与其横向尺寸相比相对较长，并且有流体流过。 |
| Notch ductility | 缺口延展性 |
The percentage reduction in area after complete separation of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen. 在缺口试样的拉伸试验中，金属完全分离后的面积减少百分比。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德罗数，NA）一个固定数值为6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常数−摩尔正好包含这个数量的基本实体。对阿伏伽德罗常数值的微小调整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸稳定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或铸造时的精确形状的能力。 |
| Cavitation | 空蚀空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部压力降低而在液体中形成充满蒸汽或气体的空腔，通常原因是流体的加速，例如收敛喷嘴的流动。如果液体中没有溶解气体，当压力降至饱和蒸汽压力以下时，会发生蒸汽空化。如果气泡是由于高温形成的，则该过程称为沸腾。如果存在溶解气体，则由于压力降低、温度升高或扩散（脱气），会发生气穴。在船用螺旋桨尖端和液压机械中，空化气泡的破裂可能会引起噪音和振动，并导致以点蚀形式出现的表面损坏。 |
| Time quenching | 时间淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的术语，其中被淬火零件的冷却速率必须在冷却循环的某个时间突然改变。 |
| Damage tolerance | 损伤容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考虑初始缺陷、裂纹扩展速率和最终断裂条件的设计理念，并使用断裂力学证明裂纹不应在设计寿命内增长到其临界长度（或至少应能够随时检测）。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺纹 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺纹上相应点之间的间距相对较大的螺纹。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（单位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 产生负推力的变桨距螺旋桨的桨距。 |
| Wind tunnel | 风洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于测试和研究的可控气流管道。类型包括排污、闭路、开路回路和开路段。闭路隧道可加压或排空。工作段通常位于流量调节元件的下游，可包括增压室、蜂窝、滤网、湍流格栅和收缩管。紧靠下游通常有一个扩散器。对于基础研究，通常的要求是在低涡流和湍流强度的工作段中实现均匀稳定流动。对于某些应用，流动可能是密度分层、剪切、不稳定或高湍流强度。 |
| Failure of the joint | 连接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓连接未达到设计者的预期性能。故障可能由螺栓断裂或丢失引起或伴随而来，但也可能意味着即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接头滑动或垫圈接头泄漏。接头故障的常见原因包括振动松动、装配不当、设计不当、意外的工作负载或条件等。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高强度低合金钢 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA钢）是含有各种微合金元素的钢，如少量的铜、镍、铬、钼、铌、钛和钒，与普通碳钢相比，具有更好的强度（高达900MPa）和腐蚀性能。这些改进归功于晶粒细化和沉淀硬化、炼钢过程中更好的化学控制以及精确的轧制温度。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微动疲劳 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在发生微动的表面区域开始的疲劳断裂。由微动引起的对固体表面的渐进性损坏。 |
| Inclusions | 夹杂物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金属基体中的小块非金属杂质。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纤维 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 当紧固件应无腐蚀性、低导电性或对电磁波透明时，玻璃纤维用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可锻铸铁 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口铸铁一种通过长时间退火制成的铸铁，脱碳，石墨化，或两者都发生，以消除部分或全部渗碳体。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脱碳是主要反应，产品将呈现出较轻的断裂表面，“白心可锻”。否则，断裂表面将变暗，“黑心可锻”。铁素体可锻性材料主要为铁素体基体；根据热处理和所需硬度，珠光体可锻材料可能包含珠光体、球状体或回火马氏体。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大应力强度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲劳循环中应力强度因子的最大值。 |
| Thermocouple | 热电偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一种测量温度的装置，由两种不同的金属或合金组成，一端电连接，另一端与电压测量仪相连。当一个结比另一个结更热时，产生的热电动势大致与热结和冷结之间的温差成比例。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄径为ds≈d或ds>d的紧固件，或螺纹连接到头部，或全螺纹螺柱。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齿轮传动 |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原则上，切向接触的圆盘之间的摩擦可用于在轴之间传递旋转和动力，但动力水平非常有限，速比受滑动的影响。为了使驱动积极，使用齿轮代替，齿轮中的齿延伸到理想滚动接触的圆盘直径（节圆直径）的上方和下方。该图显示了直齿轮的名称，这是平行轴之间最简单的齿轮传动类型，其形状为圆柱形，直齿平行于旋转轴。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或动量，以其大小和方向来表示。用黑体印刷矢量量的惯例是由物理学家约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Microhardness | 显微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通过在非常轻的载荷下将压头（如维氏或努氏压头）压入材料表面来确定的材料硬度；通常压痕很小，必须用显微镜测量。能够确定结构内不同微组分的硬度，或测量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Nanotechnology | 纳米技术 |
The science and engineering of materials that have been structured on length scales of 1–100 nm, resulting in modified physical properties owing to changes in the ratio of surface area to volume (atoms on surfaces having different symmetry from those in the bulk) and because many of the fundamental physical processes that underpin the properties of materials have a characteristic length scale of a few nm, so that alteration of microstructure at the nm level alters the bulk properties. 材料科学与工程，其结构长度为1-100nm，由于表面积与体积之比的变化（表面上的原子与体中的原子具有不同的对称性），并且支撑材料性质的许多基本物理过程具有几纳米的特征长度尺度，因此改变纳米级微观结构会改变体性质。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 应力强度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一种标度因子，通常用符号K表示，在线弹性断裂力学中用于描述已知尺寸和形状的裂纹尖端施加应力的增强。在任何含有裂纹的结构中，裂纹快速扩展开始时，该因子称为临界应力强度因子，或断裂韧性。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循环的中位疲劳强度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估计50%的量在N个周期内生存的压力水平。该估计值来自疲劳寿命分布的一个特定点，因为没有试验程序可以直接观察N次循环疲劳强度的频率分布。 |
| Ion carburizing | 离子渗碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一种表面硬化方法，利用高压电能将碳离子在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子渗碳或辉光放电渗碳同义。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂缝 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于弹性应力分析的裂纹简化模型。在无应力物体中，裂纹有两个光滑表面，它们在物体内沿称为裂纹前缘的平滑曲线重合并连接；在二维表示中，裂纹前缘称为裂纹尖端。 |
| Standardization | 标准化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.关于设计、制造、材料、性能、惯例、要求、强度等的国家和国际协议，确保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能产生共同结果。2.部件的制造，以便在装配新部件或维修旧部件时，无需“装配”即可实现部件的互换性。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 设定压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全阀或安全阀开启时的压力，对应于适用于受保护压力容器的相关规范或标准。 |
| Radiator | 散热器 |
A heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another for heating or cooling purposes. Despite the name, the principal mode of heat transfer is convection rather than radiation. In motor vehicles, water circulated through the engine block is cooled as it flows through the tubes of an air-cooled heat exchanger. In domestic radiators, hot water from a boiler is circulated through a heat exchanger with a large surface area which transfers heat to the surrounding air. 一种热交换器，用于将热能从一种流体传递到另一种流体，用于加热或冷却。尽管有这个名字，但热传递的主要方式是对流而不是辐射。在机动车辆中，通过发动机缸体循环的水在流经风冷热交换器的管道时被冷却。在家用散热器中，来自锅炉的热水通过具有大表面积的热交换器循环，该热交换器将热量传递给周围的空气。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大致对应于冷加工状态，超过该状态，材料就不能再通过弯曲形成。在规范中，完全硬质回火通常定义为与完全退火后的特定冷压下率百分比相对应的最小硬度或最小抗拉强度（或者，硬度或强度范围）。对于铝来说，完全硬回火相当于从极软状态减少75%；对于奥氏体不锈钢，减少约50%至55%。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Coining | 压印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一种锻造操作，采用紧密配合的凸模和模具，不允许金属逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面图案印在坯料上。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲劳裂纹扩展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲劳荷载引起的裂纹扩展速率，以每次荷载施加循环的裂纹扩展表示。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系数（μ） |
(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （动摩擦系数、滑动摩擦系数、摩擦系数，μ）两个接触表面之间摩擦力F与法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。静摩擦是指没有相对滑动时；有摩擦时的动摩擦。对于相互滑动的结构部件，摩擦系数是引起滑动的力与垂直于滑动部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系数是无量纲的，其值介于0和1之间。代表一种材料沿另一种材料的表面滑动或滚动所需的力的数字。如果一个物体的重量为N并且摩擦系数为μ，那么在没有加速度的情况下沿水平表面移动它所需的力F为F=μN。静摩擦系数决定了启动运动所需的力；动摩擦系数决定了保持运动所需的力。动摩擦通常小于静摩擦。两个物体之间的力（F）与将这些物体压在一起的法向力（N）的无量纲比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Extra spring | 额外弹簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大约对应于高于全硬的冷加工状态，超过该状态进一步冷加工将不会显着增加强度和硬度。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋转泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通过内部部件的旋转来泵送液体的容积泵，如齿轮泵、凸轮泵（类似于罗茨鼓风机）或螺杆泵。 |
| Alternating stress | 交替应力 |
(Unit Pa) Originally, stresses of changing sign (tension-tocompression-to-tension, etc.) in a component produced by alternating forces acting in opposite directions, but now generally used to describe stresses that vary but may keep the same sign, as produced by periodic, out-of–balance, or vibrational loads. （单位Pa）最初，构件中由相反方向的交变力产生的符号变化的应力（张力到压缩到张力等），但现在通常用于描述变化但可能保持相同符号的应力，如由周期性、失衡或振动载荷产生的应力。 |
| Gasket factors | 垫片系数 |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 实验得出的“常数”用于定义垫圈的行为或可接受行为所需的组件和使用条件。 |
| Crystalline defects | 结晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 与完美的三维原子堆积的偏差是造成材料的大部分结构敏感特性的原因。晶体缺陷可以是点缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（空位）、线缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孪晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重结晶过程中晶体中的孪晶形式。 |
| Thread insert | 螺纹嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺纹衬套）一种带有内螺纹（有时也有外螺纹）的薄圆柱体或螺旋形线圈，压入或拧入孔中以接受螺栓或螺钉。用于材料太软或部件太薄而无法螺纹连接，用于将一种形式的螺纹更换为另一种形式或修复损坏的螺纹。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭杆 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 当施加扭矩时用作弹性弹簧的金属棒。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通过在油中以低于水淬的冷却速率淬火合适的钢，在回火前形成马氏体，从而降低部件断裂或严重残余应力的可能性。是一种淬火硬化处理，包括在油中冷却。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 横向（侧向）应变与相应轴向应变之比的绝对值，该比值由低于材料比例极限的均匀分布的轴向应力产生。 |
| Pitting | 点蚀 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦学中的一种磨损，其特征是存在由疲劳、局部粘附、磨损、腐蚀或空穴等过程形成的小而尖锐的表面空穴。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德国标准化研究所。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可压缩性（单位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 当物质受到压力增加时体积减少或密度增加的量度。它被定义为体积模量的倒数。液体和固体通常被认为是不可压缩的，而气体是高度可压缩的。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉钉 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种空心铆钉，使连接只能从组件的一侧进行。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓应力（单位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通过拧紧在螺栓中产生的轴向拉应力。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺钉 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一个5毫米或更大的螺钉，其螺纹一直延伸到头部，并与相邻构件的螺纹孔或外加螺母啮合,用于将两个部件固定在一起，方法是将螺钉穿过一个部分的间隙孔，然后拧入另一个部分的螺纹孔。头部可以是六角形、圆形、扁平形、圆角形或套筒形。 |
| Supercooling | 过冷 |
Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation. 在没有实际获得相变的情况下，冷却到可以发生平衡相变的温度以下。 |
| Vapour-pressure thermometer | 蒸汽压力温度计 |
(vapour-filled thermometer) A type of fluidexpansion thermometer in which the working fluid is a volatile liquid. （蒸汽填充温度计）一种流体膨胀温度计，其中工作流体为挥发性液体。 |
| Blind rivet | 盲孔铆钉 |
A rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种铆钉，可以仅从组件的一侧进行连接。 |
| Crack-growth rate | 裂纹增长速度 |
Rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to statically or dynamically applied load. 由于静态或动态施加的载荷，裂纹在材料中的扩展速率。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕变断裂强度（单位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金属和聚合物蠕变试验结束时的断裂应力，通常与时间作图以给出应力-断裂曲线。 |
| Combustible | 易燃 |
(inflammable) A term for substances that can be ignited and burned. （易燃）可点燃和燃烧的物质的术语。 |
| Screw thread | 螺纹 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圆柱体的外表面或内表面上呈螺旋形或在圆锥体的外表面和内表面上以锥形螺旋形的均匀截面或形状的脊。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（单位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身体或结构的末端之间测量的尺寸，如机翼尖端或桥梁支架之间。 |
| Offset modulus | 补偿模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服应力与偏移点（塑料）处延伸的比率。 |
| Hot quenching | 热淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一个不精确的术语，用于涵盖各种淬火程序，其中淬火介质规定温度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓断裂或螺纹脱落的术语。原因可能有很多种。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美国机械工程师学会。 |
| Strain-age embrittlement | 应变时效脆化 |
A loss in ductility accompanied by an increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°C (400 °F), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature. 塑性变形后低碳钢（尤其是边缘钢或封顶钢）时效时发生的延展性损失，伴随着硬度和强度的增加。脆化程度是老化时间和温度的函数，在大约200°C（400°F）的温度下，在几分钟内发生，但在室温下需要几小时到一年。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英国标准协会（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 负责为制成品及其设计、制造和测试制定和发布标准规范（英国标准）的英国机构。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一种在六角面上有槽的螺母，与具有钻孔的螺栓一起使用，以便将开口（开口）销插入穿过螺母和螺栓以防止拧松。 |
| Elastic constants | 弹性常数 |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 将材料的弹性位移与施加的力相关联的比例因子。 |
| V-belt | 三角带 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一种具有梯形横截面的传动带，在带V形槽的皮带轮中运行。与平皮带相比，可以传递更高的扭矩。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 气动控制阀 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （气动阀）一种阀门，其中阀杆的位置随开口面积的变化而变化，由压缩空气作用在隔膜上产生的净力决定，隔膜克服压缩弹簧的力进行操作。根据弹簧的布置，在供气故障的情况下，阀门可以打开或关闭。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通过适当的处理增加硬度，通常包括加热和冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：时效硬化、火焰硬化、感应硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Pin or mandrel | 销或心轴 |
In bend testing, the plunger or tool used in making semiguided, guided, or wrap-around tests to apply the bending force to the inside surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an angle of180°, a shim or block of the proper thickness may be placed between the legs of the specimen as bending is completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a pin or mandrel. 在弯曲测试中，用于进行半导向、导向或环绕测试以将弯曲力施加到弯曲内表面的柱塞或工具。在180°角的自由弯曲或半导向弯曲中，弯曲完成后，可在试样支腿之间放置适当厚度的垫片或垫块。该垫片或垫块也称为销或心轴。 |
| Load ratio, R | 负载比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最小载荷与最大载荷的代数比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也称为应力比。 |
| Shank | 螺杆 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| Combustion chamber | 炉膛 |
1. In a piston engine, the volume between the head of an individual cylinder and the crown of the piston in which the fuel–air mixture burns during each power stroke of the engine. 2. (combustor) In a gas-turbine engine, a ramjet, an afterburner, or a rocket motor, the component, often cylindrical or annular in shape, in which the fuel–air mixture burns in a continuous-flow process. 1.在活塞式发动机中，在发动机的每个动力冲程中，燃料-空气混合物燃烧的单个气缸盖和活塞顶之间的体积。2.（燃烧室）在燃气涡轮发动机、冲压发动机、加力燃烧室或火箭发动机中，燃料-空气混合物在连续流动过程中燃烧的部件，通常为圆柱形或环形。 |
| Crack length (depth) (a) | 裂纹长度（深度）（a） |
In fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity factor. For the compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load application. For the center-cracked-tension specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. 在疲劳和应力腐蚀裂纹中，用于确定裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子的物理裂纹尺寸。对于紧凑型试样，裂纹长度从连接载荷施加点的线开始测量。对于中心裂纹拉伸试样，从中心裂纹的垂直平分线测量裂纹长度。 |
| Transverse direction | 横向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 从字面上看，“横穿”方向，通常表示与工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在轧制钢板或薄板中，横跨宽度的方向通常称为长横向，穿过厚度的方向称为短横向。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Crank pin | 曲柄销 |
It is a short shaft parallel to the axis of the crankshaft but radially offset from it, to which is attached the big end of a connecting rod in a bearing. Sometimes the crank pin is supported at one end only (a wrist pin) but in built-up or one-piece forged crankshafts, the crank pin is supported by thick plates (crank arms, crank webs) at either end. 它是一个短轴，平行于曲轴的轴线，但径向偏移，轴承中连杆的大端连接到该短轴上。有时曲柄销仅在一端支撑（腕销），在组合式或整体锻造曲轴中，曲柄销在两端由厚板（曲柄臂、曲柄腹板）支撑。 |
| Torque coefficient | 扭矩系数 |
1. (KT) For a propeller of diameter D, a non-dimensional parameter defined by KT = T/ρΩ2D5 where Ω is the rotational speed (in rad/s) and ρ is the fluid density. 2. (CT) An alternative to (1) for a wind turbine, defined by CT = 2T/ρV2AR where V is the wind speed, A is the swept area of the blades, and R is the blade radius. 3. (K) An empirical coefficient used to calculate the torque T required to achieve an axial load F in a bolt according to T = KFd where d is the nominal bolt diameter. 1.（KT）对于直径为D的螺旋桨，由KT=T/ρΩ2D5定义的无量纲参数，其中Ω是转速（单位为rad/s），ρ是流体密度。2.（CT）对于风力涡轮机（1）的替代方案，由CT=2T/ρV2AR定义，其中V是风速，a是叶片的扫掠面积，R是叶片半径。3.（K）经验系数，用于根据T=KFd计算螺栓中实现轴向载荷F所需的扭矩T，其中d是螺栓标称直径。 |
| Subcritical annealing | 不完全退火 |
A process anneal performed on ferrous alloys at a temperature below Ac1. 在低于Ac1的温度下对铁合金进行的工艺退火。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 弹簧载荷（单位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通过弯曲、压缩、延伸或扭转连接的弹簧而施加在部件上的载荷。如果部件上的任何约束被移除，则可以释放弹簧中存储的机械能。 |
| Significance level | 显着性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 当假设为真时，给定的显著性检验将拒绝特定效应不存在的假设的所述概率（风险）。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服务器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一种真空操作的伺服电机，用于机动车中，以提供大于驾驶员能力的制动力。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基涡轮机 |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一种用于非常低水头的横流脉冲式水轮机，其中平板形式的水射流横向穿过涡轮机，因此穿过转轮两次。平行于旋转轴水平穿过涡轮机的薄转轮叶片在横截面上具有轮廓。 |
| Spray quenching | 喷雾淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用喷嘴将水或其他液体喷射到零件上的淬火过程。淬火速率由每单位撞击时间内每单位面积的液体速度和体积控制。 |
| Striation | 条纹组织 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一种疲劳断裂特征，通常在电子显微照片中观察到，表明每次应力循环后裂纹前沿的位置。条纹之间的距离表示在一个应力循环期间裂纹前沿穿过该晶体的前进，垂直于条纹的线表示局部裂纹扩展的方向。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛顿内摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 两个平行流体层之间的剪切应力与其中一层相对于另一层的速度成正比，与它们之间的距离成反比。比例常数是动态粘度μ。对于牛顿流体，μ与压力梯度、剪切应力和应变无关，但可能随温度和压力而变化。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 转变温度（单位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定义的温度，位于金属断裂特性（通常通过缺口试样的试验确定）快速变化的温度范围内，如从主要纤维（剪切）断裂到主要结晶（解理）断裂。（2） 有时用于表示延性随温度快速变化的范围内的任意定义的温度。（转变点）1.具有面心立方晶体结构的金属合金的断裂机制从韧性孔洞生长转变为脆性解理的温度。2.材料从一种晶体状态转变为另一种晶体的温度。 |
| Major diameter | 螺纹大径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder that just touches the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹顶部或内螺纹根部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | 计算机辅助设计（CAD） |
Generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is where component dimensions resulting from CAD are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由计算机进行设计和计算，更具体地说，使用计算机图形和模型来传达设计概念。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造（CAD/CAM）是由CAD产生的组件尺寸通过电子方式直接传递到机器进行制造。 |
| Composite property | 复合属性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在热力学中，根据封闭系统及其周围环境的性质定义的性质，例如非流动火用函数。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接从渗碳作业中淬火渗碳零件。（2） 也用于直接从可锻操作淬火珠光体可锻零件。 |
| Combustion efficiency | 燃烧效率 |
(source efficiency, ηCOMB) A performance measure for combustion equipment defined by ηCOMB = amount of heat released during combustion/(calorific value of the fuel burned). （源效率，ηCOMB）燃烧设备的性能度量，定义为ηCOMB=燃烧过程中释放的热量/（燃烧燃料的热值）。 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （时间频率，f）（单位Hz）振荡中每秒的周期数或循环过程的重复率。 |
| Prying | 撬动 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 当外部荷载为偏心拉伸荷载时，通过伪杠杆作用放大外部荷载。 |
| Gasket stress | 垫片应力 |
The contact stress exerted on the gasket by the joint members. 连接件施加在垫片上的接触应力。 |
| Accelerated testing | 加速测试 |
A type of testing, for rates of wear, fatigue, corrosion etc., in which failure times are reduced by employing greater loads, more frequent power cycling, higher vibration levels, higher humidity, higher temperatures, greater potential differences etc. than would be encountered in normal operation. 一种测试类型，用于测试磨损率、疲劳率、腐蚀率等，通过采用比正常运行中更大的负载、更频繁的功率循环、更高的振动水平、更高湿度、更高温度、更大的电位差等，减少故障时间。 |
| Composite material | 复合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （复合结构）用于组合作用的两种或多种材料或结构的通用术语（例如混凝土、钢筋混凝土、纤维增强聚合物、层压材料、颗粒增强材料、切割梁），从而产生强度、刚度或韧性值大于单独的基体材料。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口强度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸试样上的最大载荷除以最小横截面积（缺口根部的面积）。也称为缺口抗拉强度。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| Hot working | 热加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金属通过轧制、拉拔、锻造等在高于其再结晶温度（在商业合金中高于其熔点的40%的开尔文）的温度下发生塑性变形，导致永久的形状变化，但不会增加强度或失去延展性。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金属元素和合金的原子、晶体学、微观结构、机械和物理特性及其应用。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度亏损（单位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如边界层或尾迹，由于摩擦，与自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 锐缺口强度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半径非常小（接近加工能力极限）的试样测量的缺口抗拉强度；锐缺口强度值通常取决于缺口根部半径。 |
| Stress | 应力（单位Pa） |
The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression)or shear. 1. Stress ‘at a point’ (i.e. over a volume of material that is very small compared with that of the component or structure) is the load per unit area for every face of an infinitesimal cube surrounding the point. 2. In fluid flow the stress tensor σij is the sum of an isotropic part −pδij, δij being the Kronecker delta, having the same form as the stress tensor for a fluid at rest, p being the static pressure, and the non-isotropic, deviatoric stress tensor dij which is due entirely to the fluid motion. 内部分布力或力分量的强度，这些力或力的分量抵抗正在或已经受到外力的材料的体积或形状的变化。应力以单位面积的力表示，并根据试样横截面的原始尺寸计算。应力可以是直接（拉伸或压缩）或剪切。1.“在一点”的应力（即在与组件或结构相比非常小的材料体积上）是围绕该点的无限小立方体的每个面的单位面积载荷。2. 在流体流动中，应力张量σij是各向同性部分-pδij的总和，δij是Kroneckerδ，具有与静止流体的应力张量相同的形式，p是静压，非各向同性, 偏应力张量 dij 完全由流体运动引起。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Ferralium | 铁素体钢 |
Ferralium is a type of Super Duplex Stainless Steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一种超级双相不锈钢，经过优化用于紧固件。 |
| Dynamic hardness | 动态硬度 |
(rebound hardness) The resistance of a material to local indentation by a rapidly-moving rigid indenter. In most practical methods the indenter is allowed to fall under gravity on to the surface of the material when the rebound height is a measure of the dynamic hardness. （回弹硬度）材料对快速移动的刚性压头局部压痕的阻力。在大多数实际方法中，当回弹高度是动态硬度的测量值时，允许压头在重力作用下落在材料表面上。 |
| Recrystallization temperature | 再结晶温度 |
The approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold-worked metal occurs within a specified time. 冷加工金属在规定时间内发生完全再结晶的近似最低温度。 |
| Alpha iron | 阿尔法铁 |
The body-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable below 910 °C (1670 °F). 纯铁的体心立方形式，在910°C(1670°F)以下稳定。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Steady pin | 定位销 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑轮在其轴上转动的销钉、键或销。 |
| Modulus of rupture | 断裂模量 |
Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. 弯曲试验或扭转试验中的标称断裂应力。在弯曲中，断裂模量是断裂时的弯矩除以截面模量。在扭转中，断裂模量是断裂时的扭矩除以极截面模量。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或产生或消耗能量的速度。功率单位为瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Bolt length | 螺栓长度 |
The bolt length shall be the distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the bearing surface of the head to the extreme end of the bolt including point. 螺栓长度应为平行于产品轴线测量的从头部的支承面到包括点在内的螺栓末端的距离。 |
| Centrifugal clutch | 离心离合器 |
A clutch that engages and disengages at a defined speed of rotation of the driving shaft, as when expanding friction shoes act against the inside of a drum. 一种离合器，以驱动轴规定的旋转速度接合和分离，如当膨胀的摩擦片作用在滚筒内部时。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中间退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造过程中和最终处理之前的一个或多个阶段对锻造金属进行退火。 |
| Core | 核心 |
In a ferrous alloy prepared for case hardening, that portion of the alloy that is not part of the case . Typically considered to be the portion that (a) appears light on an etched cross section, (b) has an essentially unaltered chemical composition, or (c) has a hardness, after hardening, less than a specified value. 在为表面硬化而制备的铁合金中，合金中不属于表面的那部分。通常被认为是（a）在蚀刻横截面上看起来很轻，（b）化学成分基本不变，或（c）硬化后硬度低于规定值的那部分。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金钢经淬火产生马氏体，在550°C以上回火时产生细小沉淀的过程，这抑制了位错运动，扭转了在较高回火温度下强度降低的趋势。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Final annealing | 最终退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一个不精确的术语，用于表示有色金属合金在装运前的最后一次退火。 |
| Reduction in area (RA) | 缩小面积（RA） |
The difference between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as specified for the material undergoing testing. Also known as reduction of area. 拉伸试样的原始横截面积与试验材料断裂时或断裂后的最小面积之间的差值，也称为减少面积。 |
| Accommodation | 适应能力 |
The ability of a robot to respond to changes in the environment. 机器人对环境变化做出反应的能力。 |
| Anode | 阳极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 电池或腐蚀电池中产生电子的电极。被破坏（腐蚀）的是电极。 |
| Induction heating | 感应加热 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通过将金属置于承载交流电的线圈周围的变化磁场中而引起的电阻和磁滞损耗的组合加热。 |
| Tensioner | 张紧器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一种液压工具，用于通过拉伸紧固件而不是对螺母施加较大扭矩来拧紧紧固件。张力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以适当的扭矩将螺母向下压靠接头，张紧器与紧固件分离。螺母保持张紧器产生的拉伸。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非热变化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在没有热波动的情况下进行的反应；也就是说，不需要热激活。相反，在恒温下发生的反应是等温转变。在这种情况下，热活化是必要的，并且反应作为时间的函数进行。 |
| Critical strain | 临界应变 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 刚好足以引起再结晶的应变；由于应变很小，通常只有百分之几，再结晶只发生在少数核上，从而产生由非常大的晶粒组成的再结晶结构。 |
| Creep | 蠕变 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物体在重载荷下缓慢的塑性变形，随时间变化的可塑性，材料在恒定载荷或应力下随时间变化的永久变形。应变随时间以随温度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕变可能导致大应变和最终失效，从而限制部件在高温下承受载荷的寿命。当同源温度超过约0.4℃时，金属蠕变变得显著，例如钨为1200℃，钛为504℃，铁为450℃，铝为100℃。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭转角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭转角）（单位°或弧度）相对于选定截面的角度，垂直于扭转轴，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩时通过该角度旋转。 |
| Absolute value error | 绝对值误差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 关于代数符号的误差幅度，或者，对于矢量误差，不考虑其函数。 |
| Coextrusion | 复合挤压 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通过同一模具同时挤出两种或多种材料的组合。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺纹的最高点。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Carburizing | 渗碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通过与合适的含碳材料接触加热至通常高于Ac3的温度，将碳吸收和扩散到固体铁合金中。一种表面硬化形式，产生从表面向内延伸的碳梯度，通过直接从渗碳温度淬火或冷却至室温，然后重新奥氏体化和淬火，使表层硬化。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奥氏体不锈钢 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奥氏体不锈钢是非磁性的。它们含有显着添加的铬（16–30%），但具有奥氏体（FCC）晶体结构，通过在6–20%的成分范围内添加镍来稳定。碳含量范围约为0.03至0.15%。含有大约18%铬和8%镍的“18-8”不锈钢是该级别的典型不锈钢。奥氏体不锈钢即使在高温下也具有高强度和耐腐蚀性，良好的延展性，良好的低温性能和良好的焊接性。用于飞机和运输设备、餐具、化学和食品加工设备、手术器械和低温容器。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面张力（σ，γ）（单位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液体和气体或两种不混溶液体之间的界面处，作用在界面处的液体分子上的不平衡内聚力导致表面张力的性质，从而导致张力的发展，就像皮肤或薄膜一样。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常会突然断裂，不会产生永久变形。脆性材料的例子有一些铸铁、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸时仅超过其屈服点一小部分就会断裂，则称其为脆性螺栓。 |
| Aging treatment | 时效处理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 针对时效硬化的热处理；它包括溶液和沉淀处理。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在机床工作台上用一种特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容纳T形螺栓的方头，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Thread form | 螺纹形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺纹的横截面形状，定义螺纹角度、齿根和齿冠轮廓等。螺纹长度：紧固件中包含全深度切割或轧制螺纹的部分的长度。 |
| Plane stress | 平面应力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中厚度方向上的应力为零的应力条件；在沿着平行于薄片表面的方向加载非常薄的薄片时最接近。在平面应力条件下，断裂失稳平面与主拉应力轴倾斜45°。 |
| Nominal stress | 名义应力 |
The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 通过简单弹性理论在净截面上计算的点处的应力，不考虑孔、槽、圆角等应力提升器产生的应力影响。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩诺硬度试验 |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一种已被淘汰的方法，通过测量将球形侵彻体压入金属至规定深度所需的载荷来确定压痕硬度。 |
| Acoustic separation | 声学分离 |
(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （单位m）使用驻声波（通常是超声波）将流体中的粒子分离，以将它们驱动到节点（声学粒子浓度）。 |
| Statistic | 统计 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根据样本中的观察值计算得出的汇总值。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“发条”）或螺旋（圆柱形）弹簧。以螺旋状缠绕的弹簧钢丝。 |
| Austempering | 等温淬火 |
A heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite and then held at a temperature just above Ms until transformation to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in both austempered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI), austempered steel consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and austenite. Heat treatment comprising austenitization of a steel article, cooling it to a bainitic range at a rate higher than the critical cooling rate and holding at a fixed temperature until the completion of bainitic transformation. 一种铁合金的热处理，其中零件从奥氏体化温度以足够快的速度淬火，以避免形成铁素体或珠光体，然后保持在略高于Ms的温度，直到完全转变为贝氏体。虽然在奥氏体钢和奥氏体球铁(ADI)中都被指定为贝氏体，但奥氏体钢由含有铁素体和碳化物的两相混合物组成，而奥氏体球墨铸铁由含有铁素体和奥氏体的两相混合物组成。热处理包括钢制品的奥氏体化，以高于临界冷却速率的速率将其冷却到贝氏体范围，并保持在固定温度直到贝氏体转变完成。 |
| Compression | 压缩 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加载，其主要作用是挤压和缩短部件或试件。2.压力增加导致物质体积减少和密度增加。 |
| Kilogram (kg) | 千克（kg） |
The base unit of mass in the SI system. It was previously defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a right cylinder of height and diameter 39.17 mm made of an alloy of 90% (by mass) platinum and 10% iridium. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 150 × 10−34 when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg.m².s. 国际单位制中的基本质量单位。它以前被定义为等于国际原型千克的质量，一个高度和直径为39.17毫米的右圆柱体，由90%（质量）的铂和10%的铱合金制成。从2019年5月20日起，普朗克常数h的固定数值被定义为6.626070150×10−34当以单位J.s表示时，和kg.m².s一样。 |
| Profilometer | 轮廓仪 |
An instrument used to quantify the roughness of a surface. For a contact profilometer, a diamond stylus sweeps across the surface along a series of parallel lines. Noncontact profilometers use optical techniques to map the surface irregularities. 用于量化表面粗糙度的仪器。对于接触式轮廓仪，钻石触针沿一系列平行线扫过表面。非接触式轮廓仪使用光学技术绘制表面不规则。 |
| Kinetic friction | 动摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (Unit N) The sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （动摩擦，滑动摩擦）（单位N）两个相互接触的表面相对运动的滑动阻力。 |
| Structure | 结构体 |
An assembly, usually load bearing, of connected (pinned, riveted, screwed, bolted, welded, etc.) components, such as bars, tubes, beams, and plates. 由连接（销接、铆接、螺纹连接、螺栓连接、焊接等）部件组成的组件，通常为承重组件，如杆、管、梁和板。 |
| Electrode | 电极 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 电池或腐蚀电池中释放电子（阳极）或吸引电子（阴极）的两个金属体。 |
| Root diameter (Unit m) | 根部直径（单位：m） |
The diameter of the circle passing through the roots of teeth in gear teeth or screw threads. 穿过齿轮齿或螺纹中齿根的圆的直径。 |
| Feather key | 滑键 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一种平行键，固定在轴上或在其上滑动的构件的轮毂上。当固定在轴上时，其长度必须足以将滑动构件固定或驱动在轴上的任何位置。当处于滑动构件中时，键只需与轮毂一样长。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皱 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金属板深冲过程中，在法兰边缘和拉深半径之间的金属区域内获得的波浪状状态。当设置不平衡压缩力时，在其他成形操作中也可能发生起皱。 |
| Decarburization | 脱碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于与接触表面的介质中的一种或多种化学物质发生反应，含碳合金表面层的碳损失。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 将冷加工的有色金属合金软化到规定的硬度或抗拉强度水平的最终局部退火。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Waviness | 波纹度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波纹度是与几何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由机床-工件系统在加工过程中的低水平振荡决定。通常，波长范围为1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范围为几微米至几百微米。 |
| Permissible variation | 允许偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 对于试验机，所示数量值的最大允许误差。用误差百分比表示允许偏差是很方便的。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接头 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 两块板之间的铆接、焊接或粘结连接，通过将一块板重叠在另一块板上而形成。对接接头上方和下方具有板的搭接接头避免了与简单搭接接头相关的弯矩。 |
| Ferrite | 铁素体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一种或多种元素在体心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（例如，铁酸铬），否则通常假定溶质为碳。在一些平衡图上，有两个铁素体区域被一个奥氏体区域隔开。下部区域为α铁素体；上部，δ铁氧体。如果没有指定，则假定为 α 铁氧体。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭转应力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭转作用在横截面上产生的剪切应力。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Percent error | 误差百分比 |
For testing machines, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the error to the correct value of the applied load. 对于试验机，以百分比表示的误差与所施加载荷的正确值之比。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 锁紧螺母管螺纹 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 锁紧螺母管螺纹是最大直径的直螺纹，可在管道上切割。其形式与美国或布里格斯标准锥管螺纹相同。一般情况下，只需要通规。它们由一个表示最小内螺纹锁紧螺母螺纹的直螺纹塞和一个表示最大外螺纹锁紧螺帽螺纹的直形螺纹环组成。该螺纹仅用于将零件固定在一起，或用于将轴环固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要紧密螺纹接头的情况下。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 总水头（hT）（单位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT = pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 总压力pT以液体柱（通常为水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g为重力加速度，ρ为液体密度。 |
| Washer | 垫圈 |
An annular disc of metal, rubber, plastic, ceramic, etc., placed between two surfaces in contact either to spread the load (for example, between a surface and a tightened nut or a bolt head), to provide a seal, or to separate or align components. 由金属、橡胶、塑料、陶瓷等制成的环形圆盘，放置在两个接触面之间，以分散载荷（例如，在一个表面和拧紧的螺母或螺栓头之间），提供密封，或分离或对齐部件。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Vane engine (vane motor) | 叶片发动机（叶片马达） |
A rotary engine in which high-pressure hydraulic fluid in the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor acts on the vanes, causing the rotor to revolve within a cylinder. The design is much like a sliding-vane compressor, as is that of a vane pump, used to pump liquids. 一种旋转式发动机，其中偏置转子中装有弹簧的滑动叶片之间的高压液压流体作用在叶片上，使转子在气缸内旋转。这种设计很像滑动叶片压缩机，就像用于泵送液体的叶片泵一样。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起动扭矩（单位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 电机在零转速下产生的扭矩，以启动所施加负载的旋转。 |
| Proof strength (Unit Pa) | 验证强度（单位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2 or Rp0.2 is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （验证应力，Rp）在永久应变的某个固定值下的屈服强度（偏移屈服强度），由偏离但平行于弹性加载线的线与工程应力-工程应变曲线的交点给出。偏移是任意的，但通常为0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久应变（验证应变）。用于没有明确定义屈服点的材料。对于0.2%的验证应力，采用符号Rp0.2。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Nut thickness | 螺母厚度 |
The nut thickness shall be the overall distance measured parallel to the axis of nut, from the top of the nut to the bearing surface, and shall include the thickness of the washer face where provided. 螺母厚度应为平行于螺母轴线测量的从螺母顶部到轴承表面的总距离，还应包括垫圈表面的厚度。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Austenitizing | 奥氏体化 |
Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing). When used without qualification, the term implies complete austenitizing. 通过将铁合金加热到转变范围（部分奥氏体化）或高于转变范围（完全奥氏体化）来形成奥氏体。当不加限定地使用时，该术语意味着完全奥氏体化。 |
| Single thread | 单头螺纹 |
A screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一种螺纹，在一个圆柱体上切割而成，具有一个单一的起点，在这个起点上，导程等于螺距。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的应力循环（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 试样在其应力历史中任何时间所经受的特定特征（产生波动应力和应变）的循环次数。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全阀 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度过高，允许气体在真空下进入系统的阀门。 |
| Blue annealing | 蓝色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在开放式炉中将热轧铁板加热到转变范围内的温度，然后在空气中冷却，以软化金属。在表面上形成蓝色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Fastener quality | 紧固件质量 |
A fastener’s adherence to its specification for dimensional tolerances, mechanical properties, and other requirements stated under applicable standards. 紧固件对尺寸公差、机械性能和适用标准规定的其他要求的规范的遵守情况。 |
| Ductile fracture | 韧性断裂 |
Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy. A fracture of a component or structure which is preceded by extensive ductile deformation so that the broken pieces cannot be re-fitted to regain the original size and shape of the component or structure. 以金属撕裂为特征的断裂，伴随着明显的总塑性变形和相当大的能量消耗。一种部件或结构的断裂，在断裂前会发生大范围的延性变形，从而使断裂的碎片无法重新装配以恢复部件或结构原来的尺寸和形状。 |
| Compression fitting | 压缩接头 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一种用于管道的螺纹接头，通过紧密配合的环（称为套圈或橄榄形）在拧紧时的永久变形来防止泄漏。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 热效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 对于热机或热力循环，净功输出与系统净热输入的比率。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽压力曲线 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 对于纯物质，绘制了饱和压力与饱和温度的曲线。 |
| Lathe | 车床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一种机床，其中夹持在主轴箱中的工件靠着切削工具旋转，以生产车削、钻孔、端面或螺纹部件。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流体运动的特点是无序、旋转（即旋涡）三维速度波动，覆盖广泛的频率和长度尺度。压力、温度和其他流体特性也会波动，热、质量和动量的扩散会大大增强。与层流和过渡流一样，牛顿流体的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，该方程原则上可以通过直接数值模拟（DNS）求解，在直接数值模拟中，波动运动的所有时间和长度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Dilatometer | 膨胀计 |
An instrument for measuring length or volume changes in a solid during heating and subsequent cooling or isothermal holding. · An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as temperature and allotropy. 一种在加热和随后的冷却或等温保持过程中测量固体长度或体积变化，测量金属因温度和同素异形体等因素的变化而引起的线性膨胀或收缩的仪器。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼装置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 机动车辆上的一种转向联动装置，在转向点附近两个车轮几乎不会打滑。这是通过使内短轴（在转弯曲线的内侧）比外短轴移动更大的角度来实现的。 |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想气体定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 与理想（完美）气体的压力、温度和体积相关的定律pV=mRT，其中R是气体常数。该定律意味着在恒定温度T下，压力p和体积V的乘积是恒定的（波义耳定律），而在恒定压力下，体积与温度成正比（查尔斯定律）。 |
| Cap | 帽 |
A cover, often in the form of a short cylinder, one end of which is closed. Typically used to close an orifice or pipe end, on to which it can be pushed, welded, screwed, or attached with fasteners. 一种盖子，通常为短圆柱体，一端封闭。通常用于封闭孔口或管端，可将其推入、焊接、拧紧或用紧固件连接到其上。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y记录仪 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一种绘制变量y和变量x的图形的设备，两者都以伏特数的形式。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（单位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流体渗透多孔固体或气体被液体溶解的过程。 |
| Shear fracture | 剪切断裂 |
A ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. Contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切应力作用下，晶体（或多晶块）通过滑动或撕裂而分离的韧性断裂。与解理断裂形成对比。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：盐水淬火、碱淬火、冷模淬火、强制空气淬火、强淬火、油淬火、压力淬火、喷射淬火、直接淬火、雾淬火、热淬火、间断淬火、选择性淬火、时间淬火和水淬火。1.通过将物体放入水、油、盐、熔融金属或其他介质的浴中快速冷却的过程。这是一种热处理方法，特别用于形成回火钢前的马氏体。浴温度是淬火温度。2.燃烧的抑制。3.在活塞式发动机中，燃烧过程中一部分气体的冷却，通常通过减小活塞顶和气缸盖之间的间隙来实现。 |
| Lead angle | 导角 |
The angle of the helix of a screw thread or worm thread. It is the measure of the inclination of a screw thread from a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. 螺纹或蜗杆螺纹的螺旋角。它是螺纹从垂直于螺钉轴线的平面的倾斜度的量度。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等温退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 将铁合金奥氏体化，然后冷却至奥氏体转变为相对软的铁素体碳化物集合体的温度并保持该温度。 |
| Compound pendulum | 复摆 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可绕轴自由摆动的刚体。 |
| Butt joint | 对接接头 |
The end-to-end joining of two plates either by welding or by overlapping plates that are bolted or riveted. 通过焊接或通过螺栓或铆接的重叠板将两块板端对端连接。 |
| Spalling | 剥落 |
The separation of macroscopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips. 以薄片或碎片形式从表面分离宏观颗粒。 |
| Starting friction | 起动摩擦 |
(limiting friction, static friction, stiction) (Unit N) The force required to initiate movement between two bodies in contact. （极限摩擦力、静摩擦力、粘滞）（单位N）在两个接触物体之间启动运动所需的力。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Safe working load (Unit N) | 安全工作负荷（单位：N） |
The steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. It is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或结构设计用于正常运行的稳定或不稳定荷载。该值低于因屈曲、断裂或屈服而导致失效的值，以适应不确定性、可能的故障或事故条件。 |
| Guided-bend test | 导向弯曲试验 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用冲头（心轴）和底块将试样弯曲成一定形状的试验。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡试验筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一种闭路循环水隧洞，其中静压可降至足够低的水平，以便进行气蚀研究。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 为改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影响非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范围，或导致新相的出现，或两者兼而有之。此外，合金元素强烈影响相变动力学，从而影响合金材料的微观结构形成。 |
| Shim | 垫片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一块薄的材料，如厚度精确已知的金属，放置在两个表面之间，以确保它们之间的距离正确。放置在两个表面之间以获得适当配合、调整或对齐的一块薄材料。还可以对工件进行分析，以测量熔炉碳势（也就是说，在熔炉中，工件将快速渗碳至与熔炉碳势能相等的水平）。 |
| Scuffing | 擦伤 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| Clearance | 间距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （单位m或μm）1.装配体中配合组件之间的距离（如果有）。2.机器中两个运动部件之间的距离，或运动部件和静止部件之间的距离（例如活塞和气缸盖之间的间隙）。3.带螺纹时，主要间隙是内螺纹根部的设计形状与其配合的外螺纹牙顶之间的距离；小间隙是内螺纹牙顶和外螺纹牙根之间的对应尺寸。 |
| Scoring | 划痕 |
In tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the direction of sliding. 在摩擦学中，一种严重的磨损形式，其特征是在滑动方向上形成大面积的凹槽和划痕。 |
| Dead centre | 止点 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄机构中，活塞连杆和曲柄都在一条线上，因此不会有驱动力矩。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 国际度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，国际计量局）政府间组织，其任务是为可追溯到国际单位制的单一、一致的计量系统提供基础。 |
| Fitted bolt | 装配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一种螺栓，其头部正下方有一个普通的无螺纹部分。 |
| Compression failure | 压缩失败 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纤维复合材料中的屈曲、断裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在压缩中的承载能力的降低或消除。 |
| Kiln | 窑 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃烧、烘烤或干燥的工业烤箱。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 两端有螺纹并弯曲成U形的杆。用于夹紧。一种外螺纹紧固件，弯曲成字母U的形状，两端带有螺纹。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于软态和半硬态之间。 |
| Hot isostatic pressing | 热等静压 |
Sintering of powdered materials at high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure in order to minimize porosity. 在高温和高静水压力下烧结粉末材料，以尽量减少孔隙率。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂纹尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 从基准面到观察到的裂纹前沿的距离。该距离可以表示沿裂纹前沿的若干测量的平均值。基准面取决于试样形状，通常视为边界或包含试样或板的载重线或中心线的平面。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| Hysteresis | 滞后 |
The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 当材料经受重复加载时，在任何加载或卸载循环期间发生的永久吸收或损失能量的现象。 |
| Radioactive heat (Unit J) | 放射性热（单位J） |
Thermal energy released from the nucleus of an atom such as uranium235 by fission due to the absorption of a neutron. Heat is also produced by radioactive decay. 铀235等原子核因吸收中子而裂变释放的热能。放射性衰变也会产生热量。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 调质热处理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制备材料的初步热处理，以便对随后的热处理进行所需的反应。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定确切的热处理。 |
| Fillet | 圆角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓头和螺栓杆之间的过渡区域，或其他直径变化之间的过渡区域。 |
| Abradant | 研磨剂 |
The differently sized grits of hard materials such as emery employed for grinding, polishing, etc. The abrasive grade is determined by the grit size (grit number) originally related to the hole sizes in wire sieves. 用于研磨、抛光等的硬质材料（例如金刚砂）的不同尺寸粒度。磨料等级由最初与金属丝筛孔尺寸相关的粒度（粒度数）决定。 |
| Widmanstätten structure | 魏氏组织 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一种结构，其特征是沿母体固溶体的某些晶体学平面形成新相而形成的几何图案。新相中晶格的取向在晶体学上与母相中晶格的定向相关。通过适当的热处理，在许多合金中容易产生这种结构。 |
| Compressometer | 压力计 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的压缩试验。 |
| Wheel | 轮 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一个实心圆盘，或一个带有辐条的圆环，辐条从一个中心毂放射出来，或附在一个绕其旋转的轴上，或与一个旋转轴一起旋转。 |
| Twist | 扭转 |
The helix produced in a cylindrical component, such as a shaft, wire, tensioned cable, or rope, when one end is rotated relative to the other. Measured either as the number of turns per unit length, or by the helix angle (twist angle). 当一端相对于另一端旋转时，在圆柱形部件（如轴、钢丝、张紧电缆或绳索）中产生的螺旋。以每单位长度的圈数或螺旋角（扭曲角）测量。 |
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