| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Failure of the joint | 连接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓连接未达到设计者的预期性能。故障可能由螺栓断裂或丢失引起或伴随而来，但也可能意味着即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接头滑动或垫圈接头泄漏。接头故障的常见原因包括振动松动、装配不当、设计不当、意外的工作负载或条件等。 |
| Shrink fit | 过盈配合 |
A tight interference fit between two components resulting from heating an outer part and/or cooling an inner part to allow easy assembly. The outer component contracts on cooling, while the inner part expands on warming to ambient temperature, thus gripping the two parts together. 由于加热外部部件和/或冷却内部部件而导致的两个部件之间的紧密过盈配合，以便于组装。外部部件在冷却时收缩，而内部部件在加热到环境温度时膨胀，从而将两个部件夹在一起。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| Preload accuracy | 预载精度 |
A measure of the precision with which a given tool or procedure creates preload in a bolt when the bolt is tightened. A common torque wrench, for example, is said to produce preload with an accuracy of +30%. The mean preload, however, may not be that which the designer intended, or may not be what he should have intended. Accuracy as used here, in other words, is synonymous with Scatter. 当螺栓拧紧时，给定工具或程序在螺栓中产生预紧力的精度度量。例如，一个普通的扭矩扳手据说可以产生精度为+30%的预载。然而，平均预载可能不是设计者预期的。这里使用的准确度是分散度的同义词。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 临界温度范围 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 与转换范围同义，这是首选术语。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 涡轮流量计 |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ṁ. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ṁ is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （轴向流量计、螺旋桨流量计）一种串联流量计，其中螺旋桨或转子的转速N是质量流量的测量值ṁ. 校准总是必要的，但需要适当的设计ṁ在很宽的范围内与N成正比。 |
| Air-cooled condenser | 风冷冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is air, used to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine, the condensate being returned to the boiler. 一种热交换器，其中冷却介质为空气，用于冷凝蒸汽轮机排出的蒸汽，冷凝水返回锅炉。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等变换 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等温或等压相变，其中相关的两个相在整个过程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Wheel | 轮 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一个实心圆盘，或一个带有辐条的圆环，辐条从一个中心毂放射出来，或附在一个绕其旋转的轴上，或与一个旋转轴一起旋转。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| Permanent set | 永久变形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 释放荷载后，先前受力物体中剩余的变形或应变。 |
| Actual cubic feet per minute | 实际立方英尺每分钟 |
(acfm) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) measure of volumetric flow rate; the volume of a gas flowing per minute at actual operating pressure and temperature, as opposed to the corresponding volume flow rate at STP. （acfm）已被淘汰的（即非SI）体积流量测量；在实际工作压力和温度下每分钟流动的气体体积，与STP下的相应体积流量相反。 |
| Butterfly valve | 蝶阀 |
A valve in which a disc rotates on a shaft at right angles to the axis of a pipe to regulate flow. When open, the disc is edge-on to the flow and offers limited resistance. When closed, the disc is pressed against a seat in the valve body. 阀瓣在与管道轴线成直角的轴上旋转以调节流量的阀门。当打开时，圆盘与水流边缘并提供有限的阻力。关闭时，阀瓣被压在阀体内的阀座上。 |
| Screw area (Unit m²) | 螺丝面积（单位m²） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋桨尖端所描述的圆的面积。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞莱气压计 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一种垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水银上方的空间处于真空状态。水银在管道中上升的高度是大气压力的量度。 |
| Thumb screw | 蝶形螺钉 |
A type of screw having a winged or knurled head for turning by hand when a quick and light clamping effect is desired. 一种螺钉，具有翼形或滚花头，当需要快速、轻夹紧效果时，可手动转动。 |
| Induction heating | 感应加热 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通过将金属置于承载交流电的线圈周围的变化磁场中而引起的电阻和磁滞损耗的组合加热。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽发电厂冷凝器上的低于大气压的压力导致整体效率显着提高。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| Hoseclip | 软管夹 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （软管夹）一种圆形金属带，其一端有一个螺钉组织，另一端穿过该螺钉组织，使螺钉与带子上的凹口啮合，从而可以拧紧或松开夹子。用于将软管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Plug | 螺塞 |
1. An object, usually tapered, used to block a hole to prevent fluid from escaping or flowing. 2. The central moveable part of a valve. 3. In the flow of a yield-stress fluid through a pipe or duct, the central region is often assumed to take the form of a plug with uniform axial velocity. 4. In thermoforming, a shaping tool that forces a heated plastic sheet into a female mould. 1.一种物体，通常为锥形，用于堵塞孔以防止流体逸出或流动。2.阀门的中心可移动部分。3.在屈服应力流体通过管道或管道的流动中，中心区域通常假定为具有均匀轴向速度的塞子形式。4.在热成型技术中，一种成型工具，将加热的塑料板压入阴模中。 |
| Edge distance | 边距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，从轴承试样的边缘到孔中心的距离。 |
| Taper | 变尖 |
A gradual, often linear, reduction in cross section or shape. A shaft or hole that gets gradually smaller toward one end. 横截面或形状的逐渐减小，通常是线性的。一端逐渐变小的轴或孔。 |
| Calorie | 卡路里 |
(cal, gram calorie, small calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 4.186 8 J. It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure airfree water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at standard atmospheric pressure. （卡，克热量，小热量）一种已被淘汰的（即非SI）能量单位，等于4.1868J。它是在标准大气压力下将1克纯无空气水的温度从14.5℃升高到15.5℃所需的能量。 |
| Spring | 弹簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 储存机械能并在变形时施加力的弹性部件。作用力F与弹簧x偏转的曲线斜率dF/dx称为弹簧率或弹簧模量k，单位为N/m。对于线性弹簧，F（x）曲线成比例，k称为弹簧常数。一种弹性装置，在应力或压力下屈服，但在应力和压力消除后恢复到其原始状态或位置。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Breaking stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Machine screw | 机械螺丝 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 带有机加工螺纹的沉头开槽螺钉，如螺栓上的螺纹。一种相对较小的螺钉，直径通常小于20毫米，螺纹沿整个长度一直延伸到头部，用于拧入螺纹孔中。如果通过装配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，则会导致螺纹与孔表面接触不良。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 机壳一种机壳，通常由金属板制成，围绕着需要冷却的机器，如发动机。水通过夹套和热交换器循环，在热交换器中热量被去除。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲线 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余压力或松弛压力随时间变化的曲线图。 |
| Overaging | 过时效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在时间和温度条件下的时效大于获得某一特性最大变化所需的时间和温度，从而使该特性沿初始值的方向发生变化。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷却盘管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一种简单的热交换器，由通常由铜或不锈钢制成的盘管组成，冷却剂如制冷剂、冷冻水或与乙二醇混合的水通过盘管循环。应用包括空调、工艺冷却和制冷。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Mechanical units | 机械单位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的单位，其量纲包括质量、长度和时间。 |
| Thread milling | 螺纹铣削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺纹铣削是在螺纹铣刀中用铣刀切削螺纹的一种方法。螺纹铣刀为单形或多形，用于传统或行星式螺纹铣刀。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲劳失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 当经历疲劳的试样完全断裂成两部分或因热加热或开裂而软化或刚度显着降低时发生的失效。 |
| Shoulder joint | 轴肩关节 |
The second joint on an articulated robot, which has a horizontal axis and is analogous to the human shoulder. 关节机器人上的第二个关节，具有水平轴，类似于人的肩膀。 |
| Active accommodation | 主动适应能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用来自传感器的信息，例如在视觉系统中，允许机器人显示对环境的适应。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋输送机 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋输送机、螺旋输送机、蜗杆输送机）一种用于散装搬运半固态材料的机器，由在槽或外壳中旋转的螺旋螺杆组成。 |
| Air conditioning | 空调 |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房间、建筑物、飞机、客运车辆等的温度和湿度的过程。更一般地说，它包括控制灰尘、辐射热水平等。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循环的中位疲劳强度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估计50%的量在N个周期内生存的压力水平。该估计值来自疲劳寿命分布的一个特定点，因为没有试验程序可以直接观察N次循环疲劳强度的频率分布。 |
| Accelerated testing | 加速测试 |
A type of testing, for rates of wear, fatigue, corrosion etc., in which failure times are reduced by employing greater loads, more frequent power cycling, higher vibration levels, higher humidity, higher temperatures, greater potential differences etc. than would be encountered in normal operation. 一种测试类型，用于测试磨损率、疲劳率、腐蚀率等，通过采用比正常运行中更大的负载、更频繁的功率循环、更高的振动水平、更高湿度、更高温度、更大的电位差等，减少故障时间。 |
| Stress ratio (A or R) | 应力比（A或R） |
The algebraic ratio of two specified stress values in a stress cycle. Two commonly used stress ratios are the ratio of the alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress, A = Sa/Sm, and the ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress, R = Smin/Smax. 应力循环中两个指定应力值的代数比。两种常用的应力比是交变应力振幅与平均应力之比，A=Sa/Sm，以及最小应力与最大应力之比R=Smin/Smax。 |
| Erosion | 侵蚀 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固体表面与流体、多组分流体或撞击液体或固体颗粒之间的机械相互作用，原始材料从固体表面逐渐损失。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度计测量弹性体、塑料和橡胶等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度仪测量直径为1.1–1.4mm的硬化钢棒（压头）在用校准弹簧快速施加的给定力下渗入试验材料的深度。有两种主要的压头设计：A型（适用于较软的材料），其杆端为截头35°锥形，逐渐变细至直径0.79 mm；D型（较硬的材料），端部为30°锥形，尖端半径为0.1mm。A型的弹簧力为8.05N，D型为44.45N。硬度值与渗透深度相关（最大限制为2.5mm），因此，对于零渗透，硬度为100，对于最大渗透，硬度是零。相关标准为ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所选材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纤维素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Stress factor | 应力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。它是由紧固件长度变化引起的超声波传输时间变化与总传输时间变化之间的比率。 |
| Fahrenheit | 华氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32ºF) and the boiling point of water (212ºF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 温标基于水的冰点（32ºF）和水的沸点（212ºF）。这些点之间的间隔被分成180等份。尽管被摄氏刻度所取代，华氏刻度有时仍用于非科学测量。 |
| Positive-displacement machine | 正排量机 |
A machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. This class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the Roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、阀门等的机器，以确保工作流体的正向进入和输送，并防止不期望的反向流动。这类机器包括所有往复式压缩机和膨胀机以及一些类型的旋转压缩机、罗茨鼓风机、抽水机、凸轮泵和叶片泵。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（单位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手长度的乘积。力或力偶绕轴产生扭转的力矩。 |
| Springback | 回弹 |
The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金属在经历成形操作后趋于恢复其原始形状或轮廓的程度。 |
| Precipitation hardening | 沉淀硬化 |
Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution. 因成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀而导致的硬化。 |
| Bioenergy | 生物能源 |
1. Energy derived from materials such as purpose-grown energy crops, including sugar cane, maize, wheat, and rice, as well as wood, straw, and animal waste, including sewage, manure, and animal litter. 2. A term sometimes used to cover biomass and biofuels together. 1.来自特定种植的能源作物（包括甘蔗、玉米、小麦和大米）以及木材、稻草和动物粪便（包括污水、粪便和动物垃圾）等材料的能源。2.有时用于同时涵盖生物质和生物燃料的术语。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均匀伸长 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸试验中，在最大载荷下和颈缩开始之前的伸长率。 |
| Centrifuge | 离心机 |
A machine incorporating a rapidly spinning drum in which liquids and suspended particles of different densities are separated by centrifugal action. 一种装有快速旋转滚筒的机器，在该滚筒中，不同密度的液体和悬浮颗粒通过离心作用分离。 |
| Significance level | 显着性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 当假设为真时，给定的显著性检验将拒绝特定效应不存在的假设的所述概率（风险）。 |
| Single-shear test | 单剪试验 |
(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一种剪切试验，类似于用于圆棒试样的双剪切试验，但仅使用一个固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板试样的剪切试验。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接头 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 两块板之间的铆接、焊接或粘结连接，通过将一块板重叠在另一块板上而形成。对接接头上方和下方具有板的搭接接头避免了与简单搭接接头相关的弯矩。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| Friction | 摩擦 |
The resistance that a body encounters when sliding over another body, or experiences when a viscous fluid flows over its surface. 一个物体在另一个物体上滑动时遇到的阻力，或者当粘性流体流过其表面时所经历的阻力。 |
| Slip band | 滑带 |
A group of parallel slip lines so closely spaced as to appear as a single line when observed under an optical microscope. 一组平行滑移线，间距如此之近，以至于在光学显微镜下观察时显示为一条直线。 |
| Blue annealing | 蓝色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在开放式炉中将热轧铁板加热到转变范围内的温度，然后在空气中冷却，以软化金属。在表面上形成蓝色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Recrystallization temperature | 再结晶温度 |
The approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold-worked metal occurs within a specified time. 冷加工金属在规定时间内发生完全再结晶的近似最低温度。 |
| Celsius | 摄氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0ºC) and the boiling point of water (100ºC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰点（0ºC）和水的沸点（100ºC）的温标。这些点之间的间隔被划分为100度。这个比例是由安德斯·摄氏设计的。 |
| Hot isostatic pressing | 热等静压 |
Sintering of powdered materials at high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure in order to minimize porosity. 在高温和高静水压力下烧结粉末材料，以尽量减少孔隙率。 |
| Effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads | 螺母、螺栓头或螺纹的有效半径 |
Distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. Must be determined by integration. 零件几何中心与配合零件之间的合力通过的点圆之间的距离。必须通过积分来确定。 |
| Effective length of a bolt | 螺栓的有效长度 |
The grip length plus some portion of the bolt (often one-half of the thickness of the nuts) which lies within the nut(s) plus some portion (often one-half the thickness) of the head. 握持长度加上位于螺母内的螺栓的某些部分（通常是螺母厚度的二分之一）加上头部的某些部分（通常是厚度的二分之一）。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋转关节 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在机器人技术中，一种单自由度关节，其中受控变量为关节角度。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺纹的最高点。 |
| Closed system | 封闭系统 |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一个封闭的热力学系统由一定量的质量组成。能量可以以功或热的形式存在，其体积可以改变，但没有质量可以越过它的边界。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 国际度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，国际计量局）政府间组织，其任务是为可追溯到国际单位制的单一、一致的计量系统提供基础。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 带齿锁紧垫圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 这些垫圈用于将紧固件（如螺栓和螺母）锁定到组件的零部件上，或增加紧固件与组件之间的摩擦力。它们的设计方式类似于螺旋弹簧锁紧垫圈，可采用碳钢。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Torque control | 扭矩控制 |
A system of optimizing rotor speed for a variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the torque demands of the generator. 通过控制发电机的扭矩需求来优化变速风力涡轮机的转子速度的系统。 |
| Plane stress | 平面应力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中厚度方向上的应力为零的应力条件；在沿着平行于薄片表面的方向加载非常薄的薄片时最接近。在平面应力条件下，断裂失稳平面与主拉应力轴倾斜45°。 |
| Pressure surface | 压力面 |
The high-pressure surface of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade. In normal aircraft applications, this is the lower surface of a wing. For applications, such as to high-performance motor vehicles, where the aerofoil is inverted to generate downforce, it is the upper surface. 机翼、涡轮或压缩机叶片的高压表面。在正常的飞机应用中，这是机翼的下表面。对于高性能机动车辆等应用，机翼翻转以产生下压力，它是上表面。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 与规范不同的部分公差。在大规模生产中，使用自动机器时，零件应完全或部分可互换，在批量生产中，零件应理想匹配，无需选择。在实践中，由于刀具磨损、原材料变化、热效应等原因，批量生产的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，将精度偏差（称为公差）指定给基本尺寸上允许的尺寸。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸计 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一种用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化，在零件加载时测量零件长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的拉力试验。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Pulley | 带轮 |
A free or driven wheel on a shaft with an appropriately shaped rim to carry a flat belt, vee belt, notched belt, rope, or chain. Used to transmit power or motion. 轴上的自由轮或从动轮，具有适当形状的轮缘，以承载平皮带、V形皮带、槽口皮带、绳索或链条。用于传递动力或运动。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 线性（拉伸或压缩）应变 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始线性尺寸中的力，每单位长度的变化。长度的增加被认为是正的。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺纹 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一种夹角为29°的螺纹，主要用于机床上的进给丝杠。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力测试 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 为计算剪切模量、扭转断裂模量和剪切屈服强度而设计的试验。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）连接在涡轮机或压缩机轴上的圆盘，在其一侧施加高压或低压，以抵消机器压力变化产生的轴向推力。推力轴承的一种形式。 |
| Crosshead | 十字头 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一种往复式构件，在导轨之间滑动，活塞杆一侧固定在其上，连杆另一侧固定在该构件上，用于将往复式运动转换为旋转运动。2.机械试验机早期设计中的活动梁。3.一种螺钉头，其具有采用配合螺丝刀的+形槽。 |
| Effective discharge area (Unit m²) | 有效排放面积（单位m²） |
A nominal area for flow through a pressure relief valve used to determine the valve’s flow capacity given the pressure difference across it, the fluid density and correction factors to allow for compressibility, the back pressure and the coefficient of discharge. 流经泄压阀的标称面积，用于确定阀门的流量，给定压力差、流体密度和允许可压缩性的校正因子、背压和排放系数。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷冻过程中形成的碳化物，是参与铁合金共晶反应的互不溶相之一。 |
| Coaxial | 同轴 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同轴线的部件的术语，例如同心轴。 |
| Fastener with reduced shank | 短柄紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d2. 柄径为ds≈d2的紧固件。 |
| Strain energy | 应变能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通过测量应力-应变图下的面积确定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分离器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 从螺栓上去除锈蚀螺母的工具。它由一个围绕螺母放置的刚性钢环组成。穿过环的螺纹径向支撑在楔形尖端上，该尖端凹陷并穿过螺母的表面。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| System engineering | 系统工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一种将所有学科和专业组整合到团队工作中的方法，形成从概念到生产再到运营的结构化开发过程。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Working fluid | 工作流体 |
In thermodynamics, the fluid contained within the boundary of a system that experiences changes in its properties during any fluid dynamic or thermodynamic process. 在热力学中，包含在系统边界内的流体，在任何流体动力学或热力学过程中其性质发生变化。 |
| Hydrodynamics | 流体力学 |
A term sometimes used to mean fluid dynamics, even when the fluid is a gas or a liquid other than water. 有时用于表示流体动力学的术语，即使流体是气体或水以外的液体。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奥氏体稳定剂 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3 temperature and an increase of the A4 temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1 temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素扩展了相应相图中的γ相场，这表现为二元合金Fe-M中A3温度的降低和A4温度的升高，以及A1温度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奥氏体稳定剂在铁素体中的溶解度远低于在奥氏体中的溶解度。在奥氏体稳定剂的影响下，奥氏体可以在低至室温时变得热力学稳定。 |
| Roughness | 粗糙度 |
The deviations from the wavy surface itself, caused by geometry of the cutting tool and its wear, machining conditions, microstructure of the workpiece, vibrations in the system, and so on. Surface roughness changes as a surface goes through the wearing-in process, but may then stabilize. 由刀具的几何形状及其磨损、加工条件、工件的微观结构、系统中的振动等引起的与波状表面本身的偏差。表面粗糙度随着表面经过磨合过程而变化，但随后可能会稳定下来。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通过含有磨料颗粒的高速水射流切割岩石等材料。 |
| Allowable stress design | 许用应力设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。故意低估螺栓和接头材料的强度，以便在结构钢接头的设计中引入安全系数。它是最近定义的荷载和阻力系数设计程序的替代方法。 |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度试验 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校准机器进行的一种压痕硬度试验，在规定条件下，将具有规定边缘角的菱形棱锥金刚石压头压入受试材料表面，并在移除荷载后测量长对角线。其中压头是一个细长的菱形棱锥，以平行四边形的形式给出压痕，其中较长的对角线约为较短的七倍。用于研究固体材料的各向异性。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Impact energy (Unit J) | 冲击能量（单位J） |
The amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod test or Charpy test.The type of specimen and test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified. 1. The sum of the kinetic energies of all the bodies involved at the instant of collision of two or more moving bodies. 2. The energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test. 使材料断裂所需的能量，通常通过悬臂梁式试验或夏比试验测量。试样类型和试验条件会影响数值，因此应加以说明。1.两个或多个运动物体碰撞瞬间所有物体的动能之和。2.夏比或悬臂冲击试验中断裂试样所需的能量。 |
| Eutectic melting | 共晶熔化 |
Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微观区域的熔化，其成分对应于系统中的共晶成分。 |
| Nipple | 喷嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一种包含止回阀的装置，该止回阀拧入润滑点，通过该润滑点可以将润滑脂引入，例如轴承中。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 弹簧载荷（单位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通过弯曲、压缩、延伸或扭转连接的弹簧而施加在部件上的载荷。如果部件上的任何约束被移除，则可以释放弹簧中存储的机械能。 |
| Diesel engine | 柴油发动机 |
(compression–ignition engine) A piston engine operating on the Diesel cycle in which the air is compressed to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the fuel and combustion is initiated as the fuel is injected into the hot air. Diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios (typically in the range 12 to 24) than petrol engines. Although named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor, Diesel engine is often spelled with a lower case d, contrary to normal practice. （压燃式发动机）在柴油循环中运行的活塞式发动机，在该循环中，空气被压缩至高于燃料自燃温度的温度，当燃料喷射到热空气中时，燃烧开始。柴油发动机在比汽油发动机更高的压缩比下运行（通常在12到24的范围内）。虽然以发明人鲁道夫·迪塞尔命名，但迪塞尔发动机通常拼写为小写d，这与正常做法相反。 |
| Statistic | 统计 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根据样本中的观察值计算得出的汇总值。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 组合尺寸标注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程图上使用链式尺寸标注和平行标注。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常会突然断裂，不会产生永久变形。脆性材料的例子有一些铸铁、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸时仅超过其屈服点一小部分就会断裂，则称其为脆性螺栓。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（单位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑块机构的曲柄与曲轴中心线到活塞轴线的直线之间的角度。 |
| Hydraulics | 液压系统 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括运河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系统中的水流。 |
| Pitting | 点蚀 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦学中的一种磨损，其特征是存在由疲劳、局部粘附、磨损、腐蚀或空穴等过程形成的小而尖锐的表面空穴。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬质合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 难熔金属碳化物（如碳化钨）在金属基体粘结剂（如钴、镍或铁）中的烧结混合物。它们具有高熔点、韧性、抗压强度和耐磨性。应用包括用于砂轮和纸张、切削工具、钻头、拉丝模和圆珠笔尖。当应用于机床时，有时称为硬金属。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相变温度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 发生相位变化的温度。该术语有时用于表示转变范围的极限温度。以下符号用于钢铁。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒变大。 |
| Fatigue limit | 疲劳极限 |
The maximum stress that presumably leads to fatigue fracture in a specified number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. Compare with endurance limit. 在指定数量的应力循环中可能导致疲劳断裂的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。与耐力极限比较。 |
| Water hammer | 水锤 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流经管道的液体中发生的反射压力波动，通常是阀门突然关闭的结果。浪涌可能导致管道振动，并听到锤击噪音。影响喘振幅度的关键因素是液体的可压缩性（特别是当其含有未溶解气体时）和管壁的弹性。 |
| Damage mechanics | 损伤机制 |
The theory of degradation in bodies, particularly fracture by accumulated microstructural damage. Analyses take two approaches: (a) the use of some critical integrated function of stress and strain at which cracking is initiated and propagated; (b) incorporation of damage in the stress–strain curves to reflect weakened material. 物体退化理论，尤其是累积微观结构损伤导致的断裂。分析采用两种方法：（a）使用裂纹开始和扩展时的应力和应变的一些临界积分函数；（b）应力-应变曲线中包含损伤，以反映弱化材料。 |
| Two-stroke engine | 二冲程发动机 |
(two-cycle engine) A petrol or diesel engine in which an air/fuel charge is introduced through an induction port, compressed and burned, expanded and then exhausted through an exhaust port. The two ports in the cylinder wall are opened and closed by the piston. There are two strokes in each revolution of the crankshaft. In total-loss lubrication petrol engines, the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. （双循环发动机）一种汽油或柴油发动机，其中空气/燃料通过进气口引入，压缩和燃烧，膨胀，然后通过排气口排出。气缸壁上的两个口由活塞打开和关闭。曲轴每转一圈有两个冲程。在全失润滑汽油发动机中，润滑油与燃油混合。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在机床工作台上用一种特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容纳T形螺栓的方头，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Milling | 铣削 |
A machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. Milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. Because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一种加工工艺，通常用于金属和塑料，其中多齿旋转刀具去除材料以产生平坦或异形表面、槽、槽等。金属由旋转多齿刀具去除；主轴每转一圈，每个齿都会去除少量金属。因为工件和刀具可以同时在多个方向上移动，所以几乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| Artificial aging | 人工时效 |
Aging above room temperature. 在室温以上的时效。 |
| Brake fluid | 制动液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于将力传递到盘式制动器中的活塞或鼓式制动器中的轮缸的液压油。要求包括高沸点和低吸湿性。 |
| Vapour static pressure | 蒸汽静压 |
(Unit Pa or bar) A pressure analogous to hydrostatic pressure, where the fluid is a vapour such as steam. A term used in geothermal applications. （单位Pa或bar）类似于静水压力的压力，其中流体是蒸汽，如蒸汽。地热应用中使用的术语。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蚀失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或结构在腐蚀后失效，使承重面积减少到无法支撑的程度。2.由于腐蚀产物阻止关节处的自由运动，导致机构无法运行的情况。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 临界压缩比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可变压缩单缸活塞发动机中确定的烃类燃料初期爆震的压缩比。2.空气-燃料混合物由于产生的温度升高而自燃的压缩比。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱状结构 |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由单向生长形成的平行细长晶粒的粗略结构，最常见于铸件中，但有时也出现在伴随固态转变的扩散生长产生的结构中。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂强度（单位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m², the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按规定速率撕裂预裂片材所需的张力除以片材厚度。特别用于塑料、橡胶、织物和弹性体。由于单位不是应力单位，而是相当于J/m²，韧性单位，“强度”一词是完全错误的。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一种环形合成橡胶环，位于加工成平面或圆柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Fastener identification marking | 紧固件识别标记 |
A stamp, paint, or other permanent identifier that may include manufacturer information and applicable grade markings for certification purposes. 印章、油漆或其他永久性标识符，其中可能包括制造商信息和用于认证的适用等级标记。 |
| Acoustic separation | 声学分离 |
(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （单位m）使用驻声波（通常是超声波）将流体中的粒子分离，以将它们驱动到节点（声学粒子浓度）。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（单位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 对于锥齿轮，轴与节锥生成器之间的角度。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金钢 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有铬、镍、钼、锰、硅、钨和钒等合金元素的钢。添加这些是为了提高与普通碳钢相比的淬透性、韧性、强度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等性能。低合金钢的总合金含量（包括碳）小于约8%。它们是可硬化的，强度比普通碳钢高出30%。高合金钢含有相当多的合金含量，并针对特定性能而开发，例如卓越的耐腐蚀性和耐化学性。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于软态和半硬态之间。 |
| Effective yield strength | 有效屈服强度 |
An assumed value of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plastic yielding on fracture test parameters. 单轴屈服强度的假设值，代表塑性屈服对断裂试验参数的影响。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水银柱施加的压力。大约等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦机 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一种通过冲击载荷测试弹簧的机器2.一种在使用前将螺旋弹簧压缩至其最小实心长度以提高其使用寿命的机器，从而产生有利的残余应力。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面张力（σ，γ）（单位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液体和气体或两种不混溶液体之间的界面处，作用在界面处的液体分子上的不平衡内聚力导致表面张力的性质，从而导致张力的发展，就像皮肤或薄膜一样。 |
| Adhesive strength | 粘合强度 |
The strength of an adhesively bonded joint, usually measured in tension (perpendicular to the plane of the bonded joint) or in shear 粘合接头的强度，通常以拉伸（垂直于粘合接头的平面）或剪切测量 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奥氏体晶界区域的材料熔化的过热阶段。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Compressible flow | 可压缩流动 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 马赫数M高到足以使气体密度发生显着变化的气流。对于空气，这是当M>0.3时。 |
| Temper color | 回火颜色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一种薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮，当钢在低温或短时间内在空气或轻度氧化气氛中回火时形成。颜色范围从稻草色到蓝色，取决于氧化皮的厚度，随回火时间和温度而变化。 |
| Engine | 引擎 |
A machine that converts energy, including the chemical energy in a fuel and electrical energy, into mechanical energy, usually to produce power delivered through a rotating shaft or thrust. Examples include internal-combustion engines, gas and steam turbines, rocket engines, electric, hydraulic and pneumatic motors. 一种将能量（包括燃料中的化学能和电能）转换为机械能的机器，通常通过旋转轴或推力产生动力。例子包括内燃机、燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机、火箭发动机、电动、液压和气动马达。 |
| Nautical mile (M) | 海里（M） |
A special unit of distance employed for marine and aerial navigation. The conversion to SI is 1 M = 1 852 m. 用于海上和空中导航的特殊距离单位。SI的转换为1M＝1852m。 |
| Creep | 蠕变 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物体在重载荷下缓慢的塑性变形，随时间变化的可塑性，材料在恒定载荷或应力下随时间变化的永久变形。应变随时间以随温度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕变可能导致大应变和最终失效，从而限制部件在高温下承受载荷的寿命。当同源温度超过约0.4℃时，金属蠕变变得显著，例如钨为1200℃，钛为504℃，铁为450℃，铝为100℃。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一个通用术语，表示一种处理，包括加热并保持在合适的温度，然后以合适的速率冷却，主要用于软化金属材料，但也同时产生其他性能或微观结构的所需变化。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘数0.01的SI单位前缀；因此厘米是长度单位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Sigma-phase embrittlement | σ相脆化 |
Embrittlement of iron-chromium alloys (most notably austenitic stainless steels) caused by precipitation at grain boundaries of the hard, brittle intermetallic sigma phase during long periods of exposure to temperatures between approximately 565 and 980 °C (1050 and 1800 °F). Sigmaphase embrittlement results in severe loss in toughness and ductility and can make the embrittled material structure susceptible to intergranular corrosion. 铁铬合金（最显著的是奥氏体不锈钢）的脆化是由于在长时间暴露于约565至980°C（1050至1800°F）的温度下，硬脆金属间化合物σ相的晶界处沉淀造成的。σ相脆化导致韧性和延展性的严重损失，可使脆化的材料结构易于发生晶间腐蚀。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 应力强度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一种标度因子，通常用符号K表示，在线弹性断裂力学中用于描述已知尺寸和形状的裂纹尖端施加应力的增强。在任何含有裂纹的结构中，裂纹快速扩展开始时，该因子称为临界应力强度因子，或断裂韧性。 |
| Compressive strength | 抗压强度 |
Maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. For ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 材料能够产生的最大压缩应力。如果脆性材料因破裂而无法压缩，则抗压强度具有一定值。对于韧性、可锻性或半粘性材料（不会因破裂而导致压缩失效），获得的抗压强度值是一个任意值，取决于被视为材料有效失效的变形程度。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 热力学过程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物质或系统所经历的平衡状态的变化。 |
| Liquid nitriding | 液体氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which molten nitrogen-bearing, fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and cyanates are exposed to parts at subcritical temperatures. 一种表面硬化方法，其中含有氰化物和氰酸盐的熔融含氮熔盐浴在亚临界温度下暴露于零件。 |
| External load | 外部负载 |
Forces exerted on fastener and=or joint members by such external factors as weight, wind, inertia, vibration, temperature expansion, pressure, etc. Does not equal the Working load in the fastener. 由重量、风、惯性、振动、温度膨胀、压力等外部因素施加在紧固件和/或接头构件上的力。不等于紧固件中的工作负载。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳钢在油浴中的硬化。分为常规、快速、马氏体淬火或热淬火。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 贝氏体硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化处理主要导致贝氏体的形成。 |
| Stead’s brittleness | 斯特德脆性 |
A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about 705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling. 一种脆性状态，导致粗晶结构中发生穿晶断裂，这是由于之前在低于约705°C（1300°F）的温度下轧制的低碳钢薄板经过长时间退火造成的。断裂通常发生在与轧制方向约45°处。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一种压缩机，其中工作气体轴向进入机器，并在通过叶轮径向流出时被压缩。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用过程中的延展性或断裂韧性损失。通常是金属或合金的延展性或韧性或两者的严重损失。多种形式的脆化可导致脆性断裂。在热处理或高温服务期间，可能会出现多种形式（热致脆化）。影响钢的一些脆化形式包括蓝脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火时效脆化、西格玛相脆化、应变时效脆化，回火脆化、回火马氏体脆化和热脆化。此外，钢和其他金属和合金可能因环境条件而脆化（环境辅助脆化）。环境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、碱脆化、腐蚀脆化、蠕变断裂脆化、氢脆化、液态金属脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固态金属脆化和应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Tensile strength (Unit Pa) | 抗拉强度（单位Pa） |
In tension testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength. The resistance that a material offers to tensile stress. It is defined as the smallest tensile stress required to break the body. (ultimate strength, ultimate tensile strength, UTS, Rm, Rm) The nominal or engineering stress given by the maximum load in a tension test divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. The maximum load could be the fracture load for a brittle material, but for a ductile material it is usually taken as the load at which necking begins, beyond which the load falls. 在拉伸试验中，最大载荷与原始横截面积之比。也称为极限强度。材料对拉伸应力的抵抗力。它被定义为破坏主体所需的最小拉伸应力。（极限强度、极限抗拉强度、UTS、Rm、Rm）拉伸试验中最大载荷除以试样原始横截面积得出的标称或工程应力。对于脆性材料，最大载荷可以是断裂载荷，但对于韧性材料，最大荷载通常被视为颈缩开始时的载荷，超过该载荷时，载荷下降。 |
| Translational joint | 平移铰 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制变量为直线运动的机器人关节。 |
| Finished fastener | 精制紧固件 |
Fastener for which all manufacturing steps have been completed, with or without any surface coating and with full or reduced loadability, and which has not been machined into a test piece. 已完成所有制造步骤的紧固件，有或没有任何表面涂层，具有完全或降低的承载能力，并且尚未加工成试件。 |
| Aspect ratio | 纵横比 |
The ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a shape or object e.g. the chord-to-thickness ratio of an aerofoil or the span-to-chord ratio of a wing. 形状或物体的最长与最短尺寸之比，例如机翼的弦厚比或机翼的翼展弦比。 |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控变量的实际值与期望值之间的差值。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通过使用内部气压使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨胀来制造中空聚合物物体（例如瓶子）。 |
| Taper pins | 圆锥销 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其长度逐渐变细的圆形横截面的销钉或销钉。用于在轴上定位和固定机器零件的钢销。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一类由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种单体组成的热塑性共聚物，其性能（特别是韧性）优于单个成分。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 热弹性效应 |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在绝热弹性变形下的温度变化，例如当加载速度如此之快，以至于材料与其周围环境不处于热平衡时。对于大多数材料，弹性张力降低温度，压缩提高温度。相反的情况发生在弹性体中，如橡胶，其表现出熵弹性，因为拉伸减少了可能的分子构型的数量，从而降低了熵。热弹性效应在循环弹性载荷中产生应力-应变迟滞回线，是振动能量在材料内部耗散的一种机制。 |
| Sample average | 样本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 从缺口试样表面到缺口底部的距离。在圆柱形试样中，通过加工环形槽去除的原始横截面积的百分比。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸稳定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或铸造时的精确形状的能力。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定寿命图 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 实验得出的疲劳寿命数据图；可能是用于表示此类数据的最复杂和最完整的流行图表。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Thermal shock | 热冲击 |
The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a structure. 在结构内形成陡峭的温度梯度和伴随的高应力。 |
| Car furnace | 车炉 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一种间歇式炉，使用轨道上的小车进出炉区。汽车炉用于较低的应力消除范围。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 锁紧螺母管螺纹 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 锁紧螺母管螺纹是最大直径的直螺纹，可在管道上切割。其形式与美国或布里格斯标准锥管螺纹相同。一般情况下，只需要通规。它们由一个表示最小内螺纹锁紧螺母螺纹的直螺纹塞和一个表示最大外螺纹锁紧螺帽螺纹的直形螺纹环组成。该螺纹仅用于将零件固定在一起，或用于将轴环固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要紧密螺纹接头的情况下。 |
| Graham’s laws | 格雷厄姆定律 |
The laws stating that the rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are inversely proportional to the square root of its density. 规定气体的扩散和渗出速率与其密度的平方根成反比的定律。 |
| Vehicle | 车辆 |
A means of conveyance for transporting goods and people, generally with wheels powered by a petrol, diesel, or steam engine, or by an electric motor, or by a hybrid combination of an electric motor and a diesel or petrol engine. 一种运输货物和人员的交通工具，通常由汽油机、柴油机或蒸汽机、电动机或电动机与柴油机或汽油机的混合动力驱动。 |
| Tangent screw | 微动螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于调整六分仪和游标卡尺等测量仪器的蜗杆。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氢损伤 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 当氢存在于某些金属中时可能发生的脆化、开裂、起泡和氢化物形成的总称。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 转向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 气流通过斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨胀风机时所经历的方向变化。 |
| Rated power (Unit kW or hp) | 额定功率（单位：千瓦或马力） |
(rated capacity, rated horsepower) The maximum power output that can be sustained continuously for any power-producing machine or system, such as an engine or a power plant. （额定容量、额定马力）任何发电机器或系统（如发动机或发电厂）可连续维持的最大功率输出。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 开尔文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0ºC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100ºC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10−23 when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m²/(s²K). 国际单位制中热力学温度的基本单位。开尔文温度标度在绝对零度和与摄氏度大小相同的度间隔（开尔文）处有一个零点。水的冰点为273K（0ºC），沸点为373K（100ºC）。它先前被定义为水三相点热力学温度的分数1/273.16。从2019年5月20日起，通过将玻尔兹曼常数kB的固定数值取为1.380649×10来定义−当以等于kg·m²/（s²K）的单位J/K表示时。 |
| Kiln | 窑 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃烧、烘烤或干燥的工业烤箱。 |
| Alpha iron | 阿尔法铁 |
The body-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable below 910 °C (1670 °F). 纯铁的体心立方形式，在910°C(1670°F)以下稳定。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速万向节 |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV关节，匀速关节）在两个轴之间传递恒定角速度的连接，这两个轴既不必在一条直线上，也不必固定其轴向位置。 |
| Ferralium | 铁素体钢 |
Ferralium is a type of Super Duplex Stainless Steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一种超级双相不锈钢，经过优化用于紧固件。 |
| Precision | 精确 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 单个重复测量或测试结果之间的一致性。测量误差的标准偏差可用作“不精确性”的度量 |
| Gearbox | 变速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一种由啮合齿轮组成的机构，将动力和扭矩从直接连接到发动机的输入轴传递到输出轴。该机构通常包含在充满润滑油的外壳内。示例一个简单的四速滑动啮合齿轮箱，其中具有不同齿数的齿轮沿着齿轮箱内的平行花键轴滑动，以相互啮合并改变输出与输入速度的比率（齿轮比）。 |
| Joint space | 关节空间 |
The description of the position and orientation of a robot in terms of the rotational angles and translational positions of the joints. Kinematic analysis, normally using homogeneous transforms, allows conversion between this description and the end‐effector position and orientation in x,y,z space. 根据关节的旋转角度和平移位置描述机器人的位置和方向。通常使用齐次变换的运动学分析允许在该描述与x、y、z空间中的末端执行器位置和方向之间进行转换。 |
| Dynamic hardness | 动态硬度 |
(rebound hardness) The resistance of a material to local indentation by a rapidly-moving rigid indenter. In most practical methods the indenter is allowed to fall under gravity on to the surface of the material when the rebound height is a measure of the dynamic hardness. （回弹硬度）材料对快速移动的刚性压头局部压痕的阻力。在大多数实际方法中，当回弹高度是动态硬度的测量值时，允许压头在重力作用下落在材料表面上。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 铁素体不锈钢 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 铁素体不锈钢具有铁素体（BCC）晶体结构，含有10-28%的铬，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均为重量%）。它们具有磁性，可通过冷加工硬化。它们具有良好至中等的机械性能，在高温下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性，在400至540°C的温度下易脆化。用于涡轮零件、高温阀、汽车排气部件和核反应堆堆芯部件。 |
| Grip length | 夹紧长度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夹紧在一起的所有部件的总厚度，包括垫圈、垫圈和接头构件。 |
| Stretch forming | 拉伸成型 |
A manufacturing process in which sheet-metal components are physically stretched over a forming die using a press, punch, or edge clamps. Stretching combined with bending reduces springback. 一种制造工艺，其中使用压力机、冲头或边缘夹具在成形模上物理拉伸金属板部件。拉伸与弯曲相结合可减少回弹。 |
| Induction tempering | 感应回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| Air classifier | 空气分级机 |
(air elutriator) A device in which an airstream, which may be swirling, sorts particles by a combination of size, shape, and mass. （空气淘析器）一种装置，在该装置中，气流（可能是漩涡）根据大小、形状和质量的组合对颗粒进行分类。 |
| Breaks | 断裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超过屈服点的老化材料中出现折痕或隆起。根据断裂的起源，它可能被称为交叉断裂、线圈断裂、边缘断裂或贴纸断裂。 |
| Workspace (Unit m³) | 工作空间（单位m³） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空间体积）机器人基架周围的体积，由机器人的可达范围定义。因此，机器人只能执行该体积内的任务。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光烧结 |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一种制造技术，通过这种制造技术，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金属（直接金属激光烧结，DMLS）材料逐层（每个厚度通常为 20 微米）构建，每一层都由扫描激光烧结。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 弹性应变能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物体弹性变形所消耗的能量。本质上，弹性变形过程中所做的所有功都以弹性能的形式存储，并且在释放所施加的力时恢复该能量。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸标注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程图纸上对部件每个特征的尺寸（例如长度、半径、角度或间距）和相对位置（例如角位置）的规范。数值通常包括公差。尺寸不应超过制造组件所需的尺寸。 |
| Aging treatment | 时效处理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 针对时效硬化的热处理；它包括溶液和沉淀处理。 |
| Pitch-circle diameter (Unit m) | 节圆直径（单位：m） |
The diameter of the circle (the pitch circle) centred on a component’s axis, around which holes or bolts are equally spaced. 以部件轴为中心的圆（节圆）的直径，孔或螺栓围绕其等距分布。 |
| Transmission | 传输 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 从动力源传输功率和扭矩的系统；例如轴、皮带和滑轮或齿轮系。对于机动车辆，包括变速箱、离合器、传动轴、差速器和终传动轴。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷却应力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷却过程中温度分布不均匀导致的残余应力。 |
| Sampling frequency (Unit Hz) | 采样频率（单位Hz） |
(sampling rate) The number of measurement samples per unit time taken from a continuous analogue signal to produce a discrete signal. It is the inverse of the time between successive measurements (sampling interval, sampling period, or sampling time). （采样率）从连续模拟信号中提取以产生离散信号的每单位时间的测量样本数。它是连续测量之间时间的倒数（采样间隔、采样周期或采样时间）。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| Hot hardness | 热硬度 |
The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高温下的硬度，常用来对刀具的性能进行排名。 |
| Strain | 拉紧 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物体的大小或形状因力而变化的单位。也称为标称应变。 |
| V-belt | 三角带 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一种具有梯形横截面的传动带，在带V形槽的皮带轮中运行。与平皮带相比，可以传递更高的扭矩。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 记录系统随时间变化的振动的仪器。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 断裂机制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 导致断裂的微观结构机制，如空隙的萌生、生长和聚结、解理。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Shrink ring | 预紧环 |
A ring, which is expanded by heating, is placed around an assembly of parts, and then contracts upon cooling to hold the assembly in place. 通过加热膨胀的环被放置在零件组件周围，然后在冷却时收缩以将组件固定到位。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角连接两个管道端部的配件。2.示例关节机器人上的第三关节对应于人的肘部。 |
| Atomic volume | 原子体积 |
Volume of unit cell per atom. 每个原子的晶胞体积。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 减压阀 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 将压力容器或流体动力系统中的最大压力限制在规定水平的阀门。 |
| Stroke | 一击 |
1. (stroke length) (Unit m) The linear distance between top dead centre and bottom dead centre of a piston in a reciprocating engine or mechanism. 2. The movement of a piston or plunger in a reciprocating machine to execute a particular function; for example, the exhaust stroke of an engine in which the exhaust gases are expelled from a cylinder. 1.（冲程长度）（单位：m）往复式发动机或机构中活塞上止点和下止点之间的线性距离。2.活塞或柱塞在往复式机器中执行特定功能的运动；例如发动机的排气冲程，其中排气从气缸中排出。 |
| Design code | 设计规范 |
(design standard) A standard or specification for any aspect of engineering design, issued by national organizations such as ANSI, ASME, BSI, DIN, and ISO. （设计标准）工程设计任何方面的标准或规范，由ANSI、ASME、BSI、DIN和ISO等国家组织发布。 |
| Air cleaner | 空气净化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一种设备，例如过滤器、水力旋流器或静电除尘器，用于从气流中去除颗粒和气溶胶。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片压缩机 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋转叶片压缩机，叶片压缩机）一种旋转式压缩机，当转子在圆柱形外壳内旋转时，偏置转子中的弹簧加载滑动叶片之间的空间减小，从而压缩气体。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸线 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程图上的一条线，上面有一个数字，表示特征的长度，通常以毫米为单位。 |
| Compressed liquid | 压缩液体 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于与其温度对应的饱和压力的压力的液体。 |
| Vibration isolation | 隔振 |
The prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to another part of the same system, such as a building or other structure. Isolation may be achieved using dampers (vibration damping) or by active feedback-control methods. Mechanical vibration is often attenuated by means of components immersed in oil such as in dashpots (viscous damping). Vibration suppression can be achieved (a) using dampers and absorbers tuned to a particular frequency to suppress vibratory forces in structures and other systems (passive suppression) or (b) by the measurement of vibration at key locations in a structure and the application of cancellation forces (active suppression). 防止振动从系统的一个部件传递到同一系统的另一部分，如建筑物或其他结构。可以使用阻尼器（减振）或主动反馈控制方法实现隔离。机械振动通常通过浸入油中的部件来衰减，例如缓冲罐（粘性阻尼）。可以通过（a）使用调谐到特定频率的阻尼器和吸收器来抑制结构和其他系统中的振动力（被动抑制），或（b）通过测量结构中关键位置的振动并施加抵消力（主动抑制），实现振动抑制。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 风压（单位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 与风相关的动态压力。风的静压是大气压。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛顿内摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 两个平行流体层之间的剪切应力与其中一层相对于另一层的速度成正比，与它们之间的距离成反比。比例常数是动态粘度μ。对于牛顿流体，μ与压力梯度、剪切应力和应变无关，但可能随温度和压力而变化。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微动疲劳 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在发生微动的表面区域开始的疲劳断裂。由微动引起的对固体表面的渐进性损坏。 |
| Axial load (Unit N) | 轴向载荷（单位N） |
In general, a tensile or compressive load directed along the axis of a component. Strictly the load should pass through the centroid of the cross section to avoid inducing bending moments and be perpendicular to the plane of the section. 通常，沿部件的轴定向的拉伸或压缩载荷。严格来说，载荷应通过横截面的质心以避免产生弯矩并垂直于横截面。 |
| Tyre | 轮胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 车轮罩安装在轮辋上的柔性环形罩，用于支撑车辆（如机动车、飞机或自行车）的重量，并将动力和扭矩传递到路面。有些充气轮胎是直接充气的，有些轮胎有单独的内胎充气。对于某些应用，使用实心轮胎。 |
| Melting point (Unit K or °C) | 熔点（单位K或°C） |
The temperature at which a solid material undergoes the phase change to a liquid at a specified pressure, usually 1 atm. Pure metals and eutectics have single-valued melting points, while alloys with other compositions melt over a range of temperature such that there is a well-defined start and end to the melting process, but there are states in between where solid and liquid are both present. 在特定压力下，固体材料发生相变为液体的温度，通常为1大气压。纯金属和共晶具有单值熔点，而具有其他成分的合金在一定温度范围内熔化，熔化过程有一个明确的起点和终点，但其间存在固态和液态并存的状态。 |
| Stress distribution | 应力分布 |
The manner in which tensile, compressive, and shear stresses are distributed within a loaded body, indicated by loci of constant stress. 拉应力、压应力和剪应力在受载物体内的分布方式，由恒定应力轨迹表示。 |
| Cathode | 阴极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 电池或腐蚀电池中吸引电子的电极。 |
| Mechanical efficiency (η) | 机械效率（η） |
1. In general for a machine, the ratio of output work to input work. 2. For a compressor, the ratio of indicated power to shaft power; for a reciprocating engine or an expander, the ratio of shaft power to indicated power. 1.一般而言，机器的输出功与输入功之比。2.对于压缩机，指示功率与轴功率之比；对于往复式发动机或膨胀机，轴功率与指示功率之比。 |
| Computer numerical control (CNC) | 计算机数控（CNC） |
A term relating to machine tools in which the movements of a tool and/or the workpiece are controlled by computer. 与机床相关的术语，其中工具和/或工件的运动由计算机控制。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 热容率（c）（单位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁC where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁC其中C是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（CP）。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂纹尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂纹主平面尺寸的线性度量。这种测量通常用于计算描述应力场和位移场的量。在实践中，裂纹尺寸的值是通过测量物理裂纹尺寸、原始裂纹尺寸或有效裂纹尺寸的程序获得的，视情况而定。 |
| Scale height (Unit m) | 刻度高度（单位：m） |
The altitude H at which the atmospheric pressure has decreased to a certain fraction of its value at sea level B. It depends on the model adopted for the atmosphere: for an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure decreases exponentially with altitude. If H is taken as the altitude at which the pressure has fallen to B/e, then H = RT/g where R is the gas constant for air, T is the absolute temperature T, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 大气压力降低到其在海平面B处数值的某一部分的高度H。它取决于大气采用的模型：对于等温大气，压力随高度呈指数下降。如果取H作为压力下降到B/e的高度，则H=RT/g，其中R是空气的气体常数，T是绝对温度T，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Coining | 压印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一种锻造操作，采用紧密配合的凸模和模具，不允许金属逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面图案印在坯料上。 |
| Zirconia-toughened alumina composites | 氧化锆增韧氧化铝复合材料 |
(ZTA composites) Ceramic composites based on aluminium oxide to which zirconium oxide is added, resulting in improved fracture toughness. （ZTA复合材料）基于氧化铝的陶瓷复合材料，其中添加了氧化锆，从而提高了断裂韧性。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉钉 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种空心铆钉，使连接只能从组件的一侧进行。 |
| Mean stress (Unit Pa) | 平均应力（单位 Pa） |
The average of the maximum and minimum stresses for a material subjected to a stress cycle, as in a fatigue test. 承受应力循环的材料的最大和最小应力的平均值，如在疲劳试验中。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 铁素体脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脱碳，碳损失充分，导致回火马氏体颜色较浅，硬度明显低于相邻母材，金相检查时存在铁素体晶粒或晶界网络。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| Ultrasonic extensometer | 超声波伸长计 |
An electronic instrument which measures the change in length of a fastener ultrasonically as, or before and after, the fastener is tightened. 一种电子仪器，可在紧固件拧紧时或前后通过超声波测量紧固件长度的变化。 |
| Elastic recovery | 弹性恢复 |
Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在释放施加的载荷时，受应力弹性材料的尺寸恢复到其原始（无应力）尺寸的量。在硬度测试中，当释放所施加的载荷时，压痕的原始尺寸缩短。 |
| Cap | 帽 |
A cover, often in the form of a short cylinder, one end of which is closed. Typically used to close an orifice or pipe end, on to which it can be pushed, welded, screwed, or attached with fasteners. 一种盖子，通常为短圆柱体，一端封闭。通常用于封闭孔口或管端，可将其推入、焊接、拧紧或用紧固件连接到其上。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| Breaking load | 断裂载荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加载到破裂的试样或结构构件上的最大载荷（或力）。 |
| Heat treatment | 热处理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （热处理）材料，特别是金属的机械性能的改变，通过不同的加热顺序、温度保持和不同速率的冷却。加热和冷却固体金属或合金，以获得所需的条件或性能。仅用于热加工的加热不属于本定义的含义。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 烧结 |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一种固态扩散致密化工艺，用于从粉末、粒状、网状、穿孔片或纤维形式的原材料中生产物体，尤其是多孔物体，方法是加热至低于熔点的温度，直到成分结合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金属。烧结材料的应用包括过滤、分离、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化温度的高温下加热时，通过分子或原子引力将大量颗粒的相邻表面结合起来。烧结增强了粉末质量，通常会产生致密化，在粉末金属中还会产生再结晶。 |
| Dead centre | 止点 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄机构中，活塞连杆和曲柄都在一条线上，因此不会有驱动力矩。 |
| Zero initial conditions | 零初始条件 |
The assumption normally made in control engineering that up to a start time defined as t = 0, all variables have zero value. 在控制工程中通常作出的假设，即在定义为t=0的开始时间内，所有变量均为零值。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 纵向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金属中的主要流动方向。另请参见法向和横向。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夹 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夹，开口销）大致与字母R形状相同的线夹。线夹的直线部分穿过钻在轴或杆上的孔，从而将车轮固定在轴上，或防止轴轴向移动。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺纹 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺纹上相应点之间的间距相对较大的螺纹。 |
| Anelastic | 无弹性 |
Literally ‘not elastic’, but in practice used for materials that display timedependent recovery on unloading. 字面意思是“没有弹性”，但实际上用于在卸载时显示随时间恢复的材料。 |
| Proof strength (Unit Pa) | 验证强度（单位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2 or Rp0.2 is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （验证应力，Rp）在永久应变的某个固定值下的屈服强度（偏移屈服强度），由偏离但平行于弹性加载线的线与工程应力-工程应变曲线的交点给出。偏移是任意的，但通常为0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久应变（验证应变）。用于没有明确定义屈服点的材料。对于0.2%的验证应力，采用符号Rp0.2。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡图 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡条件下，合金系统中相场的温度、压力和成分极限的图形表示。在金属系统中，压力通常被认为是恒定的。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 冲击强度1.（单位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高应变率条件下导致失效（通过屈服或断裂）的应力。2.（单位J）有时用于描述在夏比或悬臂梁式冲击试验中使样品断裂所需的能量，即使单位不是强度单位。 |
| Clutch | 离合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一种用于连接和断开旋转轴的装置，例如在发动机和变速箱之间。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中固溶体在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）具有平衡图上共析点所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓断裂或螺纹脱落的术语。原因可能有很多种。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Hypoeutectoid alloy | 亚共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共析的合金系统中，与共析成分相比，其成分具有过量母材的任何合金，并且其平衡微观结构包含一些共析结构。 |
| Regenerative pump | 涡流泵 |
(regenerative turbine pump, peripheral pump) A pump with a double-sided impeller having a large number of radial blades. The pressure of the pumped liquid increases progressively over several revolutions of the impeller. It is particularly suited to producing large heads at small flow rates without cavitation. （再生涡轮泵，外围泵）具有具有大量径向叶片的双面叶轮的泵。泵送液体的压力在叶轮的几圈内逐渐增加。它特别适合于在小流速下产生大水头且不产生气穴。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 间距（单位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同涡轮或压缩机叶片的叶栅中，平行于前缘测量的连续叶片之间的距离。2.对于螺纹，平行于螺纹轴线测量的相邻螺纹形状之间的距离。3.对于飞机，机头和水平线之间的垂直关系。俯仰轴是飞机机翼平面内垂直于中心线的轴，飞机绕中心线旋转。俯仰运动是飞机机头的相应向上或向下运动。俯仰姿态是飞机中心线与水平线之间的角度。当中心线水平时，当机头高于其位置时，角度为正。 |
| Composite material | 复合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （复合结构）用于组合作用的两种或多种材料或结构的通用术语（例如混凝土、钢筋混凝土、纤维增强聚合物、层压材料、颗粒增强材料、切割梁），从而产生强度、刚度或韧性值大于单独的基体材料。 |
| Fracture surface | 断裂面 |
The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken. 一块金属破碎时产生的不规则表面。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果仅将紧固件与环境隔离，则据说紧固件上的涂层可提供屏障保护。例如，油漆提供屏障保护。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 维氏硬度测试 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金刚石棱锥压头（维氏硬度计）和可变载荷的压痕硬度测试，能够对从极软铅到碳化钨的所有硬度范围使用一个硬度标度。也称为钻石金字塔硬度测试。 |
| Austenitizing | 奥氏体化 |
Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing). When used without qualification, the term implies complete austenitizing. 通过将铁合金加热到转变范围（部分奥氏体化）或高于转变范围（完全奥氏体化）来形成奥氏体。当不加限定地使用时，该术语意味着完全奥氏体化。 |
| Relative density | 相对密度 |
(specific gravity) The ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference substance, such as water for liquids and solids, and dry air for gases. （比重）物质密度与参考物质密度之比，如液体和固体为水，气体为干燥空气。 |
| Length of engagement | 啮合长度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺纹和内螺纹具有理论接触的轴向测量。 |
| Track rod | 横拉杆 |
A bar connecting the ends of the steering arms in an automotive vehicle. 连接汽车转向臂端部的杆。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 当数据点或计算不尽相同时，它们被称为分散的。“预载的大量分散”意味着单个螺栓中的预载差异很大。 |
| Load range, P | 负载范围P |
In fatigue, the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum loads in a fatigue cycle. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最大和最小载荷之间的代数差。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 机械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通过固结（例如热压或挤压）从粉末生产合金，然后进行热和/或冷加工和最终退火。用这种方法可以制造弥散强化合金、高温铝合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Dynamics | 动力学 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力学中研究运动物体的分支。它的两个主要分支是运动学和动力学，前者研究运动而不考虑其原因，后者也考虑引起运动的力。 |
| Stiffness | 刚度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金属或形状抵抗弹性变形的能力。（2）所述应力增加速率相对于在所述金属或形状中诱导的应变增加速率；产生给定应变所需的应力越大，材料就越硬。 |
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