| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Vibration-testing machine (vibrator) | 振动试验机（振动器） |
Any machine that subjects components or systems to vibration at known amplitudes and frequencies in order to determine the response. vibratory equipment Vibrating process equipment, such as shakers, used to separate small and large particles, or feeders to supply particulate or granular material that may otherwise clog. 使部件或系统以已知振幅和频率振动以确定响应的任何机器。振动设备振动工艺设备，如用于分离小颗粒和大颗粒的振动筛，或用于供应可能堵塞的颗粒或粒状材料的给料机。 |
| Closed-die forging | 闭模锻造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一对具有待制造部件的阴模的模具（闭模）内通过压缩形成工件，多余的金属在模具相遇处作为飞边排出。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一种用于在孔中切割螺纹的螺纹硬金属塞。它具有纵向凹槽，用于在切割时清除切屑。渐进式切割通过连续使用三个丝锥实现：锥度、二次和塞。第一和第二丝锥具有锥度，以帮助沿孔的轴线开始螺纹；塞式丝锥没有锥度，用于盲孔的最终切割。2.管道中或管道末端的阀门。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛顿内摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 两个平行流体层之间的剪切应力与其中一层相对于另一层的速度成正比，与它们之间的距离成反比。比例常数是动态粘度μ。对于牛顿流体，μ与压力梯度、剪切应力和应变无关，但可能随温度和压力而变化。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波义耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在给定的绝对温度T下，气体的压力p与其体积的乘积是恒定的。与查尔斯定律一起，它产生了理想的气体方程p=Mrt，其中m是气体的质量，R是特定的气体常数。恒温下气体的体积与压力成反比。这意味着随着压力的增加，气体的体积会减少。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美国机械工程师学会。 |
| Cementation | 胶结 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高温下通过扩散将一种或多种元素引入金属物体的外部。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Compressor blades | 压缩机叶片 |
The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor(s) and stator(s) of an axial-flow compressor. The aerodynamic design is more critical than is the case for turbine blades because there is an increase in pressure across each row of blades. The arrows in the diagram indicate the flow direction relative to the blades. 形成轴流式压缩机的转子和定子的翼型叶片。空气动力学设计比涡轮叶片的情况更为关键，因为每排叶片的压力都会增加。图中的箭头表示相对于叶片的流动方向。 |
| Diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| Gauge pressure (Unit Pa) | 表压（单位Pa） |
The level of static pressure above the ambient pressure. 高于环境压力的静压水平。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 热电材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一种热电现象特别强烈的材料，如珀尔帖效应、塞贝克效应和汤姆森效应。 |
| Axial load (Unit N) | 轴向载荷（单位N） |
In general, a tensile or compressive load directed along the axis of a component. Strictly the load should pass through the centroid of the cross section to avoid inducing bending moments and be perpendicular to the plane of the section. 通常，沿部件的轴定向的拉伸或压缩载荷。严格来说，载荷应通过横截面的质心以避免产生弯矩并垂直于横截面。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| Load and resistance factor design | 负载和阻力系数设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Assigns uncertainties in the strength of (i.e., resistance of) and in the service loads to be placed on a shear joint to estimate the probable strength of the joint. It is a recently defined alternative to the Allowable stress design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。分配剪切接头的强度（即阻力）和工作荷载的不确定性，以估计接头的可能强度。它是最近定义的容许应力设计程序的替代方案。 |
| Hysteresis | 滞后 |
The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 当材料经受重复加载时，在任何加载或卸载循环期间发生的永久吸收或损失能量的现象。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的条件下，在密封容器中对金属或合金进行退火。在对铁合金进行箱式退火时，通常将装料缓慢加热至低于转变范围的温度，但有时会高于或低于转变范围，然后缓慢冷却；这个过程也称为紧密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Width across flats | 平面宽度 |
A principal dimension of nuts, or of bolt heads. Work hardening The slight increase in hardness and strength produced when a body is loaded past its yield point. Also called strain hardening. 螺母或螺栓头的主要尺寸。加工硬化：当物体被加载超过其屈服点时，硬度和强度略有增加。也称为应变硬化。 |
| Vernier | 游标 |
A short auxiliary scale that slides along the main instrument scale to permit more accurate fractional reading of the least main division of the main scale. 一种短辅助刻度，沿主仪表刻度滑动，以便更准确地读取主刻度的最小主刻度。 |
| Coextrusion | 复合挤压 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通过同一模具同时挤出两种或多种材料的组合。 |
| Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) | 常温常压（NTP） |
Reference conditions defined by NIST as 20°C and 1 atm. NIST定义的参考条件为20°C和1atm。 |
| Fatigue limit for p % survival | p%存活率的疲劳极限 |
The limiting value of fatigue strength for p%survival as the number of stress cycles becomes very large; pmay be any number, such as 95, 90, etc. 随着应力循环次数的增加，p%存活率的疲劳强度极限值变得非常大；p可以是任何数字，例如95、90等。 |
| Bond strength (Unit Pa) | 结合强度（单位Pa） |
The tensile, compressive or shear stress at which joints fail, e.g. by fracture or excessive deformation. 接头失效的拉伸、压缩或剪切应力，例如断裂或过度变形。 |
| Absolute expansion | 绝对扩张 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考虑到容纳液体的容器的任何膨胀后，液体随温度的真实体积膨胀。 |
| Alternative energy | 可替代能源 |
(alternate energy) Energy sources that are renewable and do not have the undesired consequences of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. （替代能源）可再生能源，不会产生化石燃料和核能的不良后果。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦机 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一种通过冲击载荷测试弹簧的机器2.一种在使用前将螺旋弹簧压缩至其最小实心长度以提高其使用寿命的机器，从而产生有利的残余应力。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Crack length (depth) (a) | 裂纹长度（深度）（a） |
In fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity factor. For the compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load application. For the center-cracked-tension specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. 在疲劳和应力腐蚀裂纹中，用于确定裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子的物理裂纹尺寸。对于紧凑型试样，裂纹长度从连接载荷施加点的线开始测量。对于中心裂纹拉伸试样，从中心裂纹的垂直平分线测量裂纹长度。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽压表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一种压力表，用于测量管道、锅炉、汽缸或其他与蒸汽一起工作的装置中的表压。 |
| Screw pump | 螺杆泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一种容积式泵，使用一个或多个在外壳内旋转的螺旋转子输送液体或泥浆。 |
| Fatigue life (N) | 疲劳寿命（N） |
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure occurs. 给定试样在失效发生之前所承受的特定特征的应力或应变的循环次数。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓应力（单位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通过拧紧在螺栓中产生的轴向拉应力。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉胀材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比为负的人造材料，其横截面在受到纵向拉应力时会膨胀，在受到纵向压应力时会收缩。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Compressed liquid | 压缩液体 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于与其温度对应的饱和压力的压力的液体。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Residual stress (Unit Pa) | 残余应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses that remain within a body as the result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. (internal stress) An internal-stress system found in components that have experienced elastic unloading from non-uniform plastic-strain fields during manufacture. 由于热处理或机械处理或两者兼而有之而留在物体内的应力。（内应力）在制造期间从非均匀塑性应变场经历弹性卸载的部件中发现的内应力系统。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于从容器中排出空气和不凝性气体以保持在亚大气压的泵。皮拉尼和热导率计是用于测量真空系统内绝对压力（真空水平）的真空计，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Viscoelasticity | 粘弹性 |
A property involving a combination of elastic and viscous behavior. A material having this property is considered to combine the features of a perfectly elastic solid and a perfect fluid. A phenomenon of time-dependent, in addition to elastic, deformation (or recovery) in response to load. 结合弹性和粘性的特性。具有这种性质的材料被认为是完美弹性固体和完美流体的结合体。除了弹性变形（或恢复）外，还随时间变化的一种现象。 |
| Mechanical vibration | 机械振动 |
The motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. 围绕平衡位置摆动的粒子或物体的运动。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（单位°）切削刀具的底部或侧面与加工表面之间的角度。 |
| Static fatigue | 静态疲劳 |
A term referring to a time-dependent reduction in strength with a static (noncyclic) load. The term may refer to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking or the effect of creep on the strength of plastics. Delayed fracture caused by environmental effects under dead-weight loading of materials such as glass. The name is unfortunate, as cyclic loads are not involved and glass is not susceptible to fatigue. 指静态（非循环）载荷下强度随时间变化的降低。该术语可指氢致延迟开裂或蠕变对塑料强度的影响。在玻璃等材料的自重荷载下，由环境影响引起的延迟断裂。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘数0.01的SI单位前缀；因此厘米是长度单位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Threaded fastener | 螺纹紧固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各种螺柱、螺栓和螺钉，以及相关的螺母。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 热弹性效应 |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在绝热弹性变形下的温度变化，例如当加载速度如此之快，以至于材料与其周围环境不处于热平衡时。对于大多数材料，弹性张力降低温度，压缩提高温度。相反的情况发生在弹性体中，如橡胶，其表现出熵弹性，因为拉伸减少了可能的分子构型的数量，从而降低了熵。热弹性效应在循环弹性载荷中产生应力-应变迟滞回线，是振动能量在材料内部耗散的一种机制。 |
| Bolt length | 螺栓长度 |
The bolt length shall be the distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the bearing surface of the head to the extreme end of the bolt including point. 螺栓长度应为平行于产品轴线测量的从头部的支承面到包括点在内的螺栓末端的距离。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小负载（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲劳中，循环中施加载荷的最小代数值。 |
| Heat tinting | 热着色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通过加热氧化使金属表面着色，以揭示微观结构的细节。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄径为ds≈d或ds>d的紧固件，或螺纹连接到头部，或全螺纹螺柱。 |
| Turbocharging | 涡轮增压 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一种增压方法，其中活塞发动机的热废气用于驱动涡轮，涡轮为增压压缩机提供动力。涡轮增压器是涡轮/压缩机组合。压缩机通常为径向流出设计，而径向、轴向和混流式涡轮机都在使用。废气旁通阀是一种减少进入涡轮的废气流量以限制产生的增压或超速的阀。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 长细比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均匀柱的有效无支撑长度除以横截面积的最小回转半径。 |
| Die | 模具 |
1. A tool having an appropriately-shaped hole through which material may be extruded or drawn. 2. A tool employed in forging. 3. A block having the male or female shape employed in stamping operations. 4. A thick circular disc, driven by a die wrench, with internally-threaded cutting edges for producing a screw thread. A die wrench (die stock) holds a screw-cutting die and has two projecting arms for applying the torque necessary to cut the thread. A die having a hexagonal or square shape (die nut), driven by a spanner, is used in confined spaces where a die wrench cannot be rotated through a full circle. 1.一种具有适当形状的孔的工具，通过该孔可以挤压或拉伸材料。2.一种用于锻造的工具。3.一种用于冲压操作的具有阳或阴形状的块体。4.一种由模具扳手驱动的厚圆盘，具有用于产生螺纹的内螺纹切削刃。冲模扳手（冲模）装有一个螺旋切割模，并有两个突出臂，用于施加切割螺纹所需的扭矩。由扳手驱动的六边形或方形模具（模具螺母）用于模具扳手无法旋转一整圈的受限空间。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕变极限（单位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕变变形不超过规定限度的最大许用应力。 |
| Bearing yield strength | 轴承屈服强度 |
The bearing stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain in a bearing test. 在轴承测试中，材料在轴承应力与轴承应变的比例之间表现出特定的极限偏差时的轴承应力。 |
| Acoustic power | 声功率 |
(sound power) (Unit W) The rate of flow of acoustic energy across a specified surface. （声功率）（单位W）声能流过指定表面的速率。 |
| Lock nut | 锁紧螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一种在振动下防止松动的螺母。锁定动作通过挤压、夹紧或卡住螺栓螺纹来完成。通过提供某种形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋转锁紧螺母中，通过完全拧紧时变形、夹紧或咬入配合零件，提供额外的抗振动松动能力（超出适当预载产生的能力）。1.一个薄的辅助螺母，拧紧到另一个螺母上以防止松动。2.具有防止松动的特殊功能的单个螺母。 |
| Ballonet | 气囊 |
An airbag used in a hybrid airship. Helium gas expels air from the ballonet during ascent. Fans draw air in during descent. 混合动力飞艇中使用的安全气囊。氦气在上升过程中将空气从气囊中排出。风扇在下降过程中吸入空气。 |
| Semi-rotary pump | 半回转泵 |
A form of self-priming pump, often hand-operated, suitable for pumping water and light oils such as diesel oil and petrol. As shown in the diagram, liquid is sucked into one side of the pump through flap valves and simultaneously ejected from the other side on one stroke. The sequence is reversed on each successive stroke. 一种自吸泵，通常是手动的，适用于泵送水和轻油，如柴油和汽油。液体通过翻板阀吸入泵的一侧，同时在一个冲程中从另一侧排出。在每个连续冲程上，顺序颠倒。 |
| Calorie | 卡路里 |
(cal, gram calorie, small calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 4.186 8 J. It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure airfree water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at standard atmospheric pressure. （卡，克热量，小热量）一种已被淘汰的（即非SI）能量单位，等于4.1868J。它是在标准大气压力下将1克纯无空气水的温度从14.5℃升高到15.5℃所需的能量。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Absolute pressure | 绝对压力 |
1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. 1.相对于零压力（真空）测量的压力。2.表压加上大气压力的单位相同。 |
| Batch furnace | 间歇式炉 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次热处理单个负载的炉子。对于重型锻件等大型零件，间歇式炉是必需的，对于需要长周期的复杂合金牌号来说是首选。 |
| Crosshead | 十字头 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一种往复式构件，在导轨之间滑动，活塞杆一侧固定在其上，连杆另一侧固定在该构件上，用于将往复式运动转换为旋转运动。2.机械试验机早期设计中的活动梁。3.一种螺钉头，其具有采用配合螺丝刀的+形槽。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等温退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 将铁合金奥氏体化，然后冷却至奥氏体转变为相对软的铁素体碳化物集合体的温度并保持该温度。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接头 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 两个结构通过粘合剂粘合在一起的点或区域。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 热疲劳 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于温度梯度的存在而产生的疲劳，温度梯度随时间变化，从而在结构中产生循环应力。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 声学高温计 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一种非侵入式高温计，其原理是气体中的声速与其绝对温度的平方根成正比。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面处理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保护表面免受腐蚀和磨损或改变其机械性能的工艺，包括化学、电化学、机械和热处理。 |
| Pitch-circle diameter (Unit m) | 节圆直径（单位：m） |
The diameter of the circle (the pitch circle) centred on a component’s axis, around which holes or bolts are equally spaced. 以部件轴为中心的圆（节圆）的直径，孔或螺栓围绕其等距分布。 |
| Grub screw | 平头螺丝 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一种短的无头螺钉，一端有一个凹槽，用于安装螺丝刀或钥匙。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量规 |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于测量螺栓应力或应变的超声波仪器。 |
| Cone pulley | 锥轮 |
A stepped pulley having several diameters which, when linked by a laterallymoveable transmission belt to a corresponding pulley, gives a series of speed ratios. 具有多种直径的阶梯式皮带轮，当通过可横向移动的传动带连接到相应的皮带轮时，会产生一系列速比。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奥氏体稳定剂 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3 temperature and an increase of the A4 temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1 temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素扩展了相应相图中的γ相场，这表现为二元合金Fe-M中A3温度的降低和A4温度的升高，以及A1温度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奥氏体稳定剂在铁素体中的溶解度远低于在奥氏体中的溶解度。在奥氏体稳定剂的影响下，奥氏体可以在低至室温时变得热力学稳定。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂纹扩展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 缓慢的裂纹扩展，伴随着明显的塑性变形，需要从外部提供能量。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
| Cavitation damage | 气蚀损坏 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通过在包含蒸汽和/或气体的相邻液体中形成空穴或气泡并破坏固体表面。 |
| Allowable stress | 许用应力 |
The maximum stress a designer can assume that the parts will stand. It is always less than the minimum strength of the material. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code typically specifies an allowable stress that is one-quarter of the service temperature yield strength of the material. This introduces a four-to-one safety factor into the design process and is intended to compensate for uncertainties in estimates of strength, service loads, etc. 设计师可以假设零件能够承受的最大应力。它总是小于材料的最小强度。例如，ASME锅炉和压力容器规范通常指定允许应力为材料使用温度屈服强度的四分之一。这在设计过程中引入了四比一的安全系数，旨在补偿强度、服务载荷等估计的不确定性。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 两端都有螺纹的杆。无头螺纹紧固件，两端有螺纹，中间部分有无螺纹主体，或从一端到另一端有螺纹。与两个螺母或一个螺母和一个螺纹孔一起使用。一种普通的圆柱形部件，其两端具有适当长度的螺纹部分，或在整个长度上具有连续螺纹。一端拧入机器或工件，然后将第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Plane strain | 平面应变 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中的应力条件，其中在垂直于施加拉应力轴和裂纹扩展方向（即平行于裂纹前沿）的方向上存在零应变；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加载厚板。在平面应变条件下，断裂失稳平面垂直于主拉应力轴。 |
| Horsepower | 马力 |
Unit indicating the rate at which work is done. The electrical equivalent of one horsepower is 746 watts. 单位表示完成工作的速率。一马力的电当量为746瓦。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷处理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后进行的处理，以将残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，包括冷却和保持在低于环境温度的温度。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Brittle fracture | 脆性断裂 |
The fracture of a component or structure in the globally-elastic range of loading, so that the broken pieces may be refitted to regain the original article. Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. 部件或结构在全局弹性载荷范围内的断裂，以便可以将破碎的碎片重新装配以恢复原始物品。固体的分离伴随着很少或没有宏观塑性变形。通常，脆性断裂通过快速裂纹扩展发生，能量消耗比韧性断裂少。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸弯曲试验 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金属板成形性的模拟试验，其中金属板条在其端部夹紧在锁珠中，并通过冲头在中心变形。选择试验条件，以便在冲头接触区域发生断裂。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 应力差（单位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 − σ3). 载荷体中最大和最小主应力之间的代数差，等于系统中最大剪应力的两倍。由（σ1− σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 气压 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大气由于其重量（对地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用气压计测量，通常以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。 |
| Bearing failure | 轴承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 当横向载荷除以承载面积产生导致永久塑性变形的应力时，铆接或螺栓连接中发生的失效。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶热处理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 将合金加热到合适的温度，在该温度下保持足够长的时间以使一种或多种成分进入固溶体，然后快速冷却以将这些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| Fatigue | 疲劳 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料极限抗拉强度的重复或波动应力下导致断裂的现象。疲劳失效通常发生在静态施加的载荷下，不会产生明显影响。疲劳断裂是渐进性的，从在波动应力作用下生长的微小裂纹开始。在承受随机或周期性变化载荷的部件和结构中，指强度逐渐降低，导致在低于单调载荷下导致失效的应力下发生失效的术语。可变负载由失衡的机械和其他振动源、阵风等引起，大部分故障是由疲劳引起的。疲劳是裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展的结果。在制造部件中，裂纹萌生通常发生在应力集中点。在一段时间（通常是数百万次应力循环）后，裂纹达到临界长度，此时下一个峰值载荷会导致突然脆性或韧性断裂。疲劳产生的断裂表面在缓慢裂纹扩展期间显示出从裂纹萌生部位发出的特征条纹或进展标记，最终断裂的表面外观不同。 |
| Thermal stresses | 热应力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均匀温度分布引起的金属应力。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| Ultrasonic method | 超声波法 |
Measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 测量伸长使用在螺栓一端产生的声音脉冲，该脉冲沿螺栓长度传播，从远端反弹，并在测量的时间段内返回到声音发生器。 |
| Stress corrosion | 应力腐蚀 |
(stress-corrosion cracking) Corrosion failure accelerated by local stresses (particularly tensile) which enhance cracking in both monotonic and fatigue loading. （应力腐蚀开裂）局部应力（特别是拉伸应力）加速的腐蚀失效，该局部应力在单调载荷和疲劳载荷下都会增强开裂。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起动扭矩（单位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 电机在零转速下产生的扭矩，以启动所施加负载的旋转。 |
| Least count | 最小计数 |
The smallest value that can be read from an instrument having a graduated scale. Except on instruments provided with a vernier, the least count is that fraction of the smallest division which can be conveniently and reliably estimated; this fraction is ordinarily one-fifth or one-tenth, except where the graduations are very closely spaced. 可从具有刻度尺的仪器中读取的最小值。除配备游标的仪器外，最小计数是可以方便可靠地估计的最小除法的分数；这个分数通常是五分之一或十分之一，除非刻度间隔非常近。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩尔（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. SI国际单位制中物质量的基本单位。此前，它被定义为一个系统中的物质量，该系统包含的基本实体数量与0.012千克碳-12中的原子数量相同。从2019年5月20日起，它已被定义为包含6.02214076×1023个基本实体的物质量。 |
| Circular pitch | 齿距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在节线上测量的从一个轮齿中心到下一个轮齿中心的距离。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 机械能（单位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物体或机械系统的动能和势能之和，包括储存在弹簧等中的能量。 |
| Thread rolling | 滚丝 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺纹滚压（也称为滚压螺纹）是一种冷成型工艺，通过将硬化钢模具的压痕滚压到圆柱形或锥形坯料的表面来生产螺纹或其他螺旋或环形形状。多边形坯料也进行螺纹轧制，以制造螺纹成型和自锁螺钉。优选的多边形形状为三棱形，并在平模机中生产。 |
| Shear strength | 抗剪强度 |
The maximum shear stress that a material is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated from the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and is based on the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. 材料能够承受的最大剪切应力。抗剪强度根据剪切或扭转试验期间的最大载荷计算，并基于试样横截面的原始尺寸。 |
| Milling | 铣削 |
A machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. Milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. Because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一种加工工艺，通常用于金属和塑料，其中多齿旋转刀具去除材料以产生平坦或异形表面、槽、槽等。金属由旋转多齿刀具去除；主轴每转一圈，每个齿都会去除少量金属。因为工件和刀具可以同时在多个方向上移动，所以几乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| Humidify | 加湿 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 将水蒸气添加到空气或其他气体中以增加其湿度。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 风压（单位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 与风相关的动态压力。风的静压是大气压。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氢致延迟开裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有时用于识别一种氢脆形式的术语，其中金属在小于屈服应力的稳定应力下似乎会自发断裂。在施加应力（或将受应力金属暴露于氢）与开裂开始之间通常存在延迟。也称为静态疲劳。 |
| Angle of friction | 摩擦角 |
(friction angle, β) (Unit °) For a body in contact with a plane surface, the angle between the normal to the surface and the resultant force between the body and the surface. If the friction force is F and normal force is N, β is given by F/N = μ = tan β where μ is the coefficient of friction. （摩擦角，β）（单位°）对于与平面接触的物体，表面法线与物体与表面之间的合力之间的夹角。如果摩擦力为F，法向力为N，则β由F/N=μ=tanβ给出，其中μ是摩擦系数。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化镜硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 与落在被测材料上的菱形锤的回弹高度相关的数字。通过将锤子从淬火（达到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具钢试块上的平均回弹分为100个单位来测量。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母转动法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通过将螺母旋转一个与给定伸长率相对应的角度来施加预载荷。 |
| Radiator | 散热器 |
A heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another for heating or cooling purposes. Despite the name, the principal mode of heat transfer is convection rather than radiation. In motor vehicles, water circulated through the engine block is cooled as it flows through the tubes of an air-cooled heat exchanger. In domestic radiators, hot water from a boiler is circulated through a heat exchanger with a large surface area which transfers heat to the surrounding air. 一种热交换器，用于将热能从一种流体传递到另一种流体，用于加热或冷却。尽管有这个名字，但热传递的主要方式是对流而不是辐射。在机动车辆中，通过发动机缸体循环的水在流经风冷热交换器的管道时被冷却。在家用散热器中，来自锅炉的热水通过具有大表面积的热交换器循环，该热交换器将热量传递给周围的空气。 |
| Screw | 螺钉 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一种螺纹紧固件，设计用于攻丝或未攻丝（如木螺钉）孔，但不与螺母配合使用。其螺纹被切割或卷成圆柱形或锥形柄，用于切割自身螺纹（如木螺钉）或嵌入螺纹孔。自攻螺钉（钣金螺钉、自攻螺钉）具有足够硬的螺纹，当打入薄板或部件中的孔时，它会在薄板或软材料部件中切割内螺纹。螺钉头是螺钉的一部分，用于向螺钉施加扭矩。常见的螺钉头设计为横截面为圆形，带有直径槽或十字，或为六边形，并带有十字或六边形凹槽。螺纹是沿圆柱形或锥形体的外表面（外螺纹）或内表面（内螺纹）具有均匀截面的一个或多个连续螺旋槽。当螺纹横截面旋转并沿轴轴向前进时产生的三维形状称为螺旋面，螺纹投影到轴上时形成的角度称为倾角。螺纹用于紧固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺钉；定位和测量仪器；在动力驱动中；在一些电气配件中（爱迪生螺纹）；并安装在曲轴端部，以抑制漏油（抛掷器螺纹）。在圆柱体上形成平行螺纹；圆锥上的锥形螺纹，通常具有1:16的锥形率。当顺时针旋转时，具有右手螺纹的螺钉似乎会远离观察者。所有标准螺钉、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺纹，但有时使用左手螺纹。相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为螺距或螺纹率，对于单个连续螺旋槽（单个起始螺纹），与螺母和螺栓头之间的轴向间距（导程）在一周内的变化相同，每mm的螺纹形式数为螺距的倒数。对于相同的螺钉直径，粗螺纹的每毫米螺纹数少于细螺纹。多头螺纹（通常为粗螺纹，见下文）由两个或多个沿其轴线同时延伸的相同螺纹组成，以提供更大的承载面积和更大的速比。根据螺纹的数量，起点之间的间隔为180°（双起点）、120°（三起点）、90°（四起点）等。因此，在双起始螺纹中，导程是螺距的两倍；多起点螺纹中两个相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为分割螺距。螺纹上的位置，即螺纹实体部分的侧面和螺纹之间的空间之间的距离相等，即节点，其相关直径称为节径。图中显示了螺纹的基本术语，其中一些与齿轮传动的基本术语相同。在圆柱面上形成或切割的螺旋线，可沿轴线向右或向左前进。螺旋可以是单个或多个。 |
| Mechanical metallurgy | 机械冶金 |
The science and technology dealing with the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces. 处理金属在外力作用下的行为的科学技术。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Nut thickness | 螺母厚度 |
The nut thickness shall be the overall distance measured parallel to the axis of nut, from the top of the nut to the bearing surface, and shall include the thickness of the washer face where provided. 螺母厚度应为平行于螺母轴线测量的从螺母顶部到轴承表面的总距离，还应包括垫圈表面的厚度。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毁坏荷载（单位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足够的塑性铰链以发生坍塌，结构成为机制的施加载荷。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用过程中的延展性或断裂韧性损失。通常是金属或合金的延展性或韧性或两者的严重损失。多种形式的脆化可导致脆性断裂。在热处理或高温服务期间，可能会出现多种形式（热致脆化）。影响钢的一些脆化形式包括蓝脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火时效脆化、西格玛相脆化、应变时效脆化，回火脆化、回火马氏体脆化和热脆化。此外，钢和其他金属和合金可能因环境条件而脆化（环境辅助脆化）。环境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、碱脆化、腐蚀脆化、蠕变断裂脆化、氢脆化、液态金属脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固态金属脆化和应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Closed system | 封闭系统 |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一个封闭的热力学系统由一定量的质量组成。能量可以以功或热的形式存在，其体积可以改变，但没有质量可以越过它的边界。 |
| Swept volume (Unit m³) | 扫描体（单位m³) |
In the cylinder of a piston engine or other device, the volume between top and bottom dead centre positions of a piston; equal to πR2S where R is the piston radius and S is the stroke. 在活塞发动机或其他装置的气缸中，活塞上止点和下止点位置之间的体积；等于πR2S，其中R是活塞半径，S是冲程。 |
| Ferralium | 铁素体钢 |
Ferralium is a type of Super Duplex Stainless Steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一种超级双相不锈钢，经过优化用于紧固件。 |
| Tensile stress (Unit Pa) | 拉应力（单位Pa） |
A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart. A stress that tends to stretch a component, or local region of a component, when under load. In simple tension it results from the applied axial load, but tensile stresses occur in bending, torsion and other forms of loading. 一种应力，使弹性体的两个部分在典型应力平面的任一侧分离。在负载下，倾向于拉伸部件或部件局部区域的应力。在简单拉伸中，它由施加的轴向载荷产生，但拉伸应力发生在弯曲、扭转和其他形式的载荷中。 |
| Balance weight | 平衡器 |
A corrective mass used in the static or dynamic balancing of a rotating object. 用于旋转物体的静态或动态平衡的校正质量。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| System engineering | 系统工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一种将所有学科和专业组整合到团队工作中的方法，形成从概念到生产再到运营的结构化开发过程。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重载紧固件中的局部塑性变形允许一个零件陷入较软或更重载的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺纹嵌入螺母螺纹等。 |
| Process annealing | 中间退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一个不精确的术语，表示用于改善可加工性的各种处理方法。为了使术语有意义，必须说明材料的条件和使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Waste heat | 废热 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.内燃机、燃气轮机、发电机、电气设备和工业过程产生的热量，这些热量不是直接使用的，而是通过热烟气或废气排放到环境中。2.废物产生的热量 |
| Pitch diameter | 中径 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 对于螺纹，指一个假想圆柱体的直径，其表面将在使凹槽宽度和焊盘宽度等于螺距一半的点穿过螺纹。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Preload adjustments | 预载调整 |
Preloads may be applied directly by axial loading or indirectly by turning of the nut or bolt. When preload is applied by turning of nuts or bolts, a torsion load component is added to the desired axial bolt load. 预载荷可通过轴向载荷直接施加，或通过转动螺母或螺栓间接施加。当通过转动螺母或螺栓施加预载荷时，扭转载荷分量被添加到所需的轴向螺栓载荷中。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Activation energy | 活化能 |
(Ea, U) (Unit kJ/mol) The minimum energy for a chemical reaction to occur or for processes such as diffusion to take place in crystals. （Ea, U）（单位kJ/mol）发生化学反应或在晶体中发生扩散等过程的最小能量。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美国国家标准协会的缩写。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中退火以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 弹性应变能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物体弹性变形所消耗的能量。本质上，弹性变形过程中所做的所有功都以弹性能的形式存储，并且在释放所施加的力时恢复该能量。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 对于低于材料比例极限的剪切应力，剪切应力与相应剪切应变之比。剪切模量值通常通过扭转试验确定。也称为刚度模量。 |
| Elastic deformation | 弹性变形 |
A change in dimensions directly proportional to and in phase with an increase or decrease in applied force. 尺寸的变化与施加的力的增加或减少成正比并同相。 |
| Fastener identification marking | 紧固件识别标记 |
A stamp, paint, or other permanent identifier that may include manufacturer information and applicable grade markings for certification purposes. 印章、油漆或其他永久性标识符，其中可能包括制造商信息和用于认证的适用等级标记。 |
| Galvanic protection | 电流保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide galvanic protection if it is more anodic than the fastener and will, therefore, be destroyed instead of the fastener. Zinc plate (galvanizing) provides galvanic protection to steel fasteners, for example. 如果紧固件上的涂层比紧固件更具阳极性，则据说它可以提供电流保护，将会因此被破坏而不是紧固。例如，锌板（镀锌）为钢紧固件提供电流保护。 |
| Pin or mandrel | 销或心轴 |
In bend testing, the plunger or tool used in making semiguided, guided, or wrap-around tests to apply the bending force to the inside surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an angle of180°, a shim or block of the proper thickness may be placed between the legs of the specimen as bending is completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a pin or mandrel. 在弯曲测试中，用于进行半导向、导向或环绕测试以将弯曲力施加到弯曲内表面的柱塞或工具。在180°角的自由弯曲或半导向弯曲中，弯曲完成后，可在试样支腿之间放置适当厚度的垫片或垫块。该垫片或垫块也称为销或心轴。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 应力腐蚀开裂阈值应力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 实验确定的临界总截面应力，低于该应力，在规定的试验条件下不会发生应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起动阀（调节器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 将蒸汽从锅炉送入蒸汽机汽缸的阀门。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗气蚀诱导剂 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的轴流泵，通过增加进口压头防止主泵出现气穴。 |
| Absolute temperature (Unit K) | 绝对温度（单位K） |
A temperature T measured relative to absolute zero, 0 K or −273.15°C, the lowest temperature achievable at which molecular motion vanishes so that a body would have zero heat energy. The kelvin is equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius (°C). The kelvin temperature scale (kelvin absolute temperature scale) is an absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale derived from the Celsius scale: T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15. The Rankine absolute scale is derived from the Fahrenheit scale such that T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67, i.e. a scale relative to 0 R or −459.67°F where R is the Rankine degree symbol and °F is the Fahrenheit symbol. 相对于绝对零、0K或0K测量的温度T−273.15°C，分子运动消失的最低温度，因此物体的热能为零。开尔文的大小等于摄氏度（℃）。开尔文温度标度（开尔文绝对温度标度）是从摄氏标度得出的绝对或热力学温度标度：T（K）=T（°C）+273.15。兰金绝对标度是从华氏标度得出，使得T（R）=T（°F）+459.67，即相对于0R或0R的标度−459.67°F，其中R是朗肯度符号，°F是华氏度符号。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Hot shortness | 热脆性 |
The reduction of ductility in steels at high temperatures caused by melting of sulfides that wet grain boundaries and spread along them. 高温下钢的延展性降低，这是由于硫化物的熔化润湿晶界并沿晶界扩散而引起的。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一种方形、六角形或其他形状的金属紧固件，具有内螺纹，可拧在螺栓、螺柱或心轴上。与外螺纹螺栓一起使用的内螺纹紧固件。通常为六边形，但也有许多其他几何形状，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夹持工具。 |
| Acicular ferrite | 针状铁素体 |
A highly substructured non-equiaxed ferrite that forms upon continuous cooling by a mixed diffusion and shear mode of transformation that begins at a temperature slightly higher than the temperature transformation range for upper bainite. It is distinguished from bainite in that it has a limited amount of carbon available; thus, there is only a small amount of carbide present. Ferrite crystallite growing, apparently, as in the course of bainitic transformation. It has a lath-like shape and an increased dislocation 一种高度亚结构的非等轴铁素体，在连续冷却时通过混合扩散和剪切相变模式形成，其开始温度略高于上贝氏体的温度转变范围。它与贝氏体的区别在于它的碳含量有限。因此，仅存在少量碳化物。显然，铁素体微晶在贝氏体转变过程中生长。它具有板条状的形状和增加的位错。 |
| Kiln | 窑 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃烧、烘烤或干燥的工业烤箱。 |
| Compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 结晶断裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金属断裂面上明亮反射的晶面图案，由许多单个晶体的解理断裂产生。 |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程应力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一个术语，有时用于常规应力，以区别于真实应力。在拉伸试验中，通过将施加在试样上的断裂载荷除以试样的原始横截面积来计算。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系数 |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系数，表示设计人员对剪切接头强度估计的不确定性。用于载荷和阻力系数设计。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Zero initial conditions | 零初始条件 |
The assumption normally made in control engineering that up to a start time defined as t = 0, all variables have zero value. 在控制工程中通常作出的假设，即在定义为t=0的开始时间内，所有变量均为零值。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 横向（侧向）应变与相应轴向应变之比的绝对值，该比值由低于材料比例极限的均匀分布的轴向应力产生。 |
| Vane engine (vane motor) | 叶片发动机（叶片马达） |
A rotary engine in which high-pressure hydraulic fluid in the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor acts on the vanes, causing the rotor to revolve within a cylinder. The design is much like a sliding-vane compressor, as is that of a vane pump, used to pump liquids. 一种旋转式发动机，其中偏置转子中装有弹簧的滑动叶片之间的高压液压流体作用在叶片上，使转子在气缸内旋转。这种设计很像滑动叶片压缩机，就像用于泵送液体的叶片泵一样。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公称直径 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 紧固件的“目录直径”。通常大致等于主体的直径或螺纹的外径。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接头 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速断开、快速连接）一种软管连接，允许快速组装或拆卸，包括插座和带有弹簧加载锁定机构的插头。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Minute (min) | 分钟（min） |
A non-SI unit of time. The conversion to SI is 1 min = 60 s. 非SI时间单位。转换为1分钟=60秒。 |
| Bearing test | 轴承测试 |
A method of determining the response to stress (load) of metal products that are subjected to riveting, bolting, or a similar fastening procedure. The purpose of the test is to determine the bearing strength of the material and to measure the bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole created by a pin or rod of circular cross section that pierces the sheet perpendicular to the surface. 一种确定经受铆接、螺栓连接或类似紧固程序的金属产品对应力（载荷）的响应的方法。测试的目的是确定材料的承载强度，并测量承载应力与由垂直于表面刺穿板材的圆形横截面的销或杆产生的孔的变形。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦学 |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 与相对运动中相互作用的表面有关的科学和技术。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 维氏硬度测试 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金刚石棱锥压头（维氏硬度计）和可变载荷的压痕硬度测试，能够对从极软铅到碳化钨的所有硬度范围使用一个硬度标度。也称为钻石金字塔硬度测试。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流体运动的特点是无序、旋转（即旋涡）三维速度波动，覆盖广泛的频率和长度尺度。压力、温度和其他流体特性也会波动，热、质量和动量的扩散会大大增强。与层流和过渡流一样，牛顿流体的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，该方程原则上可以通过直接数值模拟（DNS）求解，在直接数值模拟中，波动运动的所有时间和长度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Ultimate strength | 极限应力 |
The maximum tensile strength a bolt or material can support prior to rupture. Always found in the plastic region of the stress–strain or force–elongation curve, and so is not a design strength. Also called Tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength. 螺栓或材料在断裂前可支撑的最大抗拉强度。总是出现在应力-应变或力-伸长率曲线的塑性区域，因此不是设计强度。也称为抗拉强度和极限抗拉强度。材料在不断裂的情况下能够承受的最大应力（拉伸、压缩或剪切），通过将最大载荷除以试样的原始横截面积来确定。也称为标称强度或最大强度。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可锻铸铁 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口铸铁一种通过长时间退火制成的铸铁，脱碳，石墨化，或两者都发生，以消除部分或全部渗碳体。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脱碳是主要反应，产品将呈现出较轻的断裂表面，“白心可锻”。否则，断裂表面将变暗，“黑心可锻”。铁素体可锻性材料主要为铁素体基体；根据热处理和所需硬度，珠光体可锻材料可能包含珠光体、球状体或回火马氏体。 |
| Latent heat | 潜热 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物质发生相变时吸收或释放的热能。 |
| Aspect ratio | 纵横比 |
The ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a shape or object e.g. the chord-to-thickness ratio of an aerofoil or the span-to-chord ratio of a wing. 形状或物体的最长与最短尺寸之比，例如机翼的弦厚比或机翼的翼展弦比。 |
| Indentation hardness | 压痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm²) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通过硬度测试确定的材料抗压痕的能力。压头可以是球形或菱形，在规定的载荷下压入金属表面一段时间。（单位Pa或，非国际单位制，kgf/mm²）通过压头测量硬度，压入材料，形成永久压痕。硬度由载荷除以压痕的投影（有时是表面）面积得出。塑性理论表明，硬度约为单轴屈服应力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Water hammer | 水锤 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流经管道的液体中发生的反射压力波动，通常是阀门突然关闭的结果。浪涌可能导致管道振动，并听到锤击噪音。影响喘振幅度的关键因素是液体的可压缩性（特别是当其含有未溶解气体时）和管壁的弹性。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 声音在物体（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓应力或应变的超声波测量的术语。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 记录系统随时间变化的振动的仪器。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Relative density | 相对密度 |
(specific gravity) The ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference substance, such as water for liquids and solids, and dry air for gases. （比重）物质密度与参考物质密度之比，如液体和固体为水，气体为干燥空气。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟踪问题 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一种控制问题，其中设定值随时间变化，因此设备输出必须遵循变化的设定值。与调节器问题相反。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 仅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
A gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a Torque wrench). The output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. There is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一种齿轮箱，用于增加小手动扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）产生的扭矩。倍增器的输出以比输入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驱动螺母或螺栓。倍增器上没有扭矩计或读数。 |
| Gas compressor | 气体压缩机 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一种在低压下吸入气体并在高压下输送气体的机器，通常伴随着温度升高。压缩机设计包括轴流式、离心式、隔膜式、往复式和旋转式（包括叶片式压缩机）。 |
| Valve | 阀门 |
Any of various manual or automatic devices that are able to initiate, regulate, or stop the flow of a fluid through a conduit or from a closed container. 任何一种手动或自动装置，能够启动、调节或停止通过导管或封闭容器的流体流动。 |
| Vapour-pressure thermometer | 蒸汽压力温度计 |
(vapour-filled thermometer) A type of fluidexpansion thermometer in which the working fluid is a volatile liquid. （蒸汽填充温度计）一种流体膨胀温度计，其中工作流体为挥发性液体。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| Preload | 预载 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次拧紧螺母时螺纹紧固件中产生的张力。经常与工作载荷或螺栓力或螺栓张力互换使用但容易使用不当。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲劳失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 当经历疲劳的试样完全断裂成两部分或因热加热或开裂而软化或刚度显着降低时发生的失效。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 冲击强度1.（单位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高应变率条件下导致失效（通过屈服或断裂）的应力。2.（单位J）有时用于描述在夏比或悬臂梁式冲击试验中使样品断裂所需的能量，即使单位不是强度单位。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Edge distance | 边距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，从轴承试样的边缘到孔中心的距离。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（单位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 对于锥齿轮，轴与节锥生成器之间的角度。 |
| Acoustic separation | 声学分离 |
(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （单位m）使用驻声波（通常是超声波）将流体中的粒子分离，以将它们驱动到节点（声学粒子浓度）。 |
| Translational joint | 平移铰 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制变量为直线运动的机器人关节。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 压力容器（如锅炉）设计用于在正常条件下运行的压力。 |
| Crack-extension force (G) | 裂纹扩展力（G） |
The elastic energy per unit of new separation area that would be made available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic solid during a virtual increment of forward crack extension. 在向前裂纹扩展的虚拟增量期间，在弹性固体中理想裂纹的前端可获得的每单位新分离面积的弹性能量。 |
| Fog quenching | 雾淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在细蒸汽或薄雾中淬火。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶体形成的结晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基体晶格之间的连续性，通常伴随着两个晶格中的一些应变。由于晶格适合于沉淀和基体之间的界面，因此不存在可识别的相边界。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲劳缺口系数（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 无缺口试样的疲劳强度与相同材料和条件的有缺口试样的疲劳强度之比；两种强度都是在相同数量的应力循环下确定的。 |
| Ion nitriding | 离子氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which nitrogen ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma nitriding or glowdischarge nitriding. 一种表面硬化方法，其中氮离子通过使用高压电能在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子体氮化或辉光放电氮化同义。 |
| Centrifugal clutch | 离心离合器 |
A clutch that engages and disengages at a defined speed of rotation of the driving shaft, as when expanding friction shoes act against the inside of a drum. 一种离合器，以驱动轴规定的旋转速度接合和分离，如当膨胀的摩擦片作用在滚筒内部时。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金钢 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有铬、镍、钼、锰、硅、钨和钒等合金元素的钢。添加这些是为了提高与普通碳钢相比的淬透性、韧性、强度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等性能。低合金钢的总合金含量（包括碳）小于约8%。它们是可硬化的，强度比普通碳钢高出30%。高合金钢含有相当多的合金含量，并针对特定性能而开发，例如卓越的耐腐蚀性和耐化学性。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效应 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金属件的尺寸对其机械和其他性能以及对制造变量（如锻造、压下和热处理）的影响。一般来说，尺寸越大，机械性能越低。 |
| Allowable stress design | 许用应力设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。故意低估螺栓和接头材料的强度，以便在结构钢接头的设计中引入安全系数。它是最近定义的荷载和阻力系数设计程序的替代方法。 |
| Spring constant | 弹簧常数 |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在弹簧（或螺栓）上的力与其挠度之间的比率。具有每单位长度变化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也称为刚度。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水头（单位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力发电系统中，水轮机入口上方供水水库中水位垂直高度之间的差减去由于通向涡轮机的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水头损失。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 组合尺寸标注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程图上使用链式尺寸标注和平行标注。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 对于稳定流动的流体（液体或气体），压力、每单位体积的动能和每单位体积的势能之和在流体中的任何点都是恒定的。使用这种关系，可以通过在两个点测量流体的压力来测量流体的速度，就像使用压力计或皮托管一样。 |
| Clip gauge | 夹规 |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一种位移计，由两个通过刀刃连接到试件上的薄应变测量悬臂组成，以提供断裂力学试件中的载荷线位移，或用作拉伸试验中的引伸计。 |
| Peel strength (Unit N) | 剥离强度（单位：N） |
(peel test) The strength of an adhesive bond between two materials as measured by the force required in a given direction to peel apart adhered strips. This force depends on the dimensions and thickness of the adhered strips and their yield stress, together with the fracture toughness of the bond. （剥离试验）两种材料之间的粘合强度，通过给定方向上剥离粘合条所需的力来测量。该力取决于粘合条的尺寸和厚度及其屈服应力，以及粘合剂的断裂韧性。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| Spray quenching | 喷雾淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用喷嘴将水或其他液体喷射到零件上的淬火过程。淬火速率由每单位撞击时间内每单位面积的液体速度和体积控制。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Second (s) | 秒（s） |
The SI base unit of time equal to 9 192 631 770 times the period of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. SI基时间单位等于9192631770倍的辐射周期，对应于铯-133原子基态的两个超精细能级之间的跃迁。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 铁素体脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脱碳，碳损失充分，导致回火马氏体颜色较浅，硬度明显低于相邻母材，金相检查时存在铁素体晶粒或晶界网络。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 总水头（hT）（单位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT = pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 总压力pT以液体柱（通常为水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g为重力加速度，ρ为液体密度。 |
| Turbine pump (turbopump) | 涡轮泵 |
An axial or centrifugal pump driven by a turbine. Typically used to supply fuel to the combustion chamber of a rocket engine such as on the space shuttle. 由涡轮驱动的轴向或离心泵。通常用于向火箭发动机（如航天飞机）的燃烧室供应燃料。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 热电动势 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 当一个结处于不同于另一个结的温度时，在含有两种不同金属的电路中产生的电动势。 |
| Celsius | 摄氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0ºC) and the boiling point of water (100ºC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰点（0ºC）和水的沸点（100ºC）的温标。这些点之间的间隔被划分为100度。这个比例是由安德斯·摄氏设计的。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 为改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影响非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范围，或导致新相的出现，或两者兼而有之。此外，合金元素强烈影响相变动力学，从而影响合金材料的微观结构形成。 |
| Sigma-phase embrittlement | σ相脆化 |
Embrittlement of iron-chromium alloys (most notably austenitic stainless steels) caused by precipitation at grain boundaries of the hard, brittle intermetallic sigma phase during long periods of exposure to temperatures between approximately 565 and 980 °C (1050 and 1800 °F). Sigmaphase embrittlement results in severe loss in toughness and ductility and can make the embrittled material structure susceptible to intergranular corrosion. 铁铬合金（最显著的是奥氏体不锈钢）的脆化是由于在长时间暴露于约565至980°C（1050至1800°F）的温度下，硬脆金属间化合物σ相的晶界处沉淀造成的。σ相脆化导致韧性和延展性的严重损失，可使脆化的材料结构易于发生晶间腐蚀。 |
| Shear strain rate(Unit 1/s) | 剪切应变率（单位1/s） |
In the deformation of solids, the rate at which shear strain is applied in a test or changes with time in a loaded component or structure. 在固体变形中，在试验中施加剪切应变的速率，或在加载部件或结构中随时间变化的速率。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力极限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受无限次应力循环的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。完全逆转的应力极限，低于该极限螺栓或接头构件在循环疲劳载荷下将具有基本上无限的寿命。请注意，此处螺栓上的平均应力为零。 |
| Lathe | 车床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一种机床，其中夹持在主轴箱中的工件靠着切削工具旋转，以生产车削、钻孔、端面或螺纹部件。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德罗数，NA）一个固定数值为6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常数−摩尔正好包含这个数量的基本实体。对阿伏伽德罗常数值的微小调整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控变量的实际值与期望值之间的差值。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收敛-发散流喷嘴，横截面通常为圆形，喉部上游具有相对较短的收敛段（扰流器），然后是逐渐发散段（扩散器）。这种喷嘴通常在两端都有法兰，以便安装在管道中。应用包括流量计和喷射器。当流体以亚音速流过收敛管道时，速度增加，压力降低（文丘里效应）。 |
| Failure of the joint | 连接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓连接未达到设计者的预期性能。故障可能由螺栓断裂或丢失引起或伴随而来，但也可能意味着即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接头滑动或垫圈接头泄漏。接头故障的常见原因包括振动松动、装配不当、设计不当、意外的工作负载或条件等。 |
| Compression spring | 压缩弹簧 |
A spring that resists compression forces, usually in the form of a helix with separated coils (giving a linear axial stiffness) or a cone with separated coils (giving a non-linear axial stiffness). 一种抵抗压缩力的弹簧，通常采用带有分离线圈的螺旋形式（提供线性轴向刚度）或带有分离线圈的锥形（提供非线性轴向刚度）。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 风冷发动机 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一种由气流直接冷却的内燃机，而不是通过流经发动机缸体的水被散热器冷却。 |
| End-quench hardenability test | 端淬淬透性试验 |
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end. 测定钢或其他铁合金淬透性的实验室程序。淬透性是通过将标准试样加热到高于上临界温度，将热试样放置在夹具中，使冷水流冲击一端，并在冷却至室温后，沿试样长度以规则间隔测量试样表面附近的硬度来确定的。数据通常绘制为硬度与距淬火端距离的关系。 |
| Stress area | 应力面积 |
The effective cross-sectional area of the threaded section of a fastener. Used to compute average stress levels in that section. Based on the mean of pitch and minor diameters. 紧固件螺纹部分的有效横截面积。用于计算该截面中的平均应力水平。基于节距和小直径的平均值。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式电极炉 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一种通过使用浸入陶瓷衬里中的电极加热熔融盐浴对零件进行液体渗碳的炉。 |
| Single-shear test | 单剪试验 |
(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一种剪切试验，类似于用于圆棒试样的双剪切试验，但仅使用一个固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板试样的剪切试验。 |
| Fillister head | 槽头 |
Similar to a pan head but with a smaller head diameter and a taller head, with higher vertical sides. 类似于盘头，但头部直径较小，头部较高，垂直边较高。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 热容率（c）（单位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁC where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁC其中C是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（CP）。 |
| Austenitic grain size | 奥氏体晶粒尺寸 |
The size attained by the grains of steel when heated to the austenitic region; may be revealed by appropriate etching of cross sections after cooling to room temperature. 当加热到奥氏体区域时钢晶粒达到的尺寸；冷却至室温后，可通过适当蚀刻横截面来显示。 |
| Screw area (Unit m²) | 螺丝面积（单位m²） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋桨尖端所描述的圆的面积。 |
| Workspace (Unit m³) | 工作空间（单位m³） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空间体积）机器人基架周围的体积，由机器人的可达范围定义。因此，机器人只能执行该体积内的任务。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 压缩应力（单位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某点的每单位面积的压缩载荷。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳钢在油浴中的硬化。分为常规、快速、马氏体淬火或热淬火。 |
| Roots blower | 罗茨鼓风机 |
(rotary-piston blower) A positive-displacement gas compressor with two meshing lobed rotors that rotate within a close-fitting casing. Commonly used as a supercharger. （旋转活塞鼓风机）一种容积式气体压缩机，具有两个啮合的凸角转子，在紧密配合的外壳内旋转。通常用作增压器。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （时间频率，f）（单位Hz）振荡中每秒的周期数或循环过程的重复率。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中固溶体在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）具有平衡图上共析点所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 机壳一种机壳，通常由金属板制成，围绕着需要冷却的机器，如发动机。水通过夹套和热交换器循环，在热交换器中热量被去除。 |
| Blade compressor | 叶片式压缩机 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一种无油双作用旋转式压缩机，其中连接到旋转外壳内表面的倾斜叶片穿过圆盘上的槽，该槽绕垂直于外壳的轴旋转，但偏离外壳。空气通过壳体中的孔进入，并通过壳体的端口离开。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨损 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由两个金属部件之间的滑动作用导致的一种磨损，在金属表面上产生氧化膜。这些氧化膜防止在滑动表面之间形成金属结合，导致细磨屑和低磨损率。 |
| Springback | 回弹 |
The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金属在经历成形操作后趋于恢复其原始形状或轮廓的程度。 |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想气体定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 与理想（完美）气体的压力、温度和体积相关的定律pV=mRT，其中R是气体常数。该定律意味着在恒定温度T下，压力p和体积V的乘积是恒定的（波义耳定律），而在恒定压力下，体积与温度成正比（查尔斯定律）。 |
| Crushing strain | 压应变 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 导致脆性材料粉碎的假定单应变。相应的应力称为抗压强度。这两个量都不能是材料常数，因为它们必须遵守断裂力学定律，并取决于试件类型、加载方法等。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受应力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每单位承载面积的力。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量损失（单位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 从能量守恒原理来看，这是一个常用的术语错误，但可以用于表示转换为过程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，从热机散发到周围环境的热能，或由机器中的摩擦或表面阻力产生的热能。 |
| Design pressure (Unit Pa) | 设计压力（单位Pa） |
The greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密闭容器在正常操作条件下预期承受的最大压力。 |
| Dynamic load rating (Unit N) | 额定动载荷（单位N） |
The allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 当负载不是静态时，组件或结构上的允许负载。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一种压缩机，其中动能通过叶轮中的径向加速度添加到流体中，然后通过扩散器的流动转换为压力增加。 |
| Vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, DHN, VHN, VPN) (Unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now Pa) Indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. The mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which VPN = 0.927(2W/d2) where W is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，DHN，VHN，VPN）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为Pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中VPN=0.927（2W/d2），其中W是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| Pressure loss (Unit Pa) | 压力损失（单位Pa） |
The loss in stagnation pressure in internal flow due to wall friction and minor losses in fittings. 壁面摩擦引起的内部流动停滞压力损失和配件的微小损失。 |
| Computed path control | 计算路径控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或机器人技术中，使用控制程序来确定工具或末端执行器所需的路径。这条所需的路径形成了用于移动机床或机器人的电机控制器的设定点。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 涡轮分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10−8 Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（压力降至约10−8Pa）泵，其中动量通过快速旋转的叶片盘传递给气体分子。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 J/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到SI的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102J/m²。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺钉 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一个5毫米或更大的螺钉，其螺纹一直延伸到头部，并与相邻构件的螺纹孔或外加螺母啮合,用于将两个部件固定在一起，方法是将螺钉穿过一个部分的间隙孔，然后拧入另一个部分的螺纹孔。头部可以是六角形、圆形、扁平形、圆角形或套筒形。 |
| Offset yield strength | 条件屈服强度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 应变超过应力-应变曲线初始比例部分延伸规定量（偏移）的应力。以每单位面积的力表示。 |
| Supercharging | 增压 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| Normality | 常态 |
The principle that the vector sum of plastic strain increments is perpendicular to the yield surface. 塑性应变增量矢量和垂直于屈服面的原理。 |
| Slug wrench | 缓动扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有铁砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通过用大锤敲击铁砧产生的。 |
| Spalling | 剥落 |
The separation of macroscopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips. 以薄片或碎片形式从表面分离宏观颗粒。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被认为是均匀的条件下生产的一定数量的某些产品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Oil-cooled | 油冷却 |
A term for a machine that uses circulating oil to remove heat. 使用循环油散热的机器的术语。 |
| Shock load | 冲击载荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，导致应力迅速增加。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 间距（单位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同涡轮或压缩机叶片的叶栅中，平行于前缘测量的连续叶片之间的距离。2.对于螺纹，平行于螺纹轴线测量的相邻螺纹形状之间的距离。3.对于飞机，机头和水平线之间的垂直关系。俯仰轴是飞机机翼平面内垂直于中心线的轴，飞机绕中心线旋转。俯仰运动是飞机机头的相应向上或向下运动。俯仰姿态是飞机中心线与水平线之间的角度。当中心线水平时，当机头高于其位置时，角度为正。 |
| Belt furnace | 带式炉 |
A continuous-type furnace which uses a mesh-type or cast-link belt to carry parts through the furnace. 一种连续式炉，它使用网状或铸造链带将零件运送通过炉子。 |
| Wrist | 腕关节 |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 机器人上的最后三个关节，模拟人类手腕提供的旋转，从而允许其通过手腕插座连接到的末端执行器的方向。 |
| AISC | AISC |
The American Institute of Steel Construction. 美国钢结构学会。 |
| Galilean transformation | 伽利略变换 |
In steady fluid flow, the addition or subtraction of a constant velocity to the entire flowfield, e.g. so that flow can be considered relative to a moving object or flow feature, such as a shock wave. 在稳定的流体流动中，对整个流场增加或减少恒定速度，例如，可以考虑相对于移动物体或流动特征（例如冲击波）流动。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性变形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加应力下的永久（非弹性）变形，使材料应变超过其弹性极限。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 迈耶硬度（单位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 与布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面积而不是表面面积。 |
| Thermal analysis | 热分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一种通过记录发生热阻的温度来确定金属转变的方法。这些阻力表现为绘制或机械追踪的加热和冷却曲线斜率的变化。当这些数据在加热和冷却的近似平衡条件下得到保证时，该方法通常用于确定构建平衡图所需的某些临界温度。 |
| Root diameter (Unit m) | 根部直径（单位：m） |
The diameter of the circle passing through the roots of teeth in gear teeth or screw threads. 穿过齿轮齿或螺纹中齿根的圆的直径。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（单位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有单个主旋翼的直升机中，机身沿与旋翼相反的方向旋转的趋势。 |
| Nipple | 喷嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一种包含止回阀的装置，该止回阀拧入润滑点，通过该润滑点可以将润滑脂引入，例如轴承中。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Profile | 轮廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物体的横截面形状，如机翼或凸轮。 |
| Hydrogen embrittlement | 氢脆 |
A condition of low toughness, low ductility or cracking in metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen. A common and troublesome form of Stress cracking. Several theories have been proposed to explain hydrogen embrittlement, but, at present, the exact mechanism is still unknown. What is known, however, is the fact that if hydrogen is trapped in a bolt by poor electroplating practices, it can encourage stress cracking. Bolts can fail, suddenly and unexpectedly, under normal loads. Premature crack growth over time under tensile stress leading to unexpected failure in certain metals, caused by small amounts of hydrogen in the microstructure. Hydrogen may enter steels during melting or heat treating, or during processes such as electroplating. 因吸收氢而导致金属韧性低、延展性低或开裂的情况，是一种常见且麻烦的应力开裂形式。在拉伸应力下，裂纹随时间过早扩展，导致某些金属发生意外失效，这是由微观结构中的少量氢引起的。在熔化或热处理过程中，或在电镀等过程中，氢可能进入钢中。已经提出了几种理论来解释氢脆，但目前，确切的机理仍然未知。已知的事实是，如果氢因电镀不当而被困在螺栓中，则会导致应力开裂。在正常载荷下，螺栓可能突然意外失效。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤顶 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一种起重装置（千斤顶），由螺母和方形螺纹轴组成，其顶部为承重垫。螺母的旋转可升高或降低衬垫。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共渗 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，将合适的含铁材料在气体气氛中加热到较低的转变温度以上，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。该工艺通过以在工件中产生所需性能的速率冷却来完成。 |
| Shear lip | 剪切唇 |
A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface. The term sometimes also denotes a narrow, often crescent-shaped, fibrous region at the edge of a fracture that is otherwise of the cleavage type, even though this fibrous region is in the same plane as the rest of the fracture surface. 沿断裂面边缘的狭窄倾斜脊。该术语有时还表示断裂边缘处的狭窄、通常为新月形的纤维区域，否则为解理型，即使该纤维区域与断裂表面的其余部分位于同一平面内。 |
| Modulus of resilience | 回弹系数 |
The amount of energy stored in a material when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. 当加载到其弹性极限时，材料中储存的能量量。通过测量应力-应变曲线下直至弹性极限的面积来确定。 |
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