| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Static equilibrium | 静态平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固体上的所有外力和力矩的合力为零，则固体、结构或物理系统（或任何细分部分）无论是静止还是以恒定速度移动，都是处于静态平衡。 |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通风量（单位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 炉子或锅炉中燃烧气体的压力降低，无论是强制还是由于热气体的浮力，用于吸入燃烧空气并去除燃烧产物。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金属中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每单位面积或体积的晶粒数、平均直径或从面积测量得出的晶粒尺寸数来报告。 |
| Air composition | 空气成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的温度和1个大气压的压力下，空气的海平面成分（体积百分比）主要是78.084%的氮气、20.947%的氧气和0.934%的氩气。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氢、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨组成。不同的来源给出的组成略有不同。不包括水蒸气（通常为0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 贝氏体硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化处理主要导致贝氏体的形成。 |
| Corrosion fatigue | 腐蚀疲劳 |
Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. 由重复或波动的应力和腐蚀环境的联合作用产生的开裂，其应力水平低于没有腐蚀环境时所需的应力水平或循环次数更少。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 热力学性质 |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 温度、压力和定义工作流体状态的密集属性：比内能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Ventilation | 通风系统 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房间、建筑物、乘用车或其他封闭空间中循环新鲜空气的系统。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水过滤器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽设备中的过滤器，用于在将冷凝水添加到给水中之前去除冷凝水中的颗粒物。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸气循环 |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一种动力循环，它将相对低温的蒸汽循环（底部循环）与高温循环（顶部循环）相结合，其中使用了诸如汞、钠或钾之类的工作流体。 |
| Nominal power (Unit kW) | 公称功率（单位kW） |
1. For an internal combustion engine, the average power output of a typical production engine under normal working conditions measured according to SAE standard J 1349/ISO 1585. 2. For an electric motor, the rated equivalent mechanical power output. 1.对于内燃机，根据SAE标准J 1349/ISO 1585测量的正常工作条件下典型生产发动机的平均功率输出。2.对于电动机，额定等效机械功率输出。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸计 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一种用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化，在零件加载时测量零件长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的拉力试验。 |
| Helical spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spring manufactured by forming elastic wire into a helix which may be cylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped, or hourglass in overall form. Closed-coiled springs are used in tension; open-coiled in both tension and compression. 一种弹簧，通过将弹性线材制成螺旋形而制成，螺旋形的整体形状可以是圆柱形、圆锥形、桶形或沙漏形。拉力采用闭合盘簧；在拉伸和压缩中都开卷。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Hydraulics | 液压系统 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括运河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系统中的水流。 |
| Nut factor | 螺母系数 |
An experimental constant used to evaluate or describe the ratio between the torque applied to a fastener and the Preload achieved as a result. 用于评估或描述施加在紧固件上的扭矩与由此获得的预载之间的比率的实验常数。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 J/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到SI的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102J/m²。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微动疲劳 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在发生微动的表面区域开始的疲劳断裂。由微动引起的对固体表面的渐进性损坏。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韧机理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂纹萌生和扩展阻力的各种方法。它们包括相变增韧，其中裂纹尖端周围的微观结构发生变化，以减缓或阻止裂纹；裂纹偏转；消除裂纹尖端锐化的各种方法；纤维桥接裂纹；和纤维拉出。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系数 |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系数，表示设计人员对剪切接头强度估计的不确定性。用于载荷和阻力系数设计。 |
| Connecting rod | 连杆 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （连杆）将动力从一个系统传递到另一个系统的连杆，通常由线性运动变为旋转运动，如图所示，连杆将活塞连接到往复式压缩机或泵的曲轴或内燃机的曲轴上。大端（底端）是连接到曲轴一个曲柄销上轴承的大端。小端（小端）通过活塞销连接到活塞上。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| U-bend | U形管 |
U-bend A 180° bend in a pipe. 180°弯曲的管道。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亚共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸试验（拉力试验） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一种试验，在这种试验中，精密加工的拉伸试样（拉伸试件）的横截面通常为圆形或矩形，具有在试验机中夹紧的大端部，受到越来越大的拉伸载荷，通常达到断裂点，以产生应力-应变曲线，从中可以看出弹性模量、比例极限等材料特性，可以确定验证应力、屈服点和极限拉伸应力。相关标准为ISO 6892-1。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 弹性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金属的刚度或刚度的量度；低于比例极限的应力与相应应变之比。根据应力应变图，弹性模量是应力应变曲线在应力应变线性比例范围内的斜率。 |
| Fine pitch | 细牙螺纹 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 细螺距螺纹通常用于汽车行业。它们更容易被敲入较硬的材料中，并且不太容易松动。 |
| Elastic recovery | 弹性恢复 |
Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在释放施加的载荷时，受应力弹性材料的尺寸恢复到其原始（无应力）尺寸的量。在硬度测试中，当释放所施加的载荷时，压痕的原始尺寸缩短。 |
| Machine tool | 机床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一种动力机器，如钻孔机、磨床、车床、铣床或刨床，用于切割和成形金属、塑料、复合材料等（机加工）。加工中心是围绕多个轴工作的CNC机床，具有刀具库存和自动换刀能力，能够在自动化控制下进行各种加工操作。 |
| Lockbolt | 锁紧螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上类似于螺栓的紧固件，但与环槽（而不是螺纹）接合的轴环（而不是螺母）。套环在阳紧固件上的凹槽上锻造，以产生预紧力。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗气蚀诱导剂 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的轴流泵，通过增加进口压头防止主泵出现气穴。 |
| Normalizing | 正火 |
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. 将铁合金加热至高于转变范围的合适温度，然后在空气中冷却至基本低于转变范围的温度。 |
| Taper pins | 圆锥销 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其长度逐渐变细的圆形横截面的销钉或销钉。用于在轴上定位和固定机器零件的钢销。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化导致的系统、组件或结构失效。 |
| Press quenching | 压淬 |
A quench in which hot dies are pressed and aligned with a part before the quenching process begins. Then the part is placed in contact with a quenching medium in a controlled manner. This process avoids part distortion. 一种淬火方法，在淬火过程开始之前，热模具被压制并与零件对齐。然后将零件以受控方式放置在与淬火介质接触的位置。该过程避免了零件变形。 |
| Steady loads | 稳定负载 |
Loads that do not change in intensity or that change so slowly they may be regarded as steady. 强度不变或变化缓慢的荷载可视为稳定荷载。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一类由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种单体组成的热塑性共聚物，其性能（特别是韧性）优于单个成分。 |
| Sample median | 样本中间值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 当样本中的所有观测值按数量级排列时的中间值。如果测试的样本数为偶数，则使用两个中间值的平均值。这是人口中位数的一个点估计值，或50%的点。 |
| Vibration | 振动 |
1. A periodic change with time of the displacements of elements making up a component or structure. 2. The study of the oscillatory motion of bodies and systems and the frequencies, amplitudes, and forces associated with them. 1.组成部件或结构的元件位移随时间的周期性变化。2.研究物体和系统的振荡运动以及与之相关的频率、振幅和力的学科。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Granular fracture | 粒状断裂 |
A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken that is characterized by a rough, grainlike appearance, rather than a smooth or fibrous one. It can be subclassified as transgranular or intergranular. 金属破碎时产生的一种不规则表面，其特征是粗糙的颗粒状外观，而不是光滑或纤维状的外观。它可以细分为穿晶或晶间。 |
| Computed path control | 计算路径控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或机器人技术中，使用控制程序来确定工具或末端执行器所需的路径。这条所需的路径形成了用于移动机床或机器人的电机控制器的设定点。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 涡轮流量计 |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ṁ. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ṁ is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （轴向流量计、螺旋桨流量计）一种串联流量计，其中螺旋桨或转子的转速N是质量流量的测量值ṁ. 校准总是必要的，但需要适当的设计ṁ在很宽的范围内与N成正比。 |
| Hypereutectic alloy | 过共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，任何合金，其组成与共晶组成相比具有过量的合金元素，并且其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Slip joint | 滑动接头 |
A mechanical connection which allows limited endwise relative movement of two components such as pipes, rods, and ducts. 一种机械连接，允许两个部件（如管道、杆和管道）进行有限的轴向相对运动。 |
| Wheel | 轮 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一个实心圆盘，或一个带有辐条的圆环，辐条从一个中心毂放射出来，或附在一个绕其旋转的轴上，或与一个旋转轴一起旋转。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中固溶体在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）具有平衡图上共析点所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Observed value | 观测值 |
The particular value of a characteristic determined as a result of a test or measurement. 作为测试或测量结果确定的特性的特定值。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷却曲线 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 显示材料冷却过程中时间和温度之间关系的曲线。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脱碳，具有足够的碳损失，以在金相检查下仅显示清晰定义的铁素体晶粒。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非热变化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在没有热波动的情况下进行的反应；也就是说，不需要热激活。相反，在恒温下发生的反应是等温转变。在这种情况下，热活化是必要的，并且反应作为时间的函数进行。 |
| Mass flow meter | 质量流量计 |
An instrument, such as a Coriolis flow meter, which measures the mass flow rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe or other duct, rather than its volume flow rate. 一种仪器，例如科里奥利流量计，一种测量流经管道或其他管道的流体的质量流率而不是其体积流率的仪器。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕变时间关系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定应力下蠕变应变与时间之间的代数或数值关系。 |
| Rosette | 玫瑰形的结 |
Strain gages arranged to indicate, at a single position, strain in three different directions. 应变计布置成在单个位置指示三个不同方向的应变。 |
| Compression wave | 压缩波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨胀波）在流体或固体中，压缩介质传播的行波或波前。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺纹 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一种夹角为29°的螺纹，主要用于机床上的进给丝杠。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨机 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一种用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨机，由装有松散钢球或陶瓷球的水平旋转滚筒组成。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Surface hardness | 表面硬度 |
(superficial hardness) Indentation hardness on, and for some distance below, the surface of a component, as opposed to its bulk hardness. Depending on the resolution required, micro- or nano-hardness testing machines are employed. （表面硬度）与整体硬度相反，部件表面及其下方一定距离的压痕硬度。根据所需的分辨率，可使用微型或纳米硬度测试机。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 盐速计 |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一种体积流量计，通过测量电导率或辐射水平来检测流量中少量盐或放射性同位素的渡越时间。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸标注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程图纸上对部件每个特征的尺寸（例如长度、半径、角度或间距）和相对位置（例如角位置）的规范。数值通常包括公差。尺寸不应超过制造组件所需的尺寸。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Destructive testing | 破坏性测试 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通过增加载荷测量材料、部件或结构的机械性能，直到样品因断裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Thread rolling | 滚丝 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺纹滚压（也称为滚压螺纹）是一种冷成型工艺，通过将硬化钢模具的压痕滚压到圆柱形或锥形坯料的表面来生产螺纹或其他螺旋或环形形状。多边形坯料也进行螺纹轧制，以制造螺纹成型和自锁螺钉。优选的多边形形状为三棱形，并在平模机中生产。 |
| Heat tinting | 热着色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通过加热氧化使金属表面着色，以揭示微观结构的细节。 |
| Mechanical vibration | 机械振动 |
The motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. 围绕平衡位置摆动的粒子或物体的运动。 |
| Head height | 头部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 头部高度应为平行于产品轴线从封头顶部到支承面测量的总距离，并应包括垫圈表面的厚度。提升等级和制造商标识不包括在头部高度中。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m²) | 韧性（单位：J/m²） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金属在破裂前吸收能量和塑性变形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂纹萌生和扩展的能力。2.材料在不发生断裂的情况下吸收应变能的能力。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Bar | 巴（气压单位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105 Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0ºC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4ºC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一种广泛使用的（非SI）压力单位，大约等于海平面上的正常大气压。转换为SI为1bar=105Pa。压力单位——0ºC时75.006厘米高的水银柱或4ºC时约33.45英尺水柱产生的压力。它等于105帕斯卡。标准大气压（海平面）为1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分离器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 从螺栓上去除锈蚀螺母的工具。它由一个围绕螺母放置的刚性钢环组成。穿过环的螺纹径向支撑在楔形尖端上，该尖端凹陷并穿过螺母的表面。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通过在油中以低于水淬的冷却速率淬火合适的钢，在回火前形成马氏体，从而降低部件断裂或严重残余应力的可能性。是一种淬火硬化处理，包括在油中冷却。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y记录仪 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一种绘制变量y和变量x的图形的设备，两者都以伏特数的形式。 |
| Nominal size | 公称尺寸 |
The intended size of a component. The actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 组件的预期尺寸。实际尺寸取决于制造公差。 |
| Anisotropy | 各向异性 |
The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. 相对于材料中的固定参考系统，在不同方向上表现出不同属性值的特性。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉钉 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种空心铆钉，使连接只能从组件的一侧进行。 |
| Sample variance (s²) | 样本方差（s²） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每个观测值与样本平均值之差的平方和除以样本大小减1。它是总体方差的点估计。 |
| Tensile strength (Unit Pa) | 抗拉强度（单位Pa） |
In tension testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength. The resistance that a material offers to tensile stress. It is defined as the smallest tensile stress required to break the body. (ultimate strength, ultimate tensile strength, UTS, Rm, Rm) The nominal or engineering stress given by the maximum load in a tension test divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. The maximum load could be the fracture load for a brittle material, but for a ductile material it is usually taken as the load at which necking begins, beyond which the load falls. 在拉伸试验中，最大载荷与原始横截面积之比。也称为极限强度。材料对拉伸应力的抵抗力。它被定义为破坏主体所需的最小拉伸应力。（极限强度、极限抗拉强度、UTS、Rm、Rm）拉伸试验中最大载荷除以试样原始横截面积得出的标称或工程应力。对于脆性材料，最大载荷可以是断裂载荷，但对于韧性材料，最大荷载通常被视为颈缩开始时的载荷，超过该载荷时，载荷下降。 |
| Hot shortness | 热脆性 |
The reduction of ductility in steels at high temperatures caused by melting of sulfides that wet grain boundaries and spread along them. 高温下钢的延展性降低，这是由于硫化物的熔化润湿晶界并沿晶界扩散而引起的。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 涡轮叶片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃气、蒸汽或水力涡轮机的转子和定子的翼型叶片。2.冲击轮的杯形叶片。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力测试 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 为计算剪切模量、扭转断裂模量和剪切屈服强度而设计的试验。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 两端都有螺纹的杆。无头螺纹紧固件，两端有螺纹，中间部分有无螺纹主体，或从一端到另一端有螺纹。与两个螺母或一个螺母和一个螺纹孔一起使用。一种普通的圆柱形部件，其两端具有适当长度的螺纹部分，或在整个长度上具有连续螺纹。一端拧入机器或工件，然后将第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Seal | 密封件 |
A component which controls or prevents leakage of fluids into or out of parts of a machine. 控制或防止流体流入或流出机器部件的部件。 |
| Dynamic mechanical measurement | 动态机械测量 |
A technique in which either the modulus and/or damping of a substance under oscillatory load or displacement is measured as a function of temperature, frequency, or time, or a combination thereof. 一种技术，其中在振荡载荷或位移下测量物质的模量和/或阻尼作为温度、频率或时间或其组合的函数。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度测试 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm² but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一种试验，其中不同的硬压头在不同载荷下压入固体表面，以产生永久压痕，所产生的压力称为硬度。布氏试验采用球形压头；维氏硬度测试是一个方形金字塔。压痕硬度H与单轴屈服应力Y之间的关系约为H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm²为单位，但现在通常在Pa.2中给出。划痕和锉刀硬度测试要么与一种材料能够标记另一种材料（矿物的莫氏硬度标度）有关，要么与刚性压头在表面上滑动产生的凹槽大小有关。3.回弹硬度涉及掉落压头或旋转臂端部压头撞击表面后的回弹高度。 |
| Water column | 水柱 |
Water in a tube, which may be vertical or inclined. If the tube is open to the atmosphere, the vertical height h from a datum level to the water surface is a measure of the water static pressure p at the datum level given by p − B = ρgh where B is the barometric pressure, ρ denotes the water density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 管道中的水，可以是垂直的或倾斜的。如果管道向大气开放，则从基准面到水面的垂直高度h是基准面处水静压p的量度，由p给出−B=ρgh，其中B是大气压力，ρ表示水密度，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂纹尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂纹塑性变形的影响，物理裂纹尺寸增大。有时，根据物理裂纹尺寸的测量值加上塑性区调整的计算值来计算有效裂纹尺寸。计算有效裂纹尺寸的首选方法是将载荷-挠度轨迹正割的柔度与试样类型校准的弹性柔度进行比较。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的条件下，在密封容器中对金属或合金进行退火。在对铁合金进行箱式退火时，通常将装料缓慢加热至低于转变范围的温度，但有时会高于或低于转变范围，然后缓慢冷却；这个过程也称为紧密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶断裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集体中的晶粒或晶体之间发生的开裂或断裂。也称为晶间断裂。 |
| Heat (q, Q) (Unit J) | 热量（q, Q）（单位J） |
A form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at one temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between them. Heat can be identified only as it crosses the boundary. A body can never be said to contain heat which is thus a transient phenomenon. 一种能量形式，由于它们之间的温差在一个温度下通过系统边界传递到另一个温度不同的系统（或环境）。只有当热量穿过边界时才能识别。一个物体不能说永远含有热量，这是一种瞬态现象。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用过程中的延展性或断裂韧性损失。通常是金属或合金的延展性或韧性或两者的严重损失。多种形式的脆化可导致脆性断裂。在热处理或高温服务期间，可能会出现多种形式（热致脆化）。影响钢的一些脆化形式包括蓝脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火时效脆化、西格玛相脆化、应变时效脆化，回火脆化、回火马氏体脆化和热脆化。此外，钢和其他金属和合金可能因环境条件而脆化（环境辅助脆化）。环境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、碱脆化、腐蚀脆化、蠕变断裂脆化、氢脆化、液态金属脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固态金属脆化和应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Screw area (Unit m²) | 螺丝面积（单位m²） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋桨尖端所描述的圆的面积。 |
| Car furnace | 车炉 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一种间歇式炉，使用轨道上的小车进出炉区。汽车炉用于较低的应力消除范围。 |
| Strain | 拉紧 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物体的大小或形状因力而变化的单位。也称为标称应变。 |
| Counter sink | 台面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物体上切割或塑造一个凹陷，使螺钉的头部可以齐平或低于表面。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通过适当的处理增加硬度，通常包括加热和冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：时效硬化、火焰硬化、感应硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋转关节 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在机器人技术中，一种单自由度关节，其中受控变量为关节角度。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛顿万有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛顿万有引力定律）任何两个物体沿其质心连接线相互施加引力F，其大小与其质量乘积成正比，与它们之间距离r的平方成反比。 |
| Turbomachine | 涡轮机械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋转动力机器）在连续的流体流和绕固定轴旋转的部件（称为转子）之间进行能量传递的机器。风扇和涡轮机（燃气、液压、蒸汽或风力）是涡轮机械，其中能量传递到转子，使其旋转。泵和压缩机是涡轮机械，其中能量从外部驱动的转子传递到流体。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 废热回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 从烟道和废气中或从工业过程中加热的液体中回收热能。回收装置包括预热器、回热器、再生器和余热锅炉。 |
| Turbocharging | 涡轮增压 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一种增压方法，其中活塞发动机的热废气用于驱动涡轮，涡轮为增压压缩机提供动力。涡轮增压器是涡轮/压缩机组合。压缩机通常为径向流出设计，而径向、轴向和混流式涡轮机都在使用。废气旁通阀是一种减少进入涡轮的废气流量以限制产生的增压或超速的阀。 |
| Standard deviation (σ) | 标准偏差（σ） |
A statistical term used to quantify the Scatter in a set of data points. If the standard deviation is small, most of the data points are ‘‘nearly equal.’’ A large deviation means less agreement. The most usual measure of the dispersion of observed values or results expressed as the positive square root of the variance. The square root of variance, a measure of the spread of data about the mean value. 用于量化一组数据点中分散度的统计术语。如果标准偏差很小，则大多数数据点“几乎相等”大的偏差意味着更少的一致性。观测值或结果离散度的最常用度量，表示为方差的正平方根。方差的平方根，衡量平均值的数据分布。 |
| Spring materials | 弹簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金属，包括普通碳钢和耐腐蚀钢、磷青铜、弹簧黄铜、铍铜和镍合金，所有这些金属在其加工硬化状态下都允许大的可逆弹性应变而不会产生永久变形。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于软态和半硬态之间。 |
| Thread insert | 螺纹嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺纹衬套）一种带有内螺纹（有时也有外螺纹）的薄圆柱体或螺旋形线圈，压入或拧入孔中以接受螺栓或螺钉。用于材料太软或部件太薄而无法螺纹连接，用于将一种形式的螺纹更换为另一种形式或修复损坏的螺纹。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Hysteresis | 滞后 |
The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 当材料经受重复加载时，在任何加载或卸载循环期间发生的永久吸收或损失能量的现象。 |
| Notch ductility | 缺口延展性 |
The percentage reduction in area after complete separation of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen. 在缺口试样的拉伸试验中，金属完全分离后的面积减少百分比。 |
| Intense quenching | 强烈淬火 |
Quenching in which the quenching medium is cooling the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still water. 淬火，其中淬火介质以比静水快至少两倍半的速度冷却零件。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 铁素体脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脱碳，碳损失充分，导致回火马氏体颜色较浅，硬度明显低于相邻母材，金相检查时存在铁素体晶粒或晶界网络。 |
| Waviness | 波纹度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波纹度是与几何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由机床-工件系统在加工过程中的低水平振荡决定。通常，波长范围为1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范围为几微米至几百微米。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Clamping force | 夹紧力 |
The equal and opposite forces which exist at the interface between two joint members. The clamping force is created by tightening the bolts, but is not always equal to the combined tension in the bolts. Hole interference problems, for example, can create a difference between clamping force and bolt loads. 存在于两个连接构件之间的界面处的相等和相反的力。夹紧力是通过拧紧螺栓产生的，但并不总是等于螺栓中的组合张力。例如，孔干涉问题可能会在夹紧力和螺栓载荷之间产生差异。 |
| Magnetic materials | 磁性材料 |
Materials in which the magnetic moment of adjacent atoms can adopt either parallel or antiparallel alignment. Ferromagnetism occurs when the magnetic moments adopt parallel alignment. When adjacent magnetic moments cancel due to antiparallel alignment, the material exhibits antiferromagnetism and has no overall magnetic moment. Examples of the latter include ferrous oxide and manganese oxide. The phenomenon of ferrimagnetism occurs when adjacent magnetic moments adopt antiparallel alignment but have unequal magnitude. The region of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material in which the magnetic moments are aligned is known as a magnetic domain and adjacent regions are separated by domain walls. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit weak forms of magnetism that results from independent (uncoupled) alignment of magnetic atomic dipoles induced by an applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials can acquire high degrees of magnetization in relatively weak magnetic fields. They have different hysteresis characteristics and are classified as either hard magnets or soft magnets. Hard magnets retain large magnetization in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are used as permanent magnets. Conventional materials include magnet steels alloyed with tungsten or cobalt. Rare-earth magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements produce significantly stronger magnetic fields. The most common of these are samarium-cobalt and neodymiumiron-boron permanent magnets. Their strength allows them to be small and used in numerous applications, including cordless tools, disk drives, headphones, toys, and motors for automotive components such as wipers, fans, washers, and windows. Soft magnets may be magnetized and demagnetized relatively easily. When subjected to an alternating magnetic field the energy loss due to hysteresis is small. Common materials include iron-silicon alloys (known as electrical steels), nickel-iron alloys (permalloy), soft ferrites, and amorphous nanocrystalline alloys, the last of which can be produced in the form of tape by meltspinning. Soft magnets are used to enhance the magnetic flux produced by an electric current. 相邻原子的磁矩可以采用平行或反平行排列的材料。当磁矩采用平行排列时，会产生铁磁性。当相邻磁矩因反平行排列而抵消时，材料表现出反铁磁性，没有总磁矩。后者的实例包括氧化亚铁和氧化锰。当相邻磁矩采用反平行排列但大小不等时，就会出现铁磁现象。磁矩对齐的铁磁或铁磁材料区域称为磁畴，相邻区域由磁畴壁分隔。抗磁和顺磁材料表现出弱磁性形式，这是由外加磁场诱导的磁原子偶极子的独立（非耦合）排列引起的。铁磁性和铁磁性材料可以在相对弱的磁场中获得高磁化度。它们具有不同的磁滞特性，分为硬磁铁和软磁铁。硬磁铁在没有外加磁场的情况下保持较大的磁化强度，用作永磁体。常规材料包括与钨或钴合金化的磁钢。由稀土元素合金制成的稀土磁体产生明显更强的磁场。其中最常见的是钐钴和钕硼永磁体。它们的强度使其体积小，可用于多种应用，包括无绳工具、磁盘驱动器、耳机、玩具和汽车部件（如雨刷、风扇、洗衣机和车窗）的电机。软磁体可以相对容易地磁化和退磁。当受到交变磁场时，由于磁滞引起的能量损失很小。常见材料包括铁硅合金（称为电工钢）、镍铁合金（坡莫合金）、软铁氧体和非晶纳米晶合金，最后一种可以通过熔钉以胶带的形式生产。软磁铁用于增强电流产生的磁通量。 |
| Vibrometer | 测振仪 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一种用于测量振动表面运动的装置，通常使用非接触激光技术。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Structural engineering | 结构工程 |
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design of buildings, dams, bridges, and other large structures. 土木工程的一个分支，涉及建筑物、水坝、桥梁和其他大型结构的设计。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一种研磨工具，由柔性背衬材料（例如编织布、纸或硫化纤维）、粘合材料（例如胶水或合成树脂）和砂砾组成。 |
| Radial flow | 径向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 径向流动流体流动的主要方向是径向向内或径向向外流动。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振动松动、垫圈蠕变、热膨胀差等原因，螺栓和接头中的张力损失，因此夹紧力损失。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 声音在物体（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓应力或应变的超声波测量的术语。 |
| Heat treatment | 热处理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （热处理）材料，特别是金属的机械性能的改变，通过不同的加热顺序、温度保持和不同速率的冷却。加热和冷却固体金属或合金，以获得所需的条件或性能。仅用于热加工的加热不属于本定义的含义。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波摆动 |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一种用于潮汐能发电的机器，由两个同心的充气水下气缸组成。内部下部圆柱体系在海底，而顶部封闭的上部浮子单元由于波浪运动引起的静水压力变化而上下移动。两个气缸的相对运动用于发电，其中直线运动取代了电磁发电机更常见的旋转运动。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“发条”）或螺旋（圆柱形）弹簧。以螺旋状缠绕的弹簧钢丝。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性发生之前或（b）断裂之前能够承受的最大剪切应力。 |
| Flange bolt | 法兰螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在头部下方带有内置垫圈状法兰的螺栓。 |
| Dead centre | 止点 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄机构中，活塞连杆和曲柄都在一条线上，因此不会有驱动力矩。 |
| Residual stress (Unit Pa) | 残余应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses that remain within a body as the result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. (internal stress) An internal-stress system found in components that have experienced elastic unloading from non-uniform plastic-strain fields during manufacture. 由于热处理或机械处理或两者兼而有之而留在物体内的应力。（内应力）在制造期间从非均匀塑性应变场经历弹性卸载的部件中发现的内应力系统。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 转变温度（单位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定义的温度，位于金属断裂特性（通常通过缺口试样的试验确定）快速变化的温度范围内，如从主要纤维（剪切）断裂到主要结晶（解理）断裂。（2） 有时用于表示延性随温度快速变化的范围内的任意定义的温度。（转变点）1.具有面心立方晶体结构的金属合金的断裂机制从韧性孔洞生长转变为脆性解理的温度。2.材料从一种晶体状态转变为另一种晶体的温度。 |
| Blue brittleness | 蓝色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 当淬火钢在250–350°C范围内回火（在部件表面产生蓝色色调的温度）时，延展性异常损失。某些钢在加热到约205至370°C（400至700°F）范围内的某个温度后表现出脆性，特别是在高温下加工钢时。镇静钢几乎没有这种脆性。 |
| Knot (kn) | 节（kn） |
A non-SI unit defined as one nautical mile per hour. The conversion to SI is 1 kn = 5.144 444 444×10−1 m/s. 非国际单位制单位，定义为每小时一海里。转换为SI为1kN=5.144444×10−1米/秒。 |
| Water hammer | 水锤 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流经管道的液体中发生的反射压力波动，通常是阀门突然关闭的结果。浪涌可能导致管道振动，并听到锤击噪音。影响喘振幅度的关键因素是液体的可压缩性（特别是当其含有未溶解气体时）和管壁的弹性。 |
| Turboblower | 涡轮鼓风机 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 离心式或轴流式压缩机或风扇。 |
| Stress distribution | 应力分布 |
The manner in which tensile, compressive, and shear stresses are distributed within a loaded body, indicated by loci of constant stress. 拉应力、压应力和剪应力在受载物体内的分布方式，由恒定应力轨迹表示。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Rotary piston flow meter | 旋转活塞流量计 |
A rotary liquid flow meter in which a cylindrical rotor, eccentrically mounted within a cylindrical casing, the axes of the two cylinders being parallel, is caused to rotate by the liquid flow. The flow rate is determined from the number of rotations of the rotor in a given time. 一种旋转式液体流量计，其中偏心安装在圆柱形外壳内的圆柱形转子，两个圆柱体的轴线平行，由液体流引起旋转。流量由转子在给定时间内的转数确定。 |
| Shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| Rpm (N) | 转速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分钟转数的缩写。它是一种广泛使用的转速非SI单位。相应的角速度ω，单位为rad/s，由πN/30给出。还使用Rps（每秒转数），此时角速度为2πN。 |
| Preload accuracy | 预载精度 |
A measure of the precision with which a given tool or procedure creates preload in a bolt when the bolt is tightened. A common torque wrench, for example, is said to produce preload with an accuracy of +30%. The mean preload, however, may not be that which the designer intended, or may not be what he should have intended. Accuracy as used here, in other words, is synonymous with Scatter. 当螺栓拧紧时，给定工具或程序在螺栓中产生预紧力的精度度量。例如，一个普通的扭矩扳手据说可以产生精度为+30%的预载。然而，平均预载可能不是设计者预期的。这里使用的准确度是分散度的同义词。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s²) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s². （自由落体加速度，重力加速度，g）（单位m/s²）自由落体在真空中的加速度，在海平面处的平均值约为9.81m/s²。 |
| Waste heat | 废热 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.内燃机、燃气轮机、发电机、电气设备和工业过程产生的热量，这些热量不是直接使用的，而是通过热烟气或废气排放到环境中。2.废物产生的热量 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在发生增加或减少之前最接近表面的硬度（从芯部到外径时），分别表示渗碳或脱碳。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| Stroke | 一击 |
1. (stroke length) (Unit m) The linear distance between top dead centre and bottom dead centre of a piston in a reciprocating engine or mechanism. 2. The movement of a piston or plunger in a reciprocating machine to execute a particular function; for example, the exhaust stroke of an engine in which the exhaust gases are expelled from a cylinder. 1.（冲程长度）（单位：m）往复式发动机或机构中活塞上止点和下止点之间的线性距离。2.活塞或柱塞在往复式机器中执行特定功能的运动；例如发动机的排气冲程，其中排气从气缸中排出。 |
| Typical basis | 典型基础 |
The typical property value is an average value. No statistical assurance is associated with this basis. 典型的属性值是平均值。没有与此基础相关的统计保证。 |
| Pressure chamber | 压力室 |
A chamber in which components or devices can be subjected to high or low fluid (liquid or gas) pressure. 部件或装置可承受高或低流体（液体或气体）压力的腔室。 |
| Blind rivet | 盲孔铆钉 |
A rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种铆钉，可以仅从组件的一侧进行连接。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面垫圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面为半球形的垫圈。与接触面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。减少螺栓或螺柱中的弯曲应力，允许一些自对准，并对不平行的接头表面或角度进行一些补偿。 |
| Swift cup test | 斯威夫特杯测试 |
A simulative cupping test in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into cups by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. 一种模拟拔杯试验，将不同直径的圆形坯料夹紧在模环中，并用平底圆柱冲头将其深拉入杯中。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Plug gauge | 塞规 |
A steel gauge used to determine the dimension or dimensions of a hole. It may be straight or tapered, and is typically circular, but in principle can have any cross section. 用于确定孔的尺寸的钢制量规。它可以是直的或锥形的，通常是圆形的，原则上可以有任何横截面。 |
| Compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| Slot | 狭槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允许热膨胀，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安装或滑动。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道尔顿定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道尔顿附加压力定律的扩展，包括以下陈述：气体混合物的内能、焓和熵等于各个成分单独存在时的内能、焓和熵之和。相同的温度和体积。吉布斯定律是与熵有关的定律的一部分。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切应变 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角变化的切线，作为对力的响应，在两条原本通过物体中的一个点相互垂直的线之间。也称为剪切应变。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 与主要荷载引起的应力不同，但主要荷载产生的应力；例如，桶装压缩试件和锻件周围产生的环向应力。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂缝 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于弹性应力分析的裂纹简化模型。在无应力物体中，裂纹有两个光滑表面，它们在物体内沿称为裂纹前缘的平滑曲线重合并连接；在二维表示中，裂纹前缘称为裂纹尖端。 |
| Elastic energy | 弹性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其弹性行为范围内变形所需的能量，忽略因内耗引起的小热损失。试样在被测标距内每单位体积材料吸收的能量。它是通过测量应力-应变曲线下达到规定弹性应变的面积来确定的。另见弹性模量和应变能。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷处理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后进行的处理，以将残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，包括冷却和保持在低于环境温度的温度。 |
| Quench cracking | 淬火开裂 |
Fracture of a metal during quenching from elevated temperature. Most frequently observed in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. Cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, corners, or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the volume changes accompanying transformation to martensite. 高温淬火时金属断裂。在高硬度和低韧性的硬化碳钢、合金钢或工具钢零件中最常见。裂纹通常来自圆角、孔、角部或其他应力集中区，并由伴随马氏体转变的体积变化引起的高应力引起。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收敛-发散流喷嘴，横截面通常为圆形，喉部上游具有相对较短的收敛段（扰流器），然后是逐渐发散段（扩散器）。这种喷嘴通常在两端都有法兰，以便安装在管道中。应用包括流量计和喷射器。当流体以亚音速流过收敛管道时，速度增加，压力降低（文丘里效应）。 |
| Permissible variation | 允许偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 对于试验机，所示数量值的最大允许误差。用误差百分比表示允许偏差是很方便的。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI单位前缀；1千米是长度单位，等于1000米。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡机 |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一种装置，用于评估旋转部件的静态和动态平衡状态，并指示为获得平衡而添加的砝码的大小和位置。 |
| Sample standard deviation (s) | 样本标准偏差（s） |
The square root of the sample variance. It is a point estimate of the population standard deviation, a measure of the “spread”of the frequency distribution of a population. This value of sprovides a statistic that is used in computing interval estimates and several test statistics. For small sample sizes, s underestimates the population standard deviation. 样本方差的平方根。它是总体标准偏差的点估计，是总体频率分布“扩散”的度量。SPR的这个值提供了一个用于计算区间估计和若干测试统计量的统计量。对于小样本，s低估了总体标准偏差。 |
| Transmissibility | 传递率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振动干扰的系统的传递力与干扰力之比。该比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度来定义。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 声学高温计 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一种非侵入式高温计，其原理是气体中的声速与其绝对温度的平方根成正比。 |
| Stress ratio (A or R) | 应力比（A或R） |
The algebraic ratio of two specified stress values in a stress cycle. Two commonly used stress ratios are the ratio of the alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress, A = Sa/Sm, and the ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress, R = Smin/Smax. 应力循环中两个指定应力值的代数比。两种常用的应力比是交变应力振幅与平均应力之比，A=Sa/Sm，以及最小应力与最大应力之比R=Smin/Smax。 |
| Slant fracture | 倾斜裂缝 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一种断裂现象，典型的平面应力断裂，其中金属分离面与施加应力的轴成一定角度（通常约45°）倾斜。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）当量来定义的。 |
| Permanent set | 永久变形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 释放荷载后，先前受力物体中剩余的变形或应变。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在气缸中往复运动的一种容积泵。在吸入冲程，流体通过入口阀吸入腔室，然后在出口阀关闭时打开。在输送冲程中，流体通过出口阀被迫流出腔室，然后出口阀打开，同时入口阀关闭。轴向和径向配置都很常见。 |
| Torque meter | 扭矩计 |
An instrument for measuring torque using spring-loaded, piezoelectric, or strain-gauged devices. 使用弹簧加载、压电或应变测量装置测量扭矩的仪器。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在断裂前发生塑性变形的能力。通过拉伸试验中的伸长率或面积减少量、杯突试验中的杯突高度或弯曲试验中的弯曲半径或角度来测量。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Fog quenching | 雾淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在细蒸汽或薄雾中淬火。 |
| Centrifugal clutch | 离心离合器 |
A clutch that engages and disengages at a defined speed of rotation of the driving shaft, as when expanding friction shoes act against the inside of a drum. 一种离合器，以驱动轴规定的旋转速度接合和分离，如当膨胀的摩擦片作用在滚筒内部时。 |
| Compression stroke | 压缩冲程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往复式压缩机或发动机中工作流体被压缩的冲程。 |
| Aging treatment | 时效处理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 针对时效硬化的热处理；它包括溶液和沉淀处理。 |
| Fatigue limit | 疲劳极限 |
The maximum stress that presumably leads to fatigue fracture in a specified number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. Compare with endurance limit. 在指定数量的应力循环中可能导致疲劳断裂的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。与耐力极限比较。 |
| Relative density | 相对密度 |
(specific gravity) The ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference substance, such as water for liquids and solids, and dry air for gases. （比重）物质密度与参考物质密度之比，如液体和固体为水，气体为干燥空气。 |
| Carbon steels | 碳钢 |
(plain carbon steels) Steels in which carbon is the principal alloying element, and the amount of manganese does not exceed 1.65% and the copper and silicon contents are less than 0.60%. There are three main types: low-carbon steels (0.08–0.35% carbon); medium-carbon steels (0.35–0.50% carbon); and high-carbon steels (0.50–2.0% carbon). （普通碳钢）以碳为主要合金元素，锰含量不超过1.65%，铜和硅含量低于0.60%的钢。主要有三种类型：低碳钢（0.08-0.35%碳）；中碳钢（0.35–0.50%碳）；和高碳钢（0.50–2.0%碳）。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 风冷发动机 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一种由气流直接冷却的内燃机，而不是通过流经发动机缸体的水被散热器冷却。 |
| Torsional angle (ϕ) | 扭转角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （单位为°或rad）受扭矩作用的直杆上两个位置之间的角偏转。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋输送机 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋输送机、螺旋输送机、蜗杆输送机）一种用于散装搬运半固态材料的机器，由在槽或外壳中旋转的螺旋螺杆组成。 |
| Normality | 常态 |
The principle that the vector sum of plastic strain increments is perpendicular to the yield surface. 塑性应变增量矢量和垂直于屈服面的原理。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨胀 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部载荷、压缩、温度变化、化学作用等引起的体积变化。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺纹小径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹根部或内螺纹顶部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Torque coefficient | 扭矩系数 |
1. (KT) For a propeller of diameter D, a non-dimensional parameter defined by KT = T/ρΩ2D5 where Ω is the rotational speed (in rad/s) and ρ is the fluid density. 2. (CT) An alternative to (1) for a wind turbine, defined by CT = 2T/ρV2AR where V is the wind speed, A is the swept area of the blades, and R is the blade radius. 3. (K) An empirical coefficient used to calculate the torque T required to achieve an axial load F in a bolt according to T = KFd where d is the nominal bolt diameter. 1.（KT）对于直径为D的螺旋桨，由KT=T/ρΩ2D5定义的无量纲参数，其中Ω是转速（单位为rad/s），ρ是流体密度。2.（CT）对于风力涡轮机（1）的替代方案，由CT=2T/ρV2AR定义，其中V是风速，a是叶片的扫掠面积，R是叶片半径。3.（K）经验系数，用于根据T=KFd计算螺栓中实现轴向载荷F所需的扭矩T，其中d是螺栓标称直径。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 对于低于材料比例极限的剪切应力，剪切应力与相应剪切应变之比。剪切模量值通常通过扭转试验确定。也称为刚度模量。 |
| Non-ferrous metal | 有色金属 |
Strictly, all metals and alloys that do not contain iron, but usually taken to mean aluminium- and copper-based alloys. 严格来说，所有不含铁的金属和合金，但通常指铝基和铜基合金。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止动垫圈（锁紧垫圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一种垫圈，具有一个或多个突出凸耳，可弯曲以防止螺母或螺栓头松动。 |
| Brittle fracture | 脆性断裂 |
The fracture of a component or structure in the globally-elastic range of loading, so that the broken pieces may be refitted to regain the original article. Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. 部件或结构在全局弹性载荷范围内的断裂，以便可以将破碎的碎片重新装配以恢复原始物品。固体的分离伴随着很少或没有宏观塑性变形。通常，脆性断裂通过快速裂纹扩展发生，能量消耗比韧性断裂少。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟踪问题 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一种控制问题，其中设定值随时间变化，因此设备输出必须遵循变化的设定值。与调节器问题相反。 |
| Dynamics | 动力学 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力学中研究运动物体的分支。它的两个主要分支是运动学和动力学，前者研究运动而不考虑其原因，后者也考虑引起运动的力。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Length of engagement | 啮合长度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺纹和内螺纹具有理论接触的轴向测量。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Indentation hardness | 压痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm²) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通过硬度测试确定的材料抗压痕的能力。压头可以是球形或菱形，在规定的载荷下压入金属表面一段时间。（单位Pa或，非国际单位制，kgf/mm²）通过压头测量硬度，压入材料，形成永久压痕。硬度由载荷除以压痕的投影（有时是表面）面积得出。塑性理论表明，硬度约为单轴屈服应力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Stress wave | 应力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物体某个位置的不平衡力（如冲击力）会使物体中的材料产生振动，并以应力波或波包的形式传递到相邻元件，最终传递到物体的所有部位。 |
| Forging | 锻造处理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 将生钢制成特定形状的过程。锻造产品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夹和障碍销。 1. 一种通过手工或机器锤击金属（落锻、压力机）制造部件的方法。2.通过锻造工艺制成的零件。 |
| Strain hardening | 应变硬化 |
An increase in hardness and strengthcaused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Also known as work hardening. (workhardening) The increase in stress above the initial yield stress required to deform a metal to greater strains in the plastic range at temperatures below the recrystallization range (cold working). Unloading after some strain or work input gives a harder and stronger material. 在低于再结晶范围的温度下，塑性变形导致硬度和强度的增加。也称为加工硬化。（加工硬化）在低于再结晶范围（冷加工）的温度下，使金属在塑性范围内变形至更大应变所需的高于初始屈服应力的应力增加。在一定的应变或功输入后卸载，会得到更硬、更强的材料。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一种相对长而薄的物体，其横截面设计用于在相对于流体运动时产生升力。主要应用于飞机和高性能机动车辆。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性变形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加应力下的永久（非弹性）变形，使材料应变超过其弹性极限。 |
| Erosion | 侵蚀 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固体表面与流体、多组分流体或撞击液体或固体颗粒之间的机械相互作用，原始材料从固体表面逐渐损失。 |
| Constant-force spring | 恒力弹簧 |
A spring that has the same restoring force regardless of displacement. The most common type takes the form of a coiled strip that, owing to tight coiling during manufacture, is pre-stressed (a steel measuring tape is an example). The uncoiling force is approximately constant as the change of curvature of the strip is approximately constant. Not to be confused with a clockwork spring from which power can be obtained. 无论位移如何，具有相同恢复力的弹簧。最常见的类型是卷绕带，由于制造过程中的紧密卷绕，该卷绕带是预应力的（钢卷尺就是一个例子）。随着带材曲率的变化近似恒定，开卷力近似恒定。不要与可获得动力的发条弹簧混淆。 |
| Diaphragm compressor | 隔膜式压缩机 |
A machine in which compression is achieved by the reciprocating motion of a flexible membrane of metal, plastic, or elastomeric material. This arrangement is ideally suited to pumping high-purity, toxic, or explosive gases. A similar machine incorporating check valves is a self-priming positive-displacement pump (diaphragm pump, membrane pump). 通过金属、塑料或弹性材料的柔性薄膜的往复运动实现压缩的机器。这种布置非常适合泵送高纯度、有毒或爆炸性气体。装有止回阀的类似机器是自吸容积泵（隔膜泵、隔膜泵）。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| Pitch diameter | 中径 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 对于螺纹，指一个假想圆柱体的直径，其表面将在使凹槽宽度和焊盘宽度等于螺距一半的点穿过螺纹。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 涡轮分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10−8 Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（压力降至约10−8Pa）泵，其中动量通过快速旋转的叶片盘传递给气体分子。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 当暴露于高于约1500°C的温度时不熔化或在高于约550°C的连续温度下快速劣化的金属或陶瓷。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Semiguided bend | 半导弯曲 |
The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge, or is supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free bend. 通过将力直接施加于待弯曲部分中的试样而获得的弯曲。将试样固定在一端，并围绕销或圆边施力，或者在靠近端部的位置支撑试样，并通过施加在试样与支撑件相对的一侧以及两者中间的力进行弯曲。在某些情况下，折弯以此方式开始，然后以自由折弯的方式结束。 |
| Solenoid | 螺线管 |
A coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. Solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 绕在金属芯（通常为铁）上的导线线圈，当电流通过线圈时产生磁场，从而在芯上产生力。电磁阀广泛用于产生线性运动以驱动阀（电磁阀）和其他装置。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在轴上或与轴成一体以提供轴向位置的环。 |
| Extra spring | 额外弹簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大约对应于高于全硬的冷加工状态，超过该状态进一步冷加工将不会显着增加强度和硬度。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞测试 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 测定试件在高速下破裂时吸收的能量的试验，与静态试验不同。测试可以在拉伸、弯曲或扭转条件下进行，测试杆可以有缺口或无缺口。 |
| Ferrite | 铁素体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一种或多种元素在体心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（例如，铁酸铬），否则通常假定溶质为碳。在一些平衡图上，有两个铁素体区域被一个奥氏体区域隔开。下部区域为α铁素体；上部，δ铁氧体。如果没有指定，则假定为 α 铁氧体。 |
| Proof stress | 弹性极限应力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起规定的小永久变形的应力。（2）施加在构件或结构上的规定应力，以表明其承受工作荷载的能力。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（单位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有单个主旋翼的直升机中，机身沿与旋翼相反的方向旋转的趋势。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| Elongation | 伸张率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 机械测试中使用的术语，用于描述试样在受力时的延伸量。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 应力松弛曲线 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 应力松弛试验中剩余应力或松弛应力随时间变化的曲线图。松弛应力等于初始应力减去剩余应力。也称为应力-时间曲线。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲轴 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往复式单缸或多缸机器主轴的一部分。曲轴可以分段组装或作为单个部件锻造。在发动机中，活塞的往复运动将动力传递给曲轴并使其旋转，而在泵中，曲轴被驱动，其旋转使活塞往复运动。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由两个垂直管组成的装置，在顶部或底部通过一段管子连接，形成U形。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡图 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡条件下，合金系统中相场的温度、压力和成分极限的图形表示。在金属系统中，压力通常被认为是恒定的。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Friction materials | 摩擦材料 |
Materials having a high coefficient of friction which, when coupled with a long life, may be employed as brake linings or the facing of the plates of a clutch. 具有高摩擦系数的材料，当与长寿命相结合时，可用作制动衬片或离合器片的饰面。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Percent error | 误差百分比 |
For testing machines, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the error to the correct value of the applied load. 对于试验机，以百分比表示的误差与所施加载荷的正确值之比。 |
| Absolute manometer | 绝对压力计 |
A manometer that measures absolute pressure, i.e. pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum. Absolute pressure cannot be negative. 测量绝对压力的压力计，即相对于完美真空测量的压力。绝对压力不能为负。 |
| Ablative materials | 烧蚀材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂层材料，旨在通过质量损失为流体流中的物体提供热保护。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Fillet radius | 圆角半径 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在紧固件的两个相交表面处的凹形接合处。通常用于描述螺纹紧固件的头部和柄部之间的连接处（头部圆角下方）。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶体的一部分在一定的晶体学方向上相对于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性变形，通常在特定的晶体主义平面上。有时被称为滑翔。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| Volume flow rate | 体积流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m³/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （体积流量）（单位m³/s）单位时间内流经表面或管道或其他管道的材料体积，通常为流体或粉末。 |
| Shear strain rate(Unit 1/s) | 剪切应变率（单位1/s） |
In the deformation of solids, the rate at which shear strain is applied in a test or changes with time in a loaded component or structure. 在固体变形中，在试验中施加剪切应变的速率，或在加载部件或结构中随时间变化的速率。 |
| Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | 锅炉和压力容器规范 |
A large and complex document, maintained and published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The code 一份庞大而复杂的文件，由美国机械工程师协会出版和维护。 |
| Mechanical metallurgy | 机械冶金 |
The science and technology dealing with the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces. 处理金属在外力作用下的行为的科学技术。 |
| Following flank | 跟随侧翼 |
The flank of a thread opposite to the leading flank. 与前牙面相对的螺纹牙面。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 设计应力（单位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作条件下不会导致失效的部件或结构中的最大许用应力。 |
| Autonomous energy system | 自主能源系统 |
(stand-alone energy system) A sole source of electricity, usually small-scale, for applications remote from a grid, especially with energy storage in the system. Hydroelectric, photovoltaic, wind-power and other renewable systems are well suited to stand-alone applications. （独立能源系统）一种唯一的电力来源，通常是小规模的，用于远离电网的应用，尤其是系统中的能量存储。水电、光伏、风力和其他可再生能源系统非常适合独立应用。 |
| Stainless steels | 不锈钢 |
Iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. The predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has BCC crystal structure. Corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. Nickel, which has FCC crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. Other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. There are several classes of stainless steel. 在许多环境中具有高度耐腐蚀性的铁基合金。主要的合金元素是铬，与室温下的铁一样，铬具有BCC晶体结构。钝化抗腐蚀性是通过在钢表面形成氧化铬来实现的。具有FCC晶体结构的镍是某些钢的另一种重要添加剂。其他用于增强性能的添加剂包括锰、钼、铌和钛。不锈钢的种类有好几种。 |
| Reproducibility | 再现性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一个术语，用于描述与从单个实验室内和实验室之间获得的具体定义的方差分量相关的测试结果可变性。 |
| Carburizing | 渗碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通过与合适的含碳材料接触加热至通常高于Ac3的温度，将碳吸收和扩散到固体铁合金中。一种表面硬化形式，产生从表面向内延伸的碳梯度，通过直接从渗碳温度淬火或冷却至室温，然后重新奥氏体化和淬火，使表层硬化。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小负载（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲劳中，循环中施加载荷的最小代数值。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Overaging | 过时效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在时间和温度条件下的时效大于获得某一特性最大变化所需的时间和温度，从而使该特性沿初始值的方向发生变化。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 断裂力学 |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂纹物体的应力分析。当初始存在缺陷（或在加载过程中形成缺陷）时，使用应力集中系数和传统材料强度的其他修正系数是不够的，因为断裂不仅取决于应力，还取决于裂纹的大小。传统的材料强度应力计算既不能预测已知缺陷存在时的安全工作应力，也不能预测给定工作应力下可容忍的缺陷临界尺寸。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓应力（单位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通过拧紧在螺栓中产生的轴向拉应力。 |
| Stead’s brittleness | 斯特德脆性 |
A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about 705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling. 一种脆性状态，导致粗晶结构中发生穿晶断裂，这是由于之前在低于约705°C（1300°F）的温度下轧制的低碳钢薄板经过长时间退火造成的。断裂通常发生在与轧制方向约45°处。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片压缩机 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋转叶片压缩机，叶片压缩机）一种旋转式压缩机，当转子在圆柱形外壳内旋转时，偏置转子中的弹簧加载滑动叶片之间的空间减小，从而压缩气体。 |
| Precipitation heat treatment | 沉淀热处理 |
Artificial aging in which a constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution. 成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀的人工时效。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷却应力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷却过程中温度分布不均匀导致的残余应力。 |
| Eyebolt (eyescrew) | 吊环螺栓（眼螺丝） |
A bolt threaded at one end and bent to a loop at the other end. A bolt or screw with a closed loop in place of a head. 一端有螺纹，另一端弯曲成环的螺栓。带有闭合环代替头部的螺栓或螺钉。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根细长的凸肋。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接头 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一种螺纹管件，允许连接和拆卸两个管道，而无需旋转任何一个管道，且不会损坏管道端部。 |
| Engine emissions | 发动机排放 |
(exhaust emissions) The pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine. （废气排放）内燃机废气中所含的污染物。 |
| Safe working load (Unit N) | 安全工作负荷（单位：N） |
The steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. It is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或结构设计用于正常运行的稳定或不稳定荷载。该值低于因屈曲、断裂或屈服而导致失效的值，以适应不确定性、可能的故障或事故条件。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 热平衡（热预算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 仅涉及跨系统边界的热传递和存储能量的能量平衡。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb断裂准则 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一种断裂准则，主要适用于脆性材料，根据该准则，当材料中某一点的应力落在单轴抗拉强度和单轴抗压强度的莫尔圆所形成的包络线之外时，就会发生断裂。 |
| Rivet | 铆钉 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一种一端有头的短杆，插入待连接板上对齐的孔中，然后通过锤击或成型在突出的杆身上制作第二个头。最常见的头部形状是扁平、圆顶和倒锥形。在阵列中，铆钉间距是相邻铆钉中心之间的距离。故障可能由不同的机制或模式发生。一种一体式紧固件，由头部和主体组成，用于将两个或多个部件紧固在一起，方法是将主体穿过每个部件上的孔，然后在主体端部形成第二个头部。除非取下头部，否则无法移除。 |
| Widmanstätten structure | 魏氏组织 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一种结构，其特征是沿母体固溶体的某些晶体学平面形成新相而形成的几何图案。新相中晶格的取向在晶体学上与母相中晶格的定向相关。通过适当的热处理，在许多合金中容易产生这种结构。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦学中，通过相对运动的两个表面中较软的表面的塑性变形形成凹槽。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 额定压力（单位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 压力容器、锅炉、储罐、管道等设计用于安全运行的内部压力。 |
| Composite material | 复合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （复合结构）用于组合作用的两种或多种材料或结构的通用术语（例如混凝土、钢筋混凝土、纤维增强聚合物、层压材料、颗粒增强材料、切割梁），从而产生强度、刚度或韧性值大于单独的基体材料。 |
| Shear test | 剪切试验 |
Any of several tests to obtain shear strength of a metal. Common tests used on mill products include the double-shear test, single-shear test, the blanking shear test (also known as the punching shear test) and the torsion test. 获得金属剪切强度的几种测试中的任何一种。轧机产品上常用的试验包括双剪试验、单剪试验、落料剪切试验（也称为冲切试验）和扭转试验。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Cheese head | 圆柱头 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺钉或螺栓上的圆柱头。为了驱动，它可以是开槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Barcol hardness test | 巴氏硬度测试 |
An indentation test, similar to the Shore hardness test but using a pointed indentor with a flat tip, used to determine the hardness of such materials as rigid plastics and composites. 一种压痕测试，类似于肖氏硬度测试，但使用带有扁平尖端的尖头压头，用于确定硬质塑料和复合材料等材料的硬度。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窝材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大类材料具有海绵状结构，包含许多小的封闭或开放（互连）孔或细胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、软木、海绵和木材，有许多众所周知的用途。使用发泡剂或发泡剂（如空气、碳酸铵、碳酸氢钠等）生产各种泡沫塑料，以在热塑性或热固性聚合物加工过程中产生孔隙。硬质泡沫具有中等抗压强度，可模制和机加工。 |
| Spring clip | 弹簧夹 |
A clip made of a material such as spring steel which grips an inserted part. 由弹簧钢等材料制成的夹子，用于夹住插入的零件。 |
| GGas turbine | G燃气轮机 |
An engine in which air, compressed by a multi-stage axial compressor and/or one or more centrifugal compressors, flows into a combustion chamber (or chambers) where fuel is burned and the hot gases then drive an axial turbine which powers the compressor. 由多级轴流压缩机和/或一个或多个离心压缩机压缩的空气流入燃烧室（或多个燃烧室），在燃烧室中燃烧燃料，然后热气体驱动轴流涡轮，为压缩机提供动力。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Actuating system | 驱动系统 |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一种系统，其中提供给执行器的电气、气动或液压输入通常以受控方式产生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 热容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX where cMIN is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 热交换器分析中出现的无量纲参数，定义为比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流体的热容率c，c值较小，cMAX是流体的值具有较大的c值。不同的流速和比热值产生不同的c值。 |
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