| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Thermal analysis | 热分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一种通过记录发生热阻的温度来确定金属转变的方法。这些阻力表现为绘制或机械追踪的加热和冷却曲线斜率的变化。当这些数据在加热和冷却的近似平衡条件下得到保证时，该方法通常用于确定构建平衡图所需的某些临界温度。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查尔斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （盖-吕萨克定律）在恒定压力下，固定质量气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。恒压下气体的体积与其绝对温度成正比。 |
| Air-cooled condenser | 风冷冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is air, used to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine, the condensate being returned to the boiler. 一种热交换器，其中冷却介质为空气，用于冷凝蒸汽轮机排出的蒸汽，冷凝水返回锅炉。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Elastic deformation | 弹性变形 |
A change in dimensions directly proportional to and in phase with an increase or decrease in applied force. 尺寸的变化与施加的力的增加或减少成正比并同相。 |
| Unit | 单位 |
A numerical indication of the magnitude of a physical quantity. The basic units of mass, length, time, etc. are relative to agreed standards. 物理量大小的数字指示。质量、长度、时间等基本单位与商定的标准相对应。 |
| Bucket | 吊桶 |
1. A cup-shaped vane with a central dividing ridge attached to the periphery of the runner of an impulse water turbine such as a Pelton turbine. 2. A rotor blade in a compressor or turbine. 1.一种杯形叶片，所述杯形叶片具有附接到冲击式水轮机（例如冲击式水轮机台）的转轮的外围的中央分隔脊。2.压缩机或涡轮机中的转子叶片。 |
| Mechanical vibration | 机械振动 |
The motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. 围绕平衡位置摆动的粒子或物体的运动。 |
| Stress ratio (A or R) | 应力比（A或R） |
The algebraic ratio of two specified stress values in a stress cycle. Two commonly used stress ratios are the ratio of the alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress, A = Sa/Sm, and the ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress, R = Smin/Smax. 应力循环中两个指定应力值的代数比。两种常用的应力比是交变应力振幅与平均应力之比，A=Sa/Sm，以及最小应力与最大应力之比R=Smin/Smax。 |
| Thread rolling | 滚丝 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺纹滚压（也称为滚压螺纹）是一种冷成型工艺，通过将硬化钢模具的压痕滚压到圆柱形或锥形坯料的表面来生产螺纹或其他螺旋或环形形状。多边形坯料也进行螺纹轧制，以制造螺纹成型和自锁螺钉。优选的多边形形状为三棱形，并在平模机中生产。 |
| Stretch forming | 拉伸成型 |
A manufacturing process in which sheet-metal components are physically stretched over a forming die using a press, punch, or edge clamps. Stretching combined with bending reduces springback. 一种制造工艺，其中使用压力机、冲头或边缘夹具在成形模上物理拉伸金属板部件。拉伸与弯曲相结合可减少回弹。 |
| Spring materials | 弹簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金属，包括普通碳钢和耐腐蚀钢、磷青铜、弹簧黄铜、铍铜和镍合金，所有这些金属在其加工硬化状态下都允许大的可逆弹性应变而不会产生永久变形。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔热（绝缘） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一种材料，可以是低导电性固体，或多孔固体或织物，其中存在含有空气或其他气体的空隙，从而导致整体低导热性。当应用于热或冷物体的表面时，表面传热通常减少。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Heat treatment | 热处理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （热处理）材料，特别是金属的机械性能的改变，通过不同的加热顺序、温度保持和不同速率的冷却。加热和冷却固体金属或合金，以获得所需的条件或性能。仅用于热加工的加热不属于本定义的含义。 |
| J-integral | J-积分 |
A mathematical expression describing a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other, used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front; JIc is the critical value of the J-integral required to initiate crack extension from a preexisting crack. 描述从一个裂纹表面到另一个裂纹正面的线或表面积分的数学表达式，用于表征断裂前具有可观塑性的材料的断裂韧性。J积分通过考虑裂纹前缘周围的局部应力应变场，无需描述裂纹尖端附近材料的行为；JIc是从先前存在的裂纹开始裂纹扩展所需的J积分的临界值。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Pulse | 脉冲 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或减少，如压力、电压或力，与过程中的其他时间尺度相比，时间尺度较短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孪晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重结晶过程中晶体中的孪晶形式。 |
| Percent error | 误差百分比 |
For testing machines, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the error to the correct value of the applied load. 对于试验机，以百分比表示的误差与所施加载荷的正确值之比。 |
| Hoseclip | 软管夹 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （软管夹）一种圆形金属带，其一端有一个螺钉组织，另一端穿过该螺钉组织，使螺钉与带子上的凹口啮合，从而可以拧紧或松开夹子。用于将软管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Waste heat | 废热 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.内燃机、燃气轮机、发电机、电气设备和工业过程产生的热量，这些热量不是直接使用的，而是通过热烟气或废气排放到环境中。2.废物产生的热量 |
| Compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| Verification | 检验 |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 检查或测试仪器以确保符合规范。 |
| Fastener standard | 紧固件标准 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 详细说明紧固件属性的文件，包括几何形状、材料或化学、热处理、表面处理、测试批量和包装等特性。 |
| Screw machine | 螺丝机 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一种用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的机床。 |
| Cylinder head | 气缸盖 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式发动机缸体上方的机械铸件，通常由铝合金或铸铁制成，用于封闭气缸。它通常包括燃烧室的一部分以及阀门和火花塞的孔。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 线性（拉伸或压缩）应变 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始线性尺寸中的力，每单位长度的变化。长度的增加被认为是正的。 |
| Stress-strain diagram | 应力-应变图 |
A graph in which corresponding values of stress and strain are plotted against each other. Values of stress are usually plotted vertically(ordinates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally (abscissas or xaxis). Also known as deformation curve and stress-strain curve. 对应的应力和应变值相对绘制的图表。应力值通常垂直绘制（纵坐标或y轴），应变值水平绘制（横坐标或X轴）。也称为变形曲线和应力-应变曲线。 |
| Liquid carburizing | 液体渗碳 |
Surface hardening of steel by immersion into a molten bath consisting of cyanides and other salts. 通过浸入由氰化物和其他盐组成的熔池中对钢进行表面硬化。 |
| Generator | 发电机 |
1. A machine for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. 2. (generatrix) A point, line, or surface regarded as moving and so forming a line, a surface, or a volume, respectively. 1.将机械能转化为电能的机器。2.（母线）被认为是运动的点、线或面，因此分别形成一条线、一个面或一个体积。 |
| Dynamic hardness | 动态硬度 |
(rebound hardness) The resistance of a material to local indentation by a rapidly-moving rigid indenter. In most practical methods the indenter is allowed to fall under gravity on to the surface of the material when the rebound height is a measure of the dynamic hardness. （回弹硬度）材料对快速移动的刚性压头局部压痕的阻力。在大多数实际方法中，当回弹高度是动态硬度的测量值时，允许压头在重力作用下落在材料表面上。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕变时间关系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定应力下蠕变应变与时间之间的代数或数值关系。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物学、医学、农业等方面的应用。 |
| Coextrusion | 复合挤压 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通过同一模具同时挤出两种或多种材料的组合。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 弹簧载荷（单位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通过弯曲、压缩、延伸或扭转连接的弹簧而施加在部件上的载荷。如果部件上的任何约束被移除，则可以释放弹簧中存储的机械能。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒啮合齿轮箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一种齿轮箱，其中提供不同速比的齿轮对始终啮合，通过将相关齿轮连接或断开驱动轴获得不同的速比。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用绳子、链条、钢筋等拉动车辆移动。2.用于加固的纤维束。 |
| Clearance fit | 间隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 从紧密滑动到松动运行的一系列间隙，即配合零件的限制始终允许组装的配合。 |
| Blue brittleness | 蓝色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 当淬火钢在250–350°C范围内回火（在部件表面产生蓝色色调的温度）时，延展性异常损失。某些钢在加热到约205至370°C（400至700°F）范围内的某个温度后表现出脆性，特别是在高温下加工钢时。镇静钢几乎没有这种脆性。 |
| Radial engine | 径向发动机 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 气缸沿径向围绕曲轴布置的活塞式发动机，这种设计通常用于早期飞机发动机。 |
| Single thread | 单头螺纹 |
A screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一种螺纹，在一个圆柱体上切割而成，具有一个单一的起点，在这个起点上，导程等于螺距。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Slot | 狭槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允许热膨胀，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安装或滑动。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Induction tempering | 感应回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| Absolute pressure | 绝对压力 |
1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. 1.相对于零压力（真空）测量的压力。2.表压加上大气压力的单位相同。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 连续式炉 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一种用于热处理材料的炉子，该炉子连续通过炉子，进入一个门并从另一个门排出。参见带式高炉、直燃隧道式高炉、旋转罐式炉、振动炉。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Barcol hardness test | 巴氏硬度测试 |
An indentation test, similar to the Shore hardness test but using a pointed indentor with a flat tip, used to determine the hardness of such materials as rigid plastics and composites. 一种压痕测试，类似于肖氏硬度测试，但使用带有扁平尖端的尖头压头，用于确定硬质塑料和复合材料等材料的硬度。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋转轴的方向上起作用或移动。 |
| Austempering | 等温淬火 |
A heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite and then held at a temperature just above Ms until transformation to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in both austempered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI), austempered steel consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and austenite. Heat treatment comprising austenitization of a steel article, cooling it to a bainitic range at a rate higher than the critical cooling rate and holding at a fixed temperature until the completion of bainitic transformation. 一种铁合金的热处理，其中零件从奥氏体化温度以足够快的速度淬火，以避免形成铁素体或珠光体，然后保持在略高于Ms的温度，直到完全转变为贝氏体。虽然在奥氏体钢和奥氏体球铁(ADI)中都被指定为贝氏体，但奥氏体钢由含有铁素体和碳化物的两相混合物组成，而奥氏体球墨铸铁由含有铁素体和奥氏体的两相混合物组成。热处理包括钢制品的奥氏体化，以高于临界冷却速率的速率将其冷却到贝氏体范围，并保持在固定温度直到贝氏体转变完成。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容积式压缩机 |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何类型的压缩机，包括活塞式和旋转螺杆式，在单位时间内以高压输送固定体积的气体。容积泵每单位时间输送固定体积的流体，通常为液体。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定寿命图 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 实验得出的疲劳寿命数据图；可能是用于表示此类数据的最复杂和最完整的流行图表。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Thermal shock | 热冲击 |
The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a structure. 在结构内形成陡峭的温度梯度和伴随的高应力。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（单位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑块机构的曲柄与曲轴中心线到活塞轴线的直线之间的角度。 |
| Rpm (N) | 转速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分钟转数的缩写。它是一种广泛使用的转速非SI单位。相应的角速度ω，单位为rad/s，由πN/30给出。还使用Rps（每秒转数），此时角速度为2πN。 |
| Compression crease | 压缩折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在压缩具有高体积分数长丝的复合材料期间形成的折痕。这些复合材料通过形成与加载轴成一定角度的折痕而在压缩中失效。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| Austenitizing | 奥氏体化 |
Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing). When used without qualification, the term implies complete austenitizing. 通过将铁合金加热到转变范围（部分奥氏体化）或高于转变范围（完全奥氏体化）来形成奥氏体。当不加限定地使用时，该术语意味着完全奥氏体化。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金属在远低于其再结晶温度的温度下通过轧制（冷轧）、拉拔、锻造（冷锻）等方式发生塑性变形，这不仅会导致永久的形状变化，还会增加强度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 盐浴热处理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融盐浴中进行的热处理。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 临界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火处理，包括加热至并保持在上临界温度和下临界温度之间的温度，以获得部分奥氏体化，然后缓慢冷却或保持在低于下临界温度的温度。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Standard hole | 标准孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，钻孔至规定公差，其中与轴的间隙通过轴上的余量来实现。标准轴加工至规定公差，其中与孔的间隙通过孔上的公差实现。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受应力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每单位承载面积的力。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氢致延迟开裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有时用于识别一种氢脆形式的术语，其中金属在小于屈服应力的稳定应力下似乎会自发断裂。在施加应力（或将受应力金属暴露于氢）与开裂开始之间通常存在延迟。也称为静态疲劳。 |
| Belt drive | 带传动 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通过穿过滑轮的连续平带或带齿柔性带（带）将运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴。与链条传动相比，皮带传动往往用于低扭矩应用。由于普通传动带的拉伸可能会导致传动松弛（皮带蠕变）或主动或从动皮带轮上的皮带打滑（皮带打滑），从而导致传动功率降低。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 压力贮存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （压力容器）密闭容器：在大气压以上的压力下储存气体或挥发性液体，如液化气体的密闭容器。此类贮存器通常为圆柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Hot isostatic pressing | 热等静压 |
Sintering of powdered materials at high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure in order to minimize porosity. 在高温和高静水压力下烧结粉末材料，以尽量减少孔隙率。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 减压阀 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 将压力容器或流体动力系统中的最大压力限制在规定水平的阀门。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量转移和转换过程中的不可逆性，将能量转换为低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| Safe working load (Unit N) | 安全工作负荷（单位：N） |
The steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. It is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或结构设计用于正常运行的稳定或不稳定荷载。该值低于因屈曲、断裂或屈服而导致失效的值，以适应不确定性、可能的故障或事故条件。 |
| Plane stress | 平面应力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中厚度方向上的应力为零的应力条件；在沿着平行于薄片表面的方向加载非常薄的薄片时最接近。在平面应力条件下，断裂失稳平面与主拉应力轴倾斜45°。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在发生增加或减少之前最接近表面的硬度（从芯部到外径时），分别表示渗碳或脱碳。 |
| Sigma-phase embrittlement | σ相脆化 |
Embrittlement of iron-chromium alloys (most notably austenitic stainless steels) caused by precipitation at grain boundaries of the hard, brittle intermetallic sigma phase during long periods of exposure to temperatures between approximately 565 and 980 °C (1050 and 1800 °F). Sigmaphase embrittlement results in severe loss in toughness and ductility and can make the embrittled material structure susceptible to intergranular corrosion. 铁铬合金（最显著的是奥氏体不锈钢）的脆化是由于在长时间暴露于约565至980°C（1050至1800°F）的温度下，硬脆金属间化合物σ相的晶界处沉淀造成的。σ相脆化导致韧性和延展性的严重损失，可使脆化的材料结构易于发生晶间腐蚀。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效应 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金属件的尺寸对其机械和其他性能以及对制造变量（如锻造、压下和热处理）的影响。一般来说，尺寸越大，机械性能越低。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一个通用术语，表示一种处理，包括加热并保持在合适的温度，然后以合适的速率冷却，主要用于软化金属材料，但也同时产生其他性能或微观结构的所需变化。 |
| Minimum stress (Smin) | 最小应力（Smin） |
In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲劳中，循环中代数值最低的应力，拉应力被视为正应力，压应力为负应力。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂纹尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂纹主平面尺寸的线性度量。这种测量通常用于计算描述应力场和位移场的量。在实践中，裂纹尺寸的值是通过测量物理裂纹尺寸、原始裂纹尺寸或有效裂纹尺寸的程序获得的，视情况而定。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Starting taper | 起始锥度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 铰刀或丝锥端部的锥度，有助于开始切割。 |
| Ablation cooling | 烧蚀冷却 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷却暴露于非常高的外部气体温度的表面，导致表面材料升华、熔化或分解。化学过程吸收热量，而远离表面的物质的质量流阻挡了来自热气体的热通量。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基涡轮机 |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一种用于非常低水头的横流脉冲式水轮机，其中平板形式的水射流横向穿过涡轮机，因此穿过转轮两次。平行于旋转轴水平穿过涡轮机的薄转轮叶片在横截面上具有轮廓。 |
| Shear fracture | 剪切断裂 |
A ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. Contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切应力作用下，晶体（或多晶块）通过滑动或撕裂而分离的韧性断裂。与解理断裂形成对比。 |
| Cathode | 阴极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 电池或腐蚀电池中吸引电子的电极。 |
| V-block | V型块 |
A block having a 90° V-shaped recess; used in a workshop to hold round workpieces. 具有90°V形凹槽的块体；在车间里用来装圆形工件。 |
| Taper | 变尖 |
A gradual, often linear, reduction in cross section or shape. A shaft or hole that gets gradually smaller toward one end. 横截面或形状的逐渐减小，通常是线性的。一端逐渐变小的轴或孔。 |
| Mechanical properties of solid materials | 固体材料的力学性能 |
The strength and stiffness properties of solid materials such as fracture toughness, the moduli of elasticity, percent elongation, 固体材料的强度和刚度特性，例如断裂韧性、弹性模量、伸长率、 |
| Austenitic grain size | 奥氏体晶粒尺寸 |
The size attained by the grains of steel when heated to the austenitic region; may be revealed by appropriate etching of cross sections after cooling to room temperature. 当加热到奥氏体区域时钢晶粒达到的尺寸；冷却至室温后，可通过适当蚀刻横截面来显示。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦学中，通过相对运动的两个表面中较软的表面的塑性变形形成凹槽。 |
| Transmission | 传输 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 从动力源传输功率和扭矩的系统；例如轴、皮带和滑轮或齿轮系。对于机动车辆，包括变速箱、离合器、传动轴、差速器和终传动轴。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母转动法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通过将螺母旋转一个与给定伸长率相对应的角度来施加预载荷。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺纹 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺纹上相应点之间的间距相对较大的螺纹。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度亏损（单位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如边界层或尾迹，由于摩擦，与自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 变形（单位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于压力、热变化、水分变化或其他原因导致的身体形态变化。在固体力学中，由外部或内部载荷引起的身体各部分或整个身体的形状或大小的任何可逆（弹性）或永久（塑性）变化。它包括拉伸、压缩、弯曲和扭曲。物体中相同的变形状态可以表现为伸长和剪切的不同组合。为了说明总应变中有多少是剪切，将其分为膨胀分量和偏差分量，前者改变体积但不改变形状，后者改变形状但不改变体积。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一种在六角面上有槽的螺母，与具有钻孔的螺栓一起使用，以便将开口（开口）销插入穿过螺母和螺栓以防止拧松。 |
| Socket head | 凹头 |
Screw head having a hexagonal or other form of recessed socket in the head so that the screw can be turned with a wrench or key, as a hexagon key. 螺钉头上有六角或其他形式的凹座，可以用扳手或钥匙（如六角钥匙）转动螺钉。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 设计应力（单位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作条件下不会导致失效的部件或结构中的最大许用应力。 |
| Design pressure (Unit Pa) | 设计压力（单位Pa） |
The greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密闭容器在正常操作条件下预期承受的最大压力。 |
| Sample median | 样本中间值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 当样本中的所有观测值按数量级排列时的中间值。如果测试的样本数为偶数，则使用两个中间值的平均值。这是人口中位数的一个点估计值，或50%的点。 |
| Angle of thread | 螺纹角度 |
The included angle between the sides forming the groove of the screw thread. 形成螺纹凹槽的边之间的夹角。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 摄氏热量单位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （摄氏热量单位，CHU）一个已被淘汰的（即非国际单位制）单位，等于在一个标准大气压的压力下将一磅纯净的无空气水的温度从14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Hydrogen damage | 氢损伤 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 当氢存在于某些金属中时可能发生的脆化、开裂、起泡和氢化物形成的总称。 |
| Induction hardening | 感应淬火 |
A surface-hardening process in which only the surface layer of a suitable ferrous workpiece is heated by electromagnetic induction to above the upper critical temperature and immediately quenched. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，只有合适的含铁工件的表面层通过电磁感应加热到高于上临界温度，并立即淬火。 |
| Tension, bolt | 螺栓张力 |
Tension (tensile stress) created in the bolt by assembly preloads and=or such things as thermal expansion, service loads, etc. 由组件预载和=或热膨胀、工作载荷等因素在螺栓中产生的张力（拉伸应力）。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Total elongation | 总伸长率 |
A total amount of permanent extension of a test piece broken in a tensile test. 拉伸试验中断裂试样的永久延伸总量。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六边形的螺母。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Artificial aging | 人工时效 |
Aging above room temperature. 在室温以上的时效。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 调质热处理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制备材料的初步热处理，以便对随后的热处理进行所需的反应。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定确切的热处理。 |
| Transgranular | 穿晶 |
Through or across crystals or grains. Also known as intracrystalline or transcrystalline. 穿过或横穿晶体或颗粒。也称为晶内或晶间。 |
| Computer numerical control (CNC) | 计算机数控（CNC） |
A term relating to machine tools in which the movements of a tool and/or the workpiece are controlled by computer. 与机床相关的术语，其中工具和/或工件的运动由计算机控制。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺纹磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一种使用异形砂轮生产或精加工非常精密螺纹的方法。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Feather key | 滑键 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一种平行键，固定在轴上或在其上滑动的构件的轮毂上。当固定在轴上时，其长度必须足以将滑动构件固定或驱动在轴上的任何位置。当处于滑动构件中时，键只需与轮毂一样长。 |
| Breaking load | 断裂载荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加载到破裂的试样或结构构件上的最大载荷（或力）。 |
| Widmanstätten structure | 魏氏组织 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一种结构，其特征是沿母体固溶体的某些晶体学平面形成新相而形成的几何图案。新相中晶格的取向在晶体学上与母相中晶格的定向相关。通过适当的热处理，在许多合金中容易产生这种结构。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 热力学状态 |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系统或工作流体根据其性质的状态。 |
| Stability | 稳定性 |
1. A term relating to whether a body, structure, system, or flow is in a state of stable, unstable, or neutral equilibrium. 2. In numerical analysis, whether numerical errors, such as roundoff or input-data errors, are damped, propagate, or cause divergence of the solution as the numerical method proceeds. 3. A control system is often described as stable when a step change in input results in a steady output without continuing oscillation. 1.与物体、结构、系统或流是否处于稳定、不稳定或中性平衡状态有关的术语。2.在数值分析中，随着数值方法的进行，数值误差（如舍入误差或输入数据误差）是否衰减、传播或导致解发散。3.当输入的阶跃变化导致稳定输出而无持续振荡时，控制系统通常被描述为稳定的。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨损 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由两个金属部件之间的滑动作用导致的一种磨损，在金属表面上产生氧化膜。这些氧化膜防止在滑动表面之间形成金属结合，导致细磨屑和低磨损率。 |
| Friction materials | 摩擦材料 |
Materials having a high coefficient of friction which, when coupled with a long life, may be employed as brake linings or the facing of the plates of a clutch. 具有高摩擦系数的材料，当与长寿命相结合时，可用作制动衬片或离合器片的饰面。 |
| Bearing failure | 轴承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 当横向载荷除以承载面积产生导致永久塑性变形的应力时，铆接或螺栓连接中发生的失效。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通过在油中以低于水淬的冷却速率淬火合适的钢，在回火前形成马氏体，从而降低部件断裂或严重残余应力的可能性。是一种淬火硬化处理，包括在油中冷却。 |
| Compressive strength | 抗压强度 |
Maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. For ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 材料能够产生的最大压缩应力。如果脆性材料因破裂而无法压缩，则抗压强度具有一定值。对于韧性、可锻性或半粘性材料（不会因破裂而导致压缩失效），获得的抗压强度值是一个任意值，取决于被视为材料有效失效的变形程度。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Composite material | 复合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （复合结构）用于组合作用的两种或多种材料或结构的通用术语（例如混凝土、钢筋混凝土、纤维增强聚合物、层压材料、颗粒增强材料、切割梁），从而产生强度、刚度或韧性值大于单独的基体材料。 |
| Joint space | 关节空间 |
The description of the position and orientation of a robot in terms of the rotational angles and translational positions of the joints. Kinematic analysis, normally using homogeneous transforms, allows conversion between this description and the end‐effector position and orientation in x,y,z space. 根据关节的旋转角度和平移位置描述机器人的位置和方向。通常使用齐次变换的运动学分析允许在该描述与x、y、z空间中的末端执行器位置和方向之间进行转换。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松动 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Hysteresis | 滞后 |
The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 当材料经受重复加载时，在任何加载或卸载循环期间发生的永久吸收或损失能量的现象。 |
| Lock nut | 锁紧螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一种在振动下防止松动的螺母。锁定动作通过挤压、夹紧或卡住螺栓螺纹来完成。通过提供某种形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋转锁紧螺母中，通过完全拧紧时变形、夹紧或咬入配合零件，提供额外的抗振动松动能力（超出适当预载产生的能力）。1.一个薄的辅助螺母，拧紧到另一个螺母上以防止松动。2.具有防止松动的特殊功能的单个螺母。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 简单机器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是负载（输出力）与作用力（输入力）的比值。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| constitutive equation | 本构方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本构关系）1.在固体力学或流体力学中，应力与材料的变形、应变、应变率、温度等之间的代数或数值关系。在固体力学中，这种关系有时称为状态方程。简单的线性例子包括胡克定律和牛顿粘度定律。2.在传热学中，将热流与温度梯度联系起来的一种关系，如傅立叶热传导定律。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸计 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一种用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化，在零件加载时测量零件长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的拉力试验。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性发生之前或（b）断裂之前能够承受的最大剪切应力。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料条件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有内部尺寸的上限的情况。 |
| Thermoelectric converter | 热电转换器 |
(thermoelectric generator) A device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. Due to the Seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. Due to the Peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. The thermoelectric figure of merit (Z), with unit 1/K, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by Z = σα2/k where α is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. The product of Z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （热电发生器）由串联连接的交替的n型和p型半导体元件夹在两块陶瓷板之间组成的装置。由于塞贝克效应，当板之间保持温差时，就会产生电能。由于珀尔帖效应，热电转换器可以通过使电流通过而充当热电加热器或热电冷却器（热电制冷机）。热电优值（Z）和第一单元/K是一个尺寸参数，热电装置的效率主要取决于此，由Z=σα2/K定义，其中α是塞贝克系数，σ是电导率，K是热导率。Z和温度的乘积是无量纲的。 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （时间频率，f）（单位Hz）振荡中每秒的周期数或循环过程的重复率。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | 锅炉和压力容器规范 |
A large and complex document, maintained and published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The code 一份庞大而复杂的文件，由美国机械工程师协会出版和维护。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在热处理中，将硬化钢或硬化铸铁重新加热到共析温度以下的温度，以降低硬度和增加韧性。该工艺有时也适用于正火钢。（2）在工具钢中，有时使用回火来表示碳含量，但这是不恰当的。（3）在非铁合金和一些铁合金（不能通过热处理硬化的钢）中，通过机械或热处理或两者产生的硬度和强度，其特征是在冷加工过程中具有一定的结构、机械性能或面积减小。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性变形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加应力下的永久（非弹性）变形，使材料应变超过其弹性极限。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蚀性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相对运动和规定条件下，一个表面、颗粒或颗粒集合在被迫抵靠固体表面时趋向于引起磨粒磨损的程度。 |
| Grain refiner | 晶粒细化机 |
A material added to a molten metal to induce a finer-than-normal grain size in the final structure. 添加到熔融金属中以在最终结构中产生比正常晶粒尺寸更细的材料。 |
| Minute (min) | 分钟（min） |
A non-SI unit of time. The conversion to SI is 1 min = 60 s. 非SI时间单位。转换为1分钟=60秒。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 带齿锁紧垫圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 这些垫圈用于将紧固件（如螺栓和螺母）锁定到组件的零部件上，或增加紧固件与组件之间的摩擦力。它们的设计方式类似于螺旋弹簧锁紧垫圈，可采用碳钢。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Dowel | 销钉 |
A headless cylindrical pin that fits into corresponding holes in mating components, thus ensuring relative location. A round metal or wooden pin. A pin, usually of circular shape like a cylinder, used to pin or fasten something in position temporarily or permanently. 一种圆头金属或木制圆柱销，可插入配合组件的相应孔中，从而确保相对位置，用于暂时或永久地将某物固定或固定到位。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，长格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来的方程，该方程涉及紧固件几何形状和配合面之间的摩擦系数。基于刚体力学和紧固件几何结构由蓝图尺寸完美描述的假设的理论方程。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 记录系统随时间变化的振动的仪器。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例极限内，材料的延伸与所施加的力成比例。近似地说，它是弹性材料拉伸时应力和应变之间的关系。该定律指出，应力（单位面积的力）与应变（尺寸变化）成比例。该定律仅适用于有限的范围，由罗伯特·胡克于1676年发现。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通过固溶热处理然后快速淬火对奥氏体铁合金进行退火。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓应力（单位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通过拧紧在螺栓中产生的轴向拉应力。 |
| Destructive testing | 破坏性测试 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通过增加载荷测量材料、部件或结构的机械性能，直到样品因断裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Supercharging | 增压 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| Maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低温度计 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, Six’s thermometer) A liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高温度计，Six's温度计）一种液体玻璃仪器，用于记录给定时间段内经历的最高和最低温度。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亚共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Transverse strain | 横向应变 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于试样加载轴的平面内的线性应变。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果仅将紧固件与环境隔离，则据说紧固件上的涂层可提供屏障保护。例如，油漆提供屏障保护。 |
| Core | 核心 |
In a ferrous alloy prepared for case hardening, that portion of the alloy that is not part of the case . Typically considered to be the portion that (a) appears light on an etched cross section, (b) has an essentially unaltered chemical composition, or (c) has a hardness, after hardening, less than a specified value. 在为表面硬化而制备的铁合金中，合金中不属于表面的那部分。通常被认为是（a）在蚀刻横截面上看起来很轻，（b）化学成分基本不变，或（c）硬化后硬度低于规定值的那部分。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y记录仪 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一种绘制变量y和变量x的图形的设备，两者都以伏特数的形式。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一种用于在孔中切割螺纹的螺纹硬金属塞。它具有纵向凹槽，用于在切割时清除切屑。渐进式切割通过连续使用三个丝锥实现：锥度、二次和塞。第一和第二丝锥具有锥度，以帮助沿孔的轴线开始螺纹；塞式丝锥没有锥度，用于盲孔的最终切割。2.管道中或管道末端的阀门。 |
| Computed path control | 计算路径控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或机器人技术中，使用控制程序来确定工具或末端执行器所需的路径。这条所需的路径形成了用于移动机床或机器人的电机控制器的设定点。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽压力曲线 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 对于纯物质，绘制了饱和压力与饱和温度的曲线。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水过滤器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽设备中的过滤器，用于在将冷凝水添加到给水中之前去除冷凝水中的颗粒物。 |
| Rivet | 铆钉 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一种一端有头的短杆，插入待连接板上对齐的孔中，然后通过锤击或成型在突出的杆身上制作第二个头。最常见的头部形状是扁平、圆顶和倒锥形。在阵列中，铆钉间距是相邻铆钉中心之间的距离。故障可能由不同的机制或模式发生。一种一体式紧固件，由头部和主体组成，用于将两个或多个部件紧固在一起，方法是将主体穿过每个部件上的孔，然后在主体端部形成第二个头部。除非取下头部，否则无法移除。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）当量来定义的。 |
| Heat (q, Q) (Unit J) | 热量（q, Q）（单位J） |
A form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at one temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between them. Heat can be identified only as it crosses the boundary. A body can never be said to contain heat which is thus a transient phenomenon. 一种能量形式，由于它们之间的温差在一个温度下通过系统边界传递到另一个温度不同的系统（或环境）。只有当热量穿过边界时才能识别。一个物体不能说永远含有热量，这是一种瞬态现象。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大致对应于冷加工状态，超过该状态，材料就不能再通过弯曲形成。在规范中，完全硬质回火通常定义为与完全退火后的特定冷压下率百分比相对应的最小硬度或最小抗拉强度（或者，硬度或强度范围）。对于铝来说，完全硬回火相当于从极软状态减少75%；对于奥氏体不锈钢，减少约50%至55%。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪、雾、露水和颗粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。这些酸分别来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人为排放。酸烟灰由未燃烧的碳颗粒组成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大气中。这些颗粒是化石燃料燃烧不良造成的。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德罗数，NA）一个固定数值为6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常数−摩尔正好包含这个数量的基本实体。对阿伏伽德罗常数值的微小调整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Inclusions | 夹杂物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金属基体中的小块非金属杂质。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Aerated bath nitriding | 空气搅拌液体渗氮法 |
A type of liquid nitriding in which air is pumped through the molten bath creating agitation and increased chemical activity. 一种液体氮化，其中空气被泵入熔池，产生搅拌并增加化学活性。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直径（单位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋弹簧或空心圆柱体或球体的内径和外径的平均值 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| Mechatronics | 机电一体化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 机械工程、电气工程、电子工程和软件工程的集成。 |
| Crack | 裂缝 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或结构中的细裂缝状缺陷，材料连续性丧失并降低了身体的强度。 |
| Head height | 头部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 头部高度应为平行于产品轴线从封头顶部到支承面测量的总距离，并应包括垫圈表面的厚度。提升等级和制造商标识不包括在头部高度中。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb断裂准则 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一种断裂准则，主要适用于脆性材料，根据该准则，当材料中某一点的应力落在单轴抗拉强度和单轴抗压强度的莫尔圆所形成的包络线之外时，就会发生断裂。 |
| Turbine pump (turbopump) | 涡轮泵 |
An axial or centrifugal pump driven by a turbine. Typically used to supply fuel to the combustion chamber of a rocket engine such as on the space shuttle. 由涡轮驱动的轴向或离心泵。通常用于向火箭发动机（如航天飞机）的燃烧室供应燃料。 |
| Gasket factors | 垫片系数 |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 实验得出的“常数”用于定义垫圈的行为或可接受行为所需的组件和使用条件。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起动阀（调节器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 将蒸汽从锅炉送入蒸汽机汽缸的阀门。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 结构材料塑性变形的证据。也称为塑性流动或蠕变。 |
| Critical temperature | 临界温度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果压力恒定，则与临界点同义。（2） 高于该温度时，气相不能通过压力升高而冷凝为液体。 |
| Turboblower | 涡轮鼓风机 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 离心式或轴流式压缩机或风扇。 |
| Compressible flow | 可压缩流动 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 马赫数M高到足以使气体密度发生显着变化的气流。对于空气，这是当M>0.3时。 |
| Grip length | 夹紧长度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夹紧在一起的所有部件的总厚度，包括垫圈、垫圈和接头构件。 |
| Radian (rad) | 弧度（rad） |
A coherent derived SI unit defined as the plane angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc having a length equal to the radius. Thus 2π radians are equivalent to 360° and 1 rad ≈ 57.3°. 一种相干导出的国际单位制单位，定义为在圆心处被长度等于半径的弧对向的平面角。因此，2π弧度相当于360°和1弧度≈57.3°. |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（单位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 热膨胀系数 |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 单位长度（或体积）随温度单位变化的变化。（2） 给定材料每上升一度的线性或体积膨胀，在任意基础温度下表示，或作为适用于宽范围的更复杂方程表示。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中退火以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Elastic calibration device | 弹性校准装置 |
A device for use in verifying the load readings of a testing machine consisting of an elastic member(s) to which loads may be applied, combined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation under load. 一种用于验证试验机载荷读数的装置，由可施加载荷的弹性构件组成，与指示载荷下变形量（或与该量成比例的量）的机构或装置相结合。 |
| Thread insert | 螺纹嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺纹衬套）一种带有内螺纹（有时也有外螺纹）的薄圆柱体或螺旋形线圈，压入或拧入孔中以接受螺栓或螺钉。用于材料太软或部件太薄而无法螺纹连接，用于将一种形式的螺纹更换为另一种形式或修复损坏的螺纹。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Thermocouple | 热电偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一种测量温度的装置，由两种不同的金属或合金组成，一端电连接，另一端与电压测量仪相连。当一个结比另一个结更热时，产生的热电动势大致与热结和冷结之间的温差成比例。 |
| Dynamic load (Unit N) | 动态负载（单位N） |
1. Loading of a component or structure by a moving object whose point of application changes with time, e.g. the live load of a train passing over a bridge. 2. A load applied to a particular part of a component or structure in a short time interval. 1. 应用点随时间变化的移动物体对部件或结构的加载，例如通过桥梁的火车的活荷载。2. 在短时间内施加到部件或结构的特定部分的载荷。 |
| Bimetallic strip | 双金属片 |
A strip formed by welding, riveting or brazing together two metals having different coefficients of expansion, which causes the strip to curl when its temperature changes. Typical combinations are steel and copper or steel and brass. 将两种膨胀系数不同的金属焊接、铆接或钎焊在一起形成的带材，当温度变化时，带材会卷曲。典型的组合是钢和铜或钢和黄铜。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大应力强度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲劳循环中应力强度因子的最大值。 |
| Length of engagement | 啮合长度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺纹和内螺纹具有理论接触的轴向测量。 |
| Compression stroke | 压缩冲程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往复式压缩机或发动机中工作流体被压缩的冲程。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通过适当的处理增加硬度，通常包括加热和冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：时效硬化、火焰硬化、感应硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在轴上或与轴成一体以提供轴向位置的环。 |
| Standard gauge | 标准量规 |
A highly-accurate reference gauge against which to check working gauges. 一种高精度的基准量规，用于检查工作量规。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 与规范不同的部分公差。在大规模生产中，使用自动机器时，零件应完全或部分可互换，在批量生产中，零件应理想匹配，无需选择。在实践中，由于刀具磨损、原材料变化、热效应等原因，批量生产的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，将精度偏差（称为公差）指定给基本尺寸上允许的尺寸。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相变增韧 |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通过微结构的应力诱导转变来提高材料的断裂韧性。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蚀失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或结构在腐蚀后失效，使承重面积减少到无法支撑的程度。2.由于腐蚀产物阻止关节处的自由运动，导致机构无法运行的情况。 |
| Brine quenching | 盐水淬火 |
A quench in which brine (salt water-chlorides, carbonates, and cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process. 一种淬火，其中盐水（盐水-氯化物、碳酸盐和氰化物）是淬火介质。添加盐提高了水在淬火过程的气相或热阶段的效率。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺钉 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一个5毫米或更大的螺钉，其螺纹一直延伸到头部，并与相邻构件的螺纹孔或外加螺母啮合,用于将两个部件固定在一起，方法是将螺钉穿过一个部分的间隙孔，然后拧入另一个部分的螺纹孔。头部可以是六角形、圆形、扁平形、圆角形或套筒形。 |
| Finishing temperature | 终轧温度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成热加工的温度。 |
| Transfer machines | 转印机 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 当零件在自动输送机上移动时，这些专用机床用于对零件或夹具中的零件执行各种加工操作，自动输送机是机床设置的一部分。在设置中，零件可以从其入口点直线移动到其出口点，或者设置可以构造为U形，以便零件在其起点附近排出。 |
| Die | 模具 |
1. A tool having an appropriately-shaped hole through which material may be extruded or drawn. 2. A tool employed in forging. 3. A block having the male or female shape employed in stamping operations. 4. A thick circular disc, driven by a die wrench, with internally-threaded cutting edges for producing a screw thread. A die wrench (die stock) holds a screw-cutting die and has two projecting arms for applying the torque necessary to cut the thread. A die having a hexagonal or square shape (die nut), driven by a spanner, is used in confined spaces where a die wrench cannot be rotated through a full circle. 1.一种具有适当形状的孔的工具，通过该孔可以挤压或拉伸材料。2.一种用于锻造的工具。3.一种用于冲压操作的具有阳或阴形状的块体。4.一种由模具扳手驱动的厚圆盘，具有用于产生螺纹的内螺纹切削刃。冲模扳手（冲模）装有一个螺旋切割模，并有两个突出臂，用于施加切割螺纹所需的扭矩。由扳手驱动的六边形或方形模具（模具螺母）用于模具扳手无法旋转一整圈的受限空间。 |
| Atmosphere | 大气 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一种已被淘汰的（非SI）压力单位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大约等于在平均海平面测量的大气压力（大气压）。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Damage tolerance | 损伤容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考虑初始缺陷、裂纹扩展速率和最终断裂条件的设计理念，并使用断裂力学证明裂纹不应在设计寿命内增长到其临界长度（或至少应能够随时检测）。 |
| Hot working | 热加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金属通过轧制、拉拔、锻造等在高于其再结晶温度（在商业合金中高于其熔点的40%的开尔文）的温度下发生塑性变形，导致永久的形状变化，但不会增加强度或失去延展性。 |
| Low-E coating | 低辐射涂层 |
(low-emittance coating) A thin metallic or metal-oxide coating on a glass sheet to absorb and reflect infrared radiation. The coating is applied either by a pyrolytic chemical vapour-deposition process (hard coat), or by sputtering (soft coat). （低辐射涂层）玻璃板上的薄金属或金属氧化物涂层，用于吸收和反射红外辐射。通过热解化学气相沉积工艺（硬涂层）或溅射（软涂层）施加涂层。 |
| Cone pulley | 锥轮 |
A stepped pulley having several diameters which, when linked by a laterallymoveable transmission belt to a corresponding pulley, gives a series of speed ratios. 具有多种直径的阶梯式皮带轮，当通过可横向移动的传动带连接到相应的皮带轮时，会产生一系列速比。 |
| Physical properties | 物理性质 |
Properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及试样变形或破坏的材料特性，例如密度、电导率、热膨胀系数、磁导率和晶格参数。不包括化学反应性或更适当地视为机械的性质。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 对于稳定流动的流体（液体或气体），压力、每单位体积的动能和每单位体积的势能之和在流体中的任何点都是恒定的。使用这种关系，可以通过在两个点测量流体的压力来测量流体的速度，就像使用压力计或皮托管一样。 |
| Adhesive strength | 粘合强度 |
The strength of an adhesively bonded joint, usually measured in tension (perpendicular to the plane of the bonded joint) or in shear 粘合接头的强度，通常以拉伸（垂直于粘合接头的平面）或剪切测量 |
| Lead screw | 丝杠 |
The master screw running along the length of the bed of a lathe from which all screws threads on that machine are cut. Master screw used for cutting a screw thread in a lathe. 沿车床床身长度方向运行的主螺钉，该机床上的所有螺钉和螺纹都从主螺钉上切割下来。用于在车床上切削螺纹的主螺钉。 |
| Knot (kn) | 节（kn） |
A non-SI unit defined as one nautical mile per hour. The conversion to SI is 1 kn = 5.144 444 444×10−1 m/s. 非国际单位制单位，定义为每小时一海里。转换为SI为1kN=5.144444×10−1米/秒。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s² for any unsupported body. 物体被拉向地球中心或其他天体的吸引力，行星或其他天体表面的引力。它的强度是通过产生的加速度来衡量的，对于任何无支撑的物体，地球的重力都会产生大约9.8m/s²的加速度。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收敛-发散流喷嘴，横截面通常为圆形，喉部上游具有相对较短的收敛段（扰流器），然后是逐渐发散段（扩散器）。这种喷嘴通常在两端都有法兰，以便安装在管道中。应用包括流量计和喷射器。当流体以亚音速流过收敛管道时，速度增加，压力降低（文丘里效应）。 |
| Combined stresses | 复合应力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有参考轴作用的受轴向、弯曲、扭转载荷等组合作用的部件中某点的应力状态。 |
| Bearing yield strength | 轴承屈服强度 |
The bearing stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain in a bearing test. 在轴承测试中，材料在轴承应力与轴承应变的比例之间表现出特定的极限偏差时的轴承应力。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m³/s or kg/s) | 额定流量（单位：m³/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液压系统或机器中，制造商为部件指定的体积或质量流量是其按设计运行所需的最大值。 |
| Screw | 螺钉 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一种螺纹紧固件，设计用于攻丝或未攻丝（如木螺钉）孔，但不与螺母配合使用。其螺纹被切割或卷成圆柱形或锥形柄，用于切割自身螺纹（如木螺钉）或嵌入螺纹孔。自攻螺钉（钣金螺钉、自攻螺钉）具有足够硬的螺纹，当打入薄板或部件中的孔时，它会在薄板或软材料部件中切割内螺纹。螺钉头是螺钉的一部分，用于向螺钉施加扭矩。常见的螺钉头设计为横截面为圆形，带有直径槽或十字，或为六边形，并带有十字或六边形凹槽。螺纹是沿圆柱形或锥形体的外表面（外螺纹）或内表面（内螺纹）具有均匀截面的一个或多个连续螺旋槽。当螺纹横截面旋转并沿轴轴向前进时产生的三维形状称为螺旋面，螺纹投影到轴上时形成的角度称为倾角。螺纹用于紧固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺钉；定位和测量仪器；在动力驱动中；在一些电气配件中（爱迪生螺纹）；并安装在曲轴端部，以抑制漏油（抛掷器螺纹）。在圆柱体上形成平行螺纹；圆锥上的锥形螺纹，通常具有1:16的锥形率。当顺时针旋转时，具有右手螺纹的螺钉似乎会远离观察者。所有标准螺钉、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺纹，但有时使用左手螺纹。相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为螺距或螺纹率，对于单个连续螺旋槽（单个起始螺纹），与螺母和螺栓头之间的轴向间距（导程）在一周内的变化相同，每mm的螺纹形式数为螺距的倒数。对于相同的螺钉直径，粗螺纹的每毫米螺纹数少于细螺纹。多头螺纹（通常为粗螺纹，见下文）由两个或多个沿其轴线同时延伸的相同螺纹组成，以提供更大的承载面积和更大的速比。根据螺纹的数量，起点之间的间隔为180°（双起点）、120°（三起点）、90°（四起点）等。因此，在双起始螺纹中，导程是螺距的两倍；多起点螺纹中两个相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为分割螺距。螺纹上的位置，即螺纹实体部分的侧面和螺纹之间的空间之间的距离相等，即节点，其相关直径称为节径。图中显示了螺纹的基本术语，其中一些与齿轮传动的基本术语相同。在圆柱面上形成或切割的螺旋线，可沿轴线向右或向左前进。螺旋可以是单个或多个。 |
| Wave spring | 波形弹簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一种压缩弹簧，类似于螺旋弹簧，但由沿圆周成波浪形的条状物制成。 |
| Radius of bend | 弯曲半径 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在弯曲过程中与弯曲内表面接触的销或心轴的圆柱面半径。对于使用垫片或垫块的180°自由弯曲或半导向弯曲，弯曲半径为垫片或垫板厚度的一半。 |
| Elasticity | 弹性 |
The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一种材料的特性，通过这种特性，由应力引起的变形在去除应力后消失。完全弹性体在应力释放后完全恢复其原始形状和尺寸。 |
| Hot stamping | 热冲压 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黄铜和青铜合金的热锻。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Absorptance | 吸收率 |
(absorptivity, absorption coefficient, α) The fraction of radiant flux incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. The term also applies to absorption of radiation by a volume of fluid. For a semi-transparent surface, α + ρ + τ = 1, where ρ is the reflectance and τ is the transmittance. （吸收率，吸收系数，α）入射到表面的辐射通量被表面吸收的部分。该术语也适用于一定体积的流体对辐射的吸收。对于半透明表面，α+ρ+τ=1，其中ρ是反射率，τ是透射率。 |
| Significance level | 显着性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 当假设为真时，给定的显著性检验将拒绝特定效应不存在的假设的所述概率（风险）。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 总热量（单位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一个术语。这是不恰当的，因为它表明，它包括动能的方式与总焓相同，但它实际上并不是的。此外，热和焓是完全不同的量，正如它们的定义所示。 |
| Humidify | 加湿 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 将水蒸气添加到空气或其他气体中以增加其湿度。 |
| Caustic quenching | 苛性淬火 |
Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 用5%至10%氢氧化钠（NaOH）水溶液淬灭。 |
| Pin or mandrel | 销或心轴 |
In bend testing, the plunger or tool used in making semiguided, guided, or wrap-around tests to apply the bending force to the inside surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an angle of180°, a shim or block of the proper thickness may be placed between the legs of the specimen as bending is completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a pin or mandrel. 在弯曲测试中，用于进行半导向、导向或环绕测试以将弯曲力施加到弯曲内表面的柱塞或工具。在180°角的自由弯曲或半导向弯曲中，弯曲完成后，可在试样支腿之间放置适当厚度的垫片或垫块。该垫片或垫块也称为销或心轴。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用过程中的延展性或断裂韧性损失。通常是金属或合金的延展性或韧性或两者的严重损失。多种形式的脆化可导致脆性断裂。在热处理或高温服务期间，可能会出现多种形式（热致脆化）。影响钢的一些脆化形式包括蓝脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火时效脆化、西格玛相脆化、应变时效脆化，回火脆化、回火马氏体脆化和热脆化。此外，钢和其他金属和合金可能因环境条件而脆化（环境辅助脆化）。环境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、碱脆化、腐蚀脆化、蠕变断裂脆化、氢脆化、液态金属脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固态金属脆化和应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Radial flow | 径向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 径向流动流体流动的主要方向是径向向内或径向向外流动。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 从向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性种子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Guided-bend test | 导向弯曲试验 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用冲头（心轴）和底块将试样弯曲成一定形状的试验。 |
| Impact extrusion | 冲击挤压 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 挤压单独的软金属组件，其特性允许快速执行操作。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 迈耶硬度（单位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 与布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面积而不是表面面积。 |
| Damage mechanics | 损伤机制 |
The theory of degradation in bodies, particularly fracture by accumulated microstructural damage. Analyses take two approaches: (a) the use of some critical integrated function of stress and strain at which cracking is initiated and propagated; (b) incorporation of damage in the stress–strain curves to reflect weakened material. 物体退化理论，尤其是累积微观结构损伤导致的断裂。分析采用两种方法：（a）使用裂纹开始和扩展时的应力和应变的一些临界积分函数；（b）应力-应变曲线中包含损伤，以反映弱化材料。 |
| Shank | 螺杆 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕变断裂强度（单位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金属和聚合物蠕变试验结束时的断裂应力，通常与时间作图以给出应力-断裂曲线。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接头 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速断开、快速连接）一种软管连接，允许快速组装或拆卸，包括插座和带有弹簧加载锁定机构的插头。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺纹杆 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺钉的主体，其直径介于螺纹大径的最小和最大限制之间。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨铸铁 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一种铸铁，在熔融时用镁或铈等元素进行处理，以诱导游离石墨形成为球粒或球晶，从而赋予铸造金属可测量的延展性。又称球墨铸铁、球晶石墨铸铁和SG铸铁。 |
| Rosette | 玫瑰形的结 |
Strain gages arranged to indicate, at a single position, strain in three different directions. 应变计布置成在单个位置指示三个不同方向的应变。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤顶 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一种起重装置（千斤顶），由螺母和方形螺纹轴组成，其顶部为承重垫。螺母的旋转可升高或降低衬垫。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗弯强度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 断裂或断裂时刻外层纤维的最大应力。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在气缸中往复运动的一种容积泵。在吸入冲程，流体通过入口阀吸入腔室，然后在出口阀关闭时打开。在输送冲程中，流体通过出口阀被迫流出腔室，然后出口阀打开，同时入口阀关闭。轴向和径向配置都很常见。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸长力产生伸长的力或载荷。1.从两端拉出的杆、带、电缆、弹簧、线、线等的状态。2.（张力）（单位N）与张力相关的力。 |
| Preload adjustments | 预载调整 |
Preloads may be applied directly by axial loading or indirectly by turning of the nut or bolt. When preload is applied by turning of nuts or bolts, a torsion load component is added to the desired axial bolt load. 预载荷可通过轴向载荷直接施加，或通过转动螺母或螺栓间接施加。当通过转动螺母或螺栓施加预载荷时，扭转载荷分量被添加到所需的轴向螺栓载荷中。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（单位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 对于锥齿轮，轴与节锥生成器之间的角度。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭转应力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭转作用在横截面上产生的剪切应力。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 热弹性效应 |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在绝热弹性变形下的温度变化，例如当加载速度如此之快，以至于材料与其周围环境不处于热平衡时。对于大多数材料，弹性张力降低温度，压缩提高温度。相反的情况发生在弹性体中，如橡胶，其表现出熵弹性，因为拉伸减少了可能的分子构型的数量，从而降低了熵。热弹性效应在循环弹性载荷中产生应力-应变迟滞回线，是振动能量在材料内部耗散的一种机制。 |
| Nut thickness | 螺母厚度 |
The nut thickness shall be the overall distance measured parallel to the axis of nut, from the top of the nut to the bearing surface, and shall include the thickness of the washer face where provided. 螺母厚度应为平行于螺母轴线测量的从螺母顶部到轴承表面的总距离，还应包括垫圈表面的厚度。 |
| Valve spring | 气门弹簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在阀门打开后将其恢复到关闭位置的弹簧，也用于防止阀门反弹。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化温度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金发生部分熔融的最低温度。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘数0.01的SI单位前缀；因此厘米是长度单位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Accelerated testing | 加速测试 |
A type of testing, for rates of wear, fatigue, corrosion etc., in which failure times are reduced by employing greater loads, more frequent power cycling, higher vibration levels, higher humidity, higher temperatures, greater potential differences etc. than would be encountered in normal operation. 一种测试类型，用于测试磨损率、疲劳率、腐蚀率等，通过采用比正常运行中更大的负载、更频繁的功率循环、更高的振动水平、更高湿度、更高温度、更大的电位差等，减少故障时间。 |
| Kilogram (kg) | 千克（kg） |
The base unit of mass in the SI system. It was previously defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a right cylinder of height and diameter 39.17 mm made of an alloy of 90% (by mass) platinum and 10% iridium. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 150 × 10−34 when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg.m².s. 国际单位制中的基本质量单位。它以前被定义为等于国际原型千克的质量，一个高度和直径为39.17毫米的右圆柱体，由90%（质量）的铂和10%的铱合金制成。从2019年5月20日起，普朗克常数h的固定数值被定义为6.626070150×10−34当以单位J.s表示时，和kg.m².s一样。 |
| Jack | 杰克装置 |
A lifting device that exerts large forces over small displacements, achieved by mechanical gearing or hydraulics. 通过机械传动或液压装置在小位移上施加大力的提升装置。 |
| Newton (N) | 牛顿（N） |
The basic unit of force in the SI system, defined as the force that results in an acceleration of 1 m/s² when acting on a 1 kg mass. SI国际单位制中力的基本单位，定义为作用于1kg质量时产生1m/s²加速度的力。 |
| Waviness | 波纹度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波纹度是与几何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由机床-工件系统在加工过程中的低水平振荡决定。通常，波长范围为1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范围为几微米至几百微米。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
| Brake fluid | 制动液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于将力传递到盘式制动器中的活塞或鼓式制动器中的轮缸的液压油。要求包括高沸点和低吸湿性。 |
| Impact loads | 冲击载荷 |
Especially severe shock loads such as those caused by instantaneous arrest of a falling mass, shock meeting of two parts (in a mechanical hammer, for example), or by explosive impact, in which there can be an exceptionally rapid build-up of stress. 特别严重的冲击载荷，例如由下落质量的瞬时停止、两部分的冲击碰撞（例如在机械锤中）或爆炸性冲击引起的冲击载荷，其中可能会出现异常快速的应力积聚。 |
| Stress | 应力（单位Pa） |
The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression)or shear. 1. Stress ‘at a point’ (i.e. over a volume of material that is very small compared with that of the component or structure) is the load per unit area for every face of an infinitesimal cube surrounding the point. 2. In fluid flow the stress tensor σij is the sum of an isotropic part −pδij, δij being the Kronecker delta, having the same form as the stress tensor for a fluid at rest, p being the static pressure, and the non-isotropic, deviatoric stress tensor dij which is due entirely to the fluid motion. 内部分布力或力分量的强度，这些力或力的分量抵抗正在或已经受到外力的材料的体积或形状的变化。应力以单位面积的力表示，并根据试样横截面的原始尺寸计算。应力可以是直接（拉伸或压缩）或剪切。1.“在一点”的应力（即在与组件或结构相比非常小的材料体积上）是围绕该点的无限小立方体的每个面的单位面积载荷。2. 在流体流动中，应力张量σij是各向同性部分-pδij的总和，δij是Kroneckerδ，具有与静止流体的应力张量相同的形式，p是静压，非各向同性, 偏应力张量 dij 完全由流体运动引起。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英国标准协会（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 负责为制成品及其设计、制造和测试制定和发布标准规范（英国标准）的英国机构。 |
| Depth gauge | 深度计 |
1. A precision instrument, typically consisting of a machine-divided steel rule passing through a hardened-steel cross head, used to measure the depths of slots, holes, shoulders, projections, etc. 2. A device used by divers to indicate the water depth. 1. 一种精密仪器，通常由穿过硬化钢十字头的机器分割钢尺组成，用于测量槽、孔、肩部、突起等的深度。 2. 潜水员用来指示深度的装置水深。 |
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