| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| True strain | 真应变 |
(1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. Compare with engineering strain. （1）给定载荷增量导致的尺寸变化与施加载荷增量之前尺寸大小的比率。（2）在承受轴向力的物体中，观察时刻标距与原始标距之比的自然对数。也称为自然应变。与工程应变相比。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接头 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 两个结构通过粘合剂粘合在一起的点或区域。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波摆动 |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一种用于潮汐能发电的机器，由两个同心的充气水下气缸组成。内部下部圆柱体系在海底，而顶部封闭的上部浮子单元由于波浪运动引起的静水压力变化而上下移动。两个气缸的相对运动用于发电，其中直线运动取代了电磁发电机更常见的旋转运动。 |
| Computer control | 电脑控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通过预编程计算机或反馈控制对工程设备或系统进行控制。 |
| Turbocharging | 涡轮增压 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一种增压方法，其中活塞发动机的热废气用于驱动涡轮，涡轮为增压压缩机提供动力。涡轮增压器是涡轮/压缩机组合。压缩机通常为径向流出设计，而径向、轴向和混流式涡轮机都在使用。废气旁通阀是一种减少进入涡轮的废气流量以限制产生的增压或超速的阀。 |
| Gamma iron | 加马铁 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 纯铁的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）温度范围内稳定。 |
| Bond strength (Unit Pa) | 结合强度（单位Pa） |
The tensile, compressive or shear stress at which joints fail, e.g. by fracture or excessive deformation. 接头失效的拉伸、压缩或剪切应力，例如断裂或过度变形。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Vent | 发泄 |
A small valve that allows the release of pressurized fluid from a pipe, pressure vessel, etc., often to the atmosphere. 一种小阀门，允许将加压流体从管道、压力容器等中释放到大气中。 |
| Compressor blades | 压缩机叶片 |
The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor(s) and stator(s) of an axial-flow compressor. The aerodynamic design is more critical than is the case for turbine blades because there is an increase in pressure across each row of blades. The arrows in the diagram indicate the flow direction relative to the blades. 形成轴流式压缩机的转子和定子的翼型叶片。空气动力学设计比涡轮叶片的情况更为关键，因为每排叶片的压力都会增加。图中的箭头表示相对于叶片的流动方向。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由两个垂直管组成的装置，在顶部或底部通过一段管子连接，形成U形。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 热力学过程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物质或系统所经历的平衡状态的变化。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 热容量（C）（单位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不发生相变的情况下将物体的温度提高1K所需的能量。热容量是一种广泛的热力学性质，取决于温度和压力。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循环的中位疲劳强度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估计50%的量在N个周期内生存的压力水平。该估计值来自疲劳寿命分布的一个特定点，因为没有试验程序可以直接观察N次循环疲劳强度的频率分布。 |
| Reduction in area (RA) | 缩小面积（RA） |
The difference between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as specified for the material undergoing testing. Also known as reduction of area. 拉伸试样的原始横截面积与试验材料断裂时或断裂后的最小面积之间的差值，也称为减少面积。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, DHN, VHN, VPN) (Unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now Pa) Indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. The mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which VPN = 0.927(2W/d2) where W is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，DHN，VHN，VPN）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为Pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中VPN=0.927（2W/d2），其中W是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| Standard deviation (σ) | 标准偏差（σ） |
A statistical term used to quantify the Scatter in a set of data points. If the standard deviation is small, most of the data points are ‘‘nearly equal.’’ A large deviation means less agreement. The most usual measure of the dispersion of observed values or results expressed as the positive square root of the variance. The square root of variance, a measure of the spread of data about the mean value. 用于量化一组数据点中分散度的统计术语。如果标准偏差很小，则大多数数据点“几乎相等”大的偏差意味着更少的一致性。观测值或结果离散度的最常用度量，表示为方差的正平方根。方差的平方根，衡量平均值的数据分布。 |
| Normalizing | 正火 |
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. 将铁合金加热至高于转变范围的合适温度，然后在空气中冷却至基本低于转变范围的温度。 |
| Wear | 磨损 |
Damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between that surface and a contacting surface or substance. The deterioration of a component or structure with time and usage, often impairing the function for which it was designed, owing to abrasion, corrosion, fatigue, friction, etc. during relative motion of parts. The wear factor (K), with unit mm³/N.m, is an empirical dimensional factor that quantifies surface wear due to mechanical frictional contact, and defined by K = /Fs where is the worn volume (in mm³), F is the contact load (in N), and s is the sliding distance (in m). 由于固体表面与接触表面或物质之间的相对运动，对固体表面的损坏，通常涉及材料的渐进损失。部件或结构随时间和使用而劣化，通常由于部件相对运动过程中的磨损、腐蚀、疲劳、摩擦等而损害其设计功能。磨损系数（K），单位为mm³/N.m、 是量化机械摩擦接触导致的表面磨损的经验尺寸因子，由K=/Fs定义，其中是磨损体积（单位：mm³），F是接触载荷（单位：N），s是滑动距离（单位：m）。 |
| Oil-cooled | 油冷却 |
A term for a machine that uses circulating oil to remove heat. 使用循环油散热的机器的术语。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大应力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在应力循环中具有最高代数值的应力，拉应力被认为是正的，压应力被认为是负的。名义应力是最常用的。 |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通风量（单位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 炉子或锅炉中燃烧气体的压力降低，无论是强制还是由于热气体的浮力，用于吸入燃烧空气并去除燃烧产物。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式湿度计 |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通过吸收到吸湿介质中来确定大气中水蒸气含量的仪器。 |
| Plane-strain fracture toughness (KIc) | 平面应变断裂韧性（KIc） |
The crack extension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. 裂纹尖端平面应变条件下的裂纹扩展阻力。 |
| Abelian group | 阿贝尔群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 与二元运算相关的一组元素的属性。在阿贝尔群中，群元素在二元运算下交换。如果a和b是任意两个群元素并且（+）符号表示二元运算 |
| Stove bolt | 炉用螺栓 |
This bolt has been so named because of its use in stove building. It is made in a number of different forms, either with a round button, or flat countersunk head, the head having a slot for a screwdriver and the threaded end being provided with a square or hexagon nut. 这种螺栓因其在炉灶建筑中的用途而得名。它有多种不同的形式，有圆形按钮或平沉头，头部有螺丝刀槽，螺纹端有方形或六角螺母。 |
| Double aging | 双级时效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用两种不同的时效处理来控制由过饱和基质形成的沉淀物类型，以获得所需的性能。第一次时效处理，有时称为中间处理或稳定处理，通常在比第二次更高的温度下进行。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Unison ring | 协调环 |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可调导向叶片或定子叶片的涡轮机中，一组叶片连接到的环，当环旋转时，所有叶片角度都可调整。 |
| Joint space | 关节空间 |
The description of the position and orientation of a robot in terms of the rotational angles and translational positions of the joints. Kinematic analysis, normally using homogeneous transforms, allows conversion between this description and the end‐effector position and orientation in x,y,z space. 根据关节的旋转角度和平移位置描述机器人的位置和方向。通常使用齐次变换的运动学分析允许在该描述与x、y、z空间中的末端执行器位置和方向之间进行转换。 |
| Endurance | 耐力 |
The capacity of a material to withstand repeated application of stress. 材料承受反复施加应力的能力。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直径（单位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋弹簧或空心圆柱体或球体的内径和外径的平均值 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在内部火焰中过量氧气产生的气体火焰。 |
| Working section | 工作区 |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 风洞中放置模型进行测试或进行详细测量的部分。 |
| Micrometer | 千分尺 |
(micrometer gauge) A mechanical-contact device for the accurate measurement of the length, width, diameter, etc. of an object, the depth of a hole, the height of a step, etc. The usual arrangement is a spindle that is moved by rotation of a thimble, the distance then being read off a vernier scale. （千分尺）一种机械接触装置，用于精确测量物体的长度、宽度、直径等、孔的深度、台阶的高度等。通常的布置是通过顶针的旋转移动主轴，然后通过游标尺读取距离。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨损疲劳 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因与另一个物体摩擦而损坏的表面引起的疲劳损坏。 |
| Vapour static pressure | 蒸汽静压 |
(Unit Pa or bar) A pressure analogous to hydrostatic pressure, where the fluid is a vapour such as steam. A term used in geothermal applications. （单位Pa或bar）类似于静水压力的压力，其中流体是蒸汽，如蒸汽。地热应用中使用的术语。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 总能量（单位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 与系统相关的所有形式能量的总和，包括动能、势能、内能、磁能、化学能和电能。 |
| Angström (Å) | 昂斯特罗姆（Å） |
An obsolete (non-SI) unit of length, sometimes still employed for atomic and crystallographic measurements. The conversion to SI is 1 Å = 10−10 m. 一种已被淘汰的（非SI）长度单位，有时仍用于原子和晶体学测量。转换为SI为1Å=10-10m。 |
| Coaxial | 同轴 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同轴线的部件的术语，例如同心轴。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Serrations | 锯齿 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 边缘或表面上的一排凹口或齿状突起。在工程图纸上，圆形部件表面的锯齿超过约60°的圆弧。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水银柱施加的压力。大约等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通过含有磨料颗粒的高速水射流切割岩石等材料。 |
| Machine screw | 机械螺丝 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 带有机加工螺纹的沉头开槽螺钉，如螺栓上的螺纹。一种相对较小的螺钉，直径通常小于20毫米，螺纹沿整个长度一直延伸到头部，用于拧入螺纹孔中。如果通过装配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，则会导致螺纹与孔表面接触不良。 |
| Nanomanufacturing | 纳米制造 |
1. The manufacture of nanoscale materials. 2. The manufacture of components or devices that have critical dimensions of order 1 nm. 1.纳米材料的制造。2.具有1nm级临界尺寸的部件或装置的制造。 |
| Car furnace | 车炉 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一种间歇式炉，使用轨道上的小车进出炉区。汽车炉用于较低的应力消除范围。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理断裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一种通过分裂（劈裂）产生的裂缝断裂，通常是多晶金属的断裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，产生明亮的反射面。它是一种结晶性断裂，与低能脆性断裂有关。与剪切断裂相对。如板岩或云母等材料的层之间。在脆性金属和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面发生解理。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| Standard hole | 标准孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，钻孔至规定公差，其中与轴的间隙通过轴上的余量来实现。标准轴加工至规定公差，其中与孔的间隙通过孔上的公差实现。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 热力学状态 |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系统或工作流体根据其性质的状态。 |
| Air composition | 空气成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的温度和1个大气压的压力下，空气的海平面成分（体积百分比）主要是78.084%的氮气、20.947%的氧气和0.934%的氩气。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氢、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨组成。不同的来源给出的组成略有不同。不包括水蒸气（通常为0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Wrap-around bend | 环绕弯曲 |
The bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. This term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 当试样缠绕在圆柱形心轴周围的闭合螺旋中时获得的弯曲。该术语有时适用于180°或更小的半导弯曲。 |
| Honing | 珩磨 |
Honing is a controlled, low-speed sizing and surface-finishing process in which stock is removed by the shearing action to the bonded abrasive grains of a honing stone, or stick. Finish polishing of surfaces and cutting edges in which very fine abrasive powders, such as rouge, are employed. Honing is usually applied to cylindrical surfaces and lapping to flat, but the usage is not consistent. 珩磨是一种受控的低速尺寸和表面精加工工艺，其中通过对珩磨石或棒的粘结磨粒的剪切作用去除原料。表面和切削刃的精抛光，其中使用了非常细的研磨粉，例如胭脂。珩磨通常用于圆柱面，研磨至平面，但用法并不一致。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美国国家标准协会的缩写。 |
| Air pump | 气泵 |
A machine for providing a flow of air or for increasing or decreasing the mass and pressure of air in a closed container. The term pump is more usual when the working fluid is a liquid, while compressor is more usual for gases. 一种用于提供空气流动或用于增加或减少密闭容器中空气质量和压力的机器。当工作流体是液体时，术语泵更常用，而气体更常用压缩机。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 调质热处理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制备材料的初步热处理，以便对随后的热处理进行所需的反应。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定确切的热处理。 |
| Pitch diameter | 中径 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 对于螺纹，指一个假想圆柱体的直径，其表面将在使凹槽宽度和焊盘宽度等于螺距一半的点穿过螺纹。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大气压的压力下进行退火。 |
| Beta annealing | β退火 |
Producing a beta phase by heating certain titanium alloys in the temperature range of which this phase forms followed by cooling at an appropriate rate to prevent its decomposition. 通过在形成β相的温度范围内加热某些钛合金，然后以适当的速率冷却以防止其分解，从而产生β相。 |
| Torque coefficient | 扭矩系数 |
1. (KT) For a propeller of diameter D, a non-dimensional parameter defined by KT = T/ρΩ2D5 where Ω is the rotational speed (in rad/s) and ρ is the fluid density. 2. (CT) An alternative to (1) for a wind turbine, defined by CT = 2T/ρV2AR where V is the wind speed, A is the swept area of the blades, and R is the blade radius. 3. (K) An empirical coefficient used to calculate the torque T required to achieve an axial load F in a bolt according to T = KFd where d is the nominal bolt diameter. 1.（KT）对于直径为D的螺旋桨，由KT=T/ρΩ2D5定义的无量纲参数，其中Ω是转速（单位为rad/s），ρ是流体密度。2.（CT）对于风力涡轮机（1）的替代方案，由CT=2T/ρV2AR定义，其中V是风速，a是叶片的扫掠面积，R是叶片半径。3.（K）经验系数，用于根据T=KFd计算螺栓中实现轴向载荷F所需的扭矩T，其中d是螺栓标称直径。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英国标准协会（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 负责为制成品及其设计、制造和测试制定和发布标准规范（英国标准）的英国机构。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m²) | 韧性（单位：J/m²） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金属在破裂前吸收能量和塑性变形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂纹萌生和扩展的能力。2.材料在不发生断裂的情况下吸收应变能的能力。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（单位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑块机构的曲柄与曲轴中心线到活塞轴线的直线之间的角度。 |
| Structural frame | 结构框架 |
The underlying load-bearing framework of beams, columns, bracing, etc., of steel, concrete, brick, stone, timber etc., required to support the static and dynamic forces a building or component is subjected to, including its weight and that of its contents. 由钢、混凝土、砖、石、木材等制成的梁、柱、支撑等构成的底层承重框架，用于支撑建筑物或构件承受的静态和动态力，包括其重量及其内含物的重量。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕变时间关系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定应力下蠕变应变与时间之间的代数或数值关系。 |
| Torque wrench | 扭矩扳手 |
A manual wrench which incorporates a gage or measuring apparatus of some sort to measure and display the amount of torque being delivered to the nut or bolt. All wrenches produce torque. Only a torque wrench tells how much torque. A socket wrench or ring spanner that can be set to allow a specific torque to be applied to a nut or bolt head. 一种手动扳手，包括某种量规或测量装置，用于测量和显示传递至螺母或螺栓的扭矩量。所有扳手都产生扭矩。只有扭矩扳手才能显示扭矩大小。一种套筒扳手或梅花扳手，可设置为允许对螺母或螺栓头施加特定扭矩。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 热电结 |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 两根不同金属线的末端之间的焊接、锡焊或绞合连接，如热电偶。 |
| Acoustics | 声学 |
The science and engineering of sound; its production, propagation, control, interaction with materials, etc. 声音科学与工程；它的产生、传播、控制、与材料的相互作用等。 |
| Ablative materials | 烧蚀材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂层材料，旨在通过质量损失为流体流中的物体提供热保护。 |
| Cone clutch | 锥形离合器 |
A friction clutch in which an internal cone moves axially in or out of engagement with an external cone. One or both surfaces is lined with high-friction material. 一种摩擦离合器，其中内锥与外锥轴向啮合或脱离啮合。一个或两个表面衬有高摩擦材料。 |
| Brittle fracture | 脆性断裂 |
The fracture of a component or structure in the globally-elastic range of loading, so that the broken pieces may be refitted to regain the original article. Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. 部件或结构在全局弹性载荷范围内的断裂，以便可以将破碎的碎片重新装配以恢复原始物品。固体的分离伴随着很少或没有宏观塑性变形。通常，脆性断裂通过快速裂纹扩展发生，能量消耗比韧性断裂少。 |
| Die casting | 压铸 |
A process in which molten metal, particularly alloys of aluminium, magnesium, copper, and zinc, is forced under pressure (10 to 200 MPa) into a reusable hardened-steel mould machined into a die. 在压力（10至200MPa）下将熔融金属（特别是铝、镁、铜和锌的合金）强制进入加工成模具的可重复使用的硬化钢模具中的过程。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真应力（σ）（单位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通过将给定时刻施加在构件上的荷载除以其作用的横截面积而获得的值。与工程应力相比。施加在试样上的荷载除以其作用的当前横截面积。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷载除以其作用的原始横截面面积得出的工程应力，ε是真实应变。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 热效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 对于热机或热力循环，净功输出与系统净热输入的比率。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| Second (s) | 秒（s） |
The SI base unit of time equal to 9 192 631 770 times the period of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. SI基时间单位等于9192631770倍的辐射周期，对应于铯-133原子基态的两个超精细能级之间的跃迁。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 连续式炉 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一种用于热处理材料的炉子，该炉子连续通过炉子，进入一个门并从另一个门排出。参见带式高炉、直燃隧道式高炉、旋转罐式炉、振动炉。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 将有机物质转化为元素碳。 |
| Surface hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produces, by quench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. The processes commonly used are carbonitriding, carburizing, induction hardening, flame hardening, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing. Use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一个通用术语，涵盖适用于仅通过淬火硬化产生比型芯更硬或更耐磨的表面层的合适铁合金的几种工艺。表面层的化学成分没有显著改变。常用的工艺有碳氮共渗、渗碳、感应淬火、火焰淬火、氮化和氮碳共渗。最好使用适用的特定工艺名称。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂纹尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂纹塑性变形的影响，物理裂纹尺寸增大。有时，根据物理裂纹尺寸的测量值加上塑性区调整的计算值来计算有效裂纹尺寸。计算有效裂纹尺寸的首选方法是将载荷-挠度轨迹正割的柔度与试样类型校准的弹性柔度进行比较。 |
| Fracture test | 断裂试验 |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一种试验，其中试样被破坏并用肉眼或低倍显微镜检查其断裂表面，以确定成分、晶粒尺寸、表层深度或内部不连续性等因素。1.记录单调加载试样的载荷偏转（或应力-应变），直到其在拉伸、压缩、剪切或扭转中断裂。2.在疲劳技术中，确定试样在不同重复载荷模式下的断裂循环次数。3.测定断裂韧性的实验。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Generator | 发电机 |
1. A machine for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. 2. (generatrix) A point, line, or surface regarded as moving and so forming a line, a surface, or a volume, respectively. 1.将机械能转化为电能的机器。2.（母线）被认为是运动的点、线或面，因此分别形成一条线、一个面或一个体积。 |
| Stator | 定子 |
A ring of non-rotating blades or nozzles in a compressor, turbine, or other turbomachine, which directs fluid flow into an adjacent rotor. 涡轮压缩机、涡轮或其他涡轮机械中的一圈不旋转的叶片或喷嘴，将流体引导到相邻的转子中。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金属的脆性断裂，断裂位于形成金属的晶粒或晶体之间。又称晶间破裂。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或产生或消耗能量的速度。功率单位为瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面垫圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面为半球形的垫圈。与接触面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。减少螺栓或螺柱中的弯曲应力，允许一些自对准，并对不平行的接头表面或角度进行一些补偿。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋给料机 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一种用于处理散装物料的机构，其中旋转的螺旋螺杆使物料轴向向前移动。类似于螺旋输送机，但需要以受控速率非常精确地排出物料。它在螺杆完全充满的情况下运行。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中固溶体在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）具有平衡图上共析点所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | 计算机辅助设计（CAD） |
Generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is where component dimensions resulting from CAD are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由计算机进行设计和计算，更具体地说，使用计算机图形和模型来传达设计概念。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造（CAD/CAM）是由CAD产生的组件尺寸通过电子方式直接传递到机器进行制造。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉钉 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种空心铆钉，使连接只能从组件的一侧进行。 |
| Hot stamping | 热冲压 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黄铜和青铜合金的热锻。 |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控变量的实际值与期望值之间的差值。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 转变温度（单位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定义的温度，位于金属断裂特性（通常通过缺口试样的试验确定）快速变化的温度范围内，如从主要纤维（剪切）断裂到主要结晶（解理）断裂。（2） 有时用于表示延性随温度快速变化的范围内的任意定义的温度。（转变点）1.具有面心立方晶体结构的金属合金的断裂机制从韧性孔洞生长转变为脆性解理的温度。2.材料从一种晶体状态转变为另一种晶体的温度。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Gas compressor | 气体压缩机 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一种在低压下吸入气体并在高压下输送气体的机器，通常伴随着温度升高。压缩机设计包括轴流式、离心式、隔膜式、往复式和旋转式（包括叶片式压缩机）。 |
| Assembly line | 流水线 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一种大规模生产系统，其中工作逐渐从一个操作转移到另一个操作，最终得到完整产品。 |
| Blanking shear test | 落料剪力试验 |
A method used to determine the through-thickness shear strength of sheet material that involves blanking a disk out of flat strip using a simple punch-and-die method. Alson known as punching shear test. 一种用于确定板材全厚度剪切强度的方法，包括使用简单的冲模方法从扁平带材中冲裁出圆盘。也称为冲切试验。 |
| Transverse strain | 横向应变 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于试样加载轴的平面内的线性应变。 |
| Graphitization | 石墨化 |
Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where graphite is formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called primary graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment, secondary graphitization. 在铁或钢中形成石墨。在凝固过程中形成石墨的现象称为一次石墨化；后来通过热处理，形成二次石墨化。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一种淬火工艺，将奥氏体化铁质工件淬火到适当的介质中，该介质的温度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在该介质中直到其温度在整个过程中均匀，但不足以形成贝氏体，然后在空气中冷却。处理后经常进行回火。（2） 当该工艺应用于渗碳材料时，控制Ms温度与实际情况相同。这个过程的变化经常被称为淬火。 |
| Length of engagement | 啮合长度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺纹和内螺纹具有理论接触的轴向测量。 |
| Offset yield strength | 条件屈服强度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 应变超过应力-应变曲线初始比例部分延伸规定量（偏移）的应力。以每单位面积的力表示。 |
| Shoulder joint | 轴肩关节 |
The second joint on an articulated robot, which has a horizontal axis and is analogous to the human shoulder. 关节机器人上的第二个关节，具有水平轴，类似于人的肩膀。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Knot (kn) | 节（kn） |
A non-SI unit defined as one nautical mile per hour. The conversion to SI is 1 kn = 5.144 444 444×10−1 m/s. 非国际单位制单位，定义为每小时一海里。转换为SI为1kN=5.144444×10−1米/秒。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸试验（拉力试验） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一种试验，在这种试验中，精密加工的拉伸试样（拉伸试件）的横截面通常为圆形或矩形，具有在试验机中夹紧的大端部，受到越来越大的拉伸载荷，通常达到断裂点，以产生应力-应变曲线，从中可以看出弹性模量、比例极限等材料特性，可以确定验证应力、屈服点和极限拉伸应力。相关标准为ISO 6892-1。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 减压阀 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 将压力容器或流体动力系统中的最大压力限制在规定水平的阀门。 |
| Auxiliary power unit (APU) | 辅助动力装置（APU） |
In aircraft–gas–turbine applications, a small gas turbine used to provide start-up power, electrical and hydraulic power, and compressed air for cabin ventilation. In other applications, an APU may be a gas turbine or internal-combustion engine used to provide emergency power. 在飞机-燃气轮机应用中，小型燃气轮机用于提供启动动力、电力和液压动力以及用于机舱通风的压缩空气。在其他应用中，APU可以是用于提供应急动力的燃气轮机或内燃机。 |
| Punch | 冲床 |
1. A hand tool with a sharp point, used to mark the position of a hole centre in a workpiece prior to drilling. 2. A flat-ended tool with sharp edges, used to shear out a hole in a plate that is supported underneath on a die having a slightly larger same-shaped orifice. 1.一种带有尖头的手动工具，用于在钻孔前标记工件中孔中心的位置。2.一种具有锐边的平头工具，用于剪切板上的孔，该板支撑在具有稍大相同形状孔口的模具下方。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 离心力（单位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 惯性反作用力对向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 气动控制阀 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （气动阀）一种阀门，其中阀杆的位置随开口面积的变化而变化，由压缩空气作用在隔膜上产生的净力决定，隔膜克服压缩弹簧的力进行操作。根据弹簧的布置，在供气故障的情况下，阀门可以打开或关闭。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m³) | 比重（γ）（单位：N/m³） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物质单位体积的重量：W是物质体积的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Finished hexagon bolts | 精制六角螺栓 |
A washer faced or chamfered bearing surface with a close body tolerance. 头下有垫圈面或倒角，尺寸公差小 |
| Preload accuracy | 预载精度 |
A measure of the precision with which a given tool or procedure creates preload in a bolt when the bolt is tightened. A common torque wrench, for example, is said to produce preload with an accuracy of +30%. The mean preload, however, may not be that which the designer intended, or may not be what he should have intended. Accuracy as used here, in other words, is synonymous with Scatter. 当螺栓拧紧时，给定工具或程序在螺栓中产生预紧力的精度度量。例如，一个普通的扭矩扳手据说可以产生精度为+30%的预载。然而，平均预载可能不是设计者预期的。这里使用的准确度是分散度的同义词。 |
| Elastic calibration device | 弹性校准装置 |
A device for use in verifying the load readings of a testing machine consisting of an elastic member(s) to which loads may be applied, combined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation under load. 一种用于验证试验机载荷读数的装置，由可施加载荷的弹性构件组成，与指示载荷下变形量（或与该量成比例的量）的机构或装置相结合。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 热容率（c）（单位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁC where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁC其中C是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（CP）。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一种用于硬化可硬化铁合金表面的工艺，其中使用强烈的火焰将表面层加热到转变温度上限以上，然后立即对工件进行淬火。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂纹扩展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 缓慢的裂纹扩展，伴随着明显的塑性变形，需要从外部提供能量。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| Two-stroke engine | 二冲程发动机 |
(two-cycle engine) A petrol or diesel engine in which an air/fuel charge is introduced through an induction port, compressed and burned, expanded and then exhausted through an exhaust port. The two ports in the cylinder wall are opened and closed by the piston. There are two strokes in each revolution of the crankshaft. In total-loss lubrication petrol engines, the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. （双循环发动机）一种汽油或柴油发动机，其中空气/燃料通过进气口引入，压缩和燃烧，膨胀，然后通过排气口排出。气缸壁上的两个口由活塞打开和关闭。曲轴每转一圈有两个冲程。在全失润滑汽油发动机中，润滑油与燃油混合。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 钢或铸铁中的游离碳。 |
| Combustion | 燃烧氧化 |
An exothermic chemical reaction in which a fuel and an oxidant, typically air, react together to release a significant quantity of thermal energy in the presence of a flame. In the case of fluid fuels, ignition may be from an electric spark or compression of the 一种放热化学反应，其中燃料和氧化剂（通常是空气）一起反应，在火焰存在的情况下释放大量热能。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口铸铁和某些钢在长时间退火过程中形成的细小、明显的无定形碳颗粒。也称为回火碳。 |
| Natural unit system (n.u. system) | 自然单位制（n.u.制） |
A non-SI system of units, based on fundamental constants, used in high-energy and particle physics. The n.u. of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum, c0 = 299 792 458 m/s. 基于基本常数的非国际单位制，用于高能和粒子物理n.u.速度是真空中的光速，c0=299792458m/s。 |
| Combined heat and power plant | 热电联产电厂 |
(CHP plant, COGEN, cogeneration plant, total-energy plant) A plant for the simultaneous production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy source, such as process heat and electric power. In the arrangement shown, partially expanded steam is extracted from the steam turbine and used to produce process heat. （CHP工厂、COGEN、热电联产工厂、总能源工厂）从同一能源（如过程热能和电力）同时生产一种以上有用能源的工厂。在所示的布置中，部分膨胀的蒸汽从蒸汽轮机中提取并用于产生过程热量。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| Screw compressor | 螺杆压缩机 |
A positive-displacement rotary compressor in which gas is progressively compressed by two intermeshing, counter-rotating, helical screws. 一种容积式旋转压缩机，其中气体由两个相互啮合、反向旋转的螺旋螺杆逐渐压缩。 |
| Available resource | 可用资源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （总资源）（单位J）理论上可从可再生能源（例如海浪、风或总入射太阳能）获得的年度总能量。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在车床裙板上并由杠杆操作的机械装置，杠杆打开和关闭纵向分开的螺母，以便在切割螺纹时，螺母的两半可以在丝杠上闭合。也称为剖分螺母。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韧机理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂纹萌生和扩展阻力的各种方法。它们包括相变增韧，其中裂纹尖端周围的微观结构发生变化，以减缓或阻止裂纹；裂纹偏转；消除裂纹尖端锐化的各种方法；纤维桥接裂纹；和纤维拉出。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 带齿锁紧垫圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 这些垫圈用于将紧固件（如螺栓和螺母）锁定到组件的零部件上，或增加紧固件与组件之间的摩擦力。它们的设计方式类似于螺旋弹簧锁紧垫圈，可采用碳钢。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通过将金属浸入热氧化盐或盐溶液中产生的黑色饰面。 |
| Shim | 垫片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一块薄的材料，如厚度精确已知的金属，放置在两个表面之间，以确保它们之间的距离正确。放置在两个表面之间以获得适当配合、调整或对齐的一块薄材料。还可以对工件进行分析，以测量熔炉碳势（也就是说，在熔炉中，工件将快速渗碳至与熔炉碳势能相等的水平）。 |
| Materials science | 材料科学 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金属、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、复合材料、生物材料和半导体等固体物质的特性、行为和应用，涵盖从原子到宏观的所有范围。起源于冶金学。 |
| Critical diameter | 临界直径 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%马氏体可完全硬化的棒材直径。 |
| Valve plug | 阀塞 |
A conical or cylindrical plug, in which there are transverse holes, in a valve, such as a plug valve. Flow through the holes occurs when the plug is rotated. 阀门中的圆锥形或圆柱形阀塞，其中有横向孔，如旋塞阀。旋转阀塞时，会发生通过孔的流动 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋转关节 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在机器人技术中，一种单自由度关节，其中受控变量为关节角度。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦机 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一种通过冲击载荷测试弹簧的机器2.一种在使用前将螺旋弹簧压缩至其最小实心长度以提高其使用寿命的机器，从而产生有利的残余应力。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺纹耗尽 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或轧制的螺纹部分，但提供全深度螺纹与主体或头部之间的过渡。官方称之为螺纹冲蚀或消失，但术语“耗尽”更为流行。（跳动是官方为旋转偏心度保留的，由总指示器读数等定义。） |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 国际度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，国际计量局）政府间组织，其任务是为可追溯到国际单位制的单一、一致的计量系统提供基础。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氢致延迟开裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有时用于识别一种氢脆形式的术语，其中金属在小于屈服应力的稳定应力下似乎会自发断裂。在施加应力（或将受应力金属暴露于氢）与开裂开始之间通常存在延迟。也称为静态疲劳。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 结构完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷载条件下，评估部件和结构因屈曲、断裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Centrifugal | 离心式 |
Acting or moving in a direction away from the axis of rotation of a rotating body. 沿远离旋转体的旋转轴的方向作用或移动。 |
| Push rod | 推杆 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在顶置气门活塞发动机中，通过气门摇臂打开和关闭气门的杆。连杆由曲轴箱中的凸轮轴驱动。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防冻液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一种物质，如乙二醇，添加到水冷发动机的冷却系统中，以降低冷却水的冰点，并抑制生锈和其他沉积物的形成。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Butt joint | 对接接头 |
The end-to-end joining of two plates either by welding or by overlapping plates that are bolted or riveted. 通过焊接或通过螺栓或铆接的重叠板将两块板端对端连接。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Silky fracture | 丝状断口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一种金属断裂，断裂的金属表面具有精细的纹理，通常外观暗淡。具有坚韧和坚固金属的特征。 |
| Balance weight | 平衡器 |
A corrective mass used in the static or dynamic balancing of a rotating object. 用于旋转物体的静态或动态平衡的校正质量。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在钢上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮（从稻草色到蓝色），从线圈或薄片的边缘延伸。有时称为退火边界。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 风速（单位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大气层中，一种矢量量，用于量化给定高度和位置处的风速大小及其方向，方便地用速度计平面表示。为方便起见，通常使用单位kph。原则上，它还可以包括关于大尺度和小尺度不稳定性的信息。风速随高度或水平面的空间变化称为风切变。2.风洞工作段的空速。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 过共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Tightness, acceptable | 密封性，可接受的 |
Wholly leak-free joints are impossible, at least if the contained fluid is a gas, so it has been proposed that the design of a gasketed joint should start with the selection of an ‘‘acceptable’’ leak rate. The designer would dimension bolts and joint members so that the actual leak rate would never exceed this. Three standard levels of tightness have been proposed as well. 至少在所含流体为气体的情况下，完全无泄漏的接头是不可能的，因此有人建议，垫圈接头的设计应从选择“可接受”的泄漏率开始。设计师将确定螺栓和接头构件的尺寸，以便实际泄漏率永远不会超过此值。还提出了三种标准的密封性等级。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于软态和半硬态之间。 |
| Degrees of freedom | 自由度 |
The number of independent variables (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration within the phases present) that may be altered at will without causing a phase change in an alloy system at equilibrium; or the number of such variables that must be fixed arbitrarily to define the system completely. 可以随意改变而不引起平衡时合金系统相变的自变量的数量（例如存在的相内的温度、压力或浓度）；或必须任意固定以完全定义系统的此类变量的数量。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 温度（单位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物质分子动能的定量量度，以及它的冷热程度。 |
| Absolute zero | 绝对零度 |
Temperature of -273.16″C or 459.69″F or OK at which molecular motion vanishes and a body has no heat energy. 温度为-273.16″C或459.69″F，此时分子运动消失且物体没有热能。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 临界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火处理，包括加热至并保持在上临界温度和下临界温度之间的温度，以获得部分奥氏体化，然后缓慢冷却或保持在低于下临界温度的温度。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 顶隙（单位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 对于螺纹和齿轮，螺纹（或齿轮）的顶部与啮合螺纹（或齿轮）的根部之间的径向间隙。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗弯强度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 断裂或断裂时刻外层纤维的最大应力。 |
| Dynamic load rating (Unit N) | 额定动载荷（单位N） |
The allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 当负载不是静态时，组件或结构上的允许负载。 |
| Torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
A gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a Torque wrench). The output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. There is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一种齿轮箱，用于增加小手动扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）产生的扭矩。倍增器的输出以比输入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驱动螺母或螺栓。倍增器上没有扭矩计或读数。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在车床上加工一个垂直于旋转轴的平面。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉胀材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比为负的人造材料，其横截面在受到纵向拉应力时会膨胀，在受到纵向压应力时会收缩。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 废热回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 从烟道和废气中或从工业过程中加热的液体中回收热能。回收装置包括预热器、回热器、再生器和余热锅炉。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 转动螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有时用于描述紧固件拧紧时螺母（或螺栓头）的总体旋转。更常用于定义一种特定的紧固程序，在该程序中，首先以预选扭矩拧紧紧固件，然后通过使螺母额外转动，如“三平面”（180°）进一步拧紧。 |
| Mohs scale | 莫氏硬度 |
A scale of scratch hardness originally developed for minerals. 最初为矿物开发的划痕硬度标尺。 |
| Nut box mechanism | 螺母箱机械装置 |
In a lathe it is used to engage and disengage the lead screw for thread cutting. This comprises a pair of half-nuts capable of sliding in vertical slides in or out of mesh with the lead screw. 在车床中，它用于接合和分离丝杠以进行螺纹切削。这包括一对半螺母，能够在与丝杠啮合的垂直滑动中滑动。 |
| Screw | 螺钉 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一种螺纹紧固件，设计用于攻丝或未攻丝（如木螺钉）孔，但不与螺母配合使用。其螺纹被切割或卷成圆柱形或锥形柄，用于切割自身螺纹（如木螺钉）或嵌入螺纹孔。自攻螺钉（钣金螺钉、自攻螺钉）具有足够硬的螺纹，当打入薄板或部件中的孔时，它会在薄板或软材料部件中切割内螺纹。螺钉头是螺钉的一部分，用于向螺钉施加扭矩。常见的螺钉头设计为横截面为圆形，带有直径槽或十字，或为六边形，并带有十字或六边形凹槽。螺纹是沿圆柱形或锥形体的外表面（外螺纹）或内表面（内螺纹）具有均匀截面的一个或多个连续螺旋槽。当螺纹横截面旋转并沿轴轴向前进时产生的三维形状称为螺旋面，螺纹投影到轴上时形成的角度称为倾角。螺纹用于紧固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺钉；定位和测量仪器；在动力驱动中；在一些电气配件中（爱迪生螺纹）；并安装在曲轴端部，以抑制漏油（抛掷器螺纹）。在圆柱体上形成平行螺纹；圆锥上的锥形螺纹，通常具有1:16的锥形率。当顺时针旋转时，具有右手螺纹的螺钉似乎会远离观察者。所有标准螺钉、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺纹，但有时使用左手螺纹。相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为螺距或螺纹率，对于单个连续螺旋槽（单个起始螺纹），与螺母和螺栓头之间的轴向间距（导程）在一周内的变化相同，每mm的螺纹形式数为螺距的倒数。对于相同的螺钉直径，粗螺纹的每毫米螺纹数少于细螺纹。多头螺纹（通常为粗螺纹，见下文）由两个或多个沿其轴线同时延伸的相同螺纹组成，以提供更大的承载面积和更大的速比。根据螺纹的数量，起点之间的间隔为180°（双起点）、120°（三起点）、90°（四起点）等。因此，在双起始螺纹中，导程是螺距的两倍；多起点螺纹中两个相邻螺纹上对应点之间的轴向距离称为分割螺距。螺纹上的位置，即螺纹实体部分的侧面和螺纹之间的空间之间的距离相等，即节点，其相关直径称为节径。图中显示了螺纹的基本术语，其中一些与齿轮传动的基本术语相同。在圆柱面上形成或切割的螺旋线，可沿轴线向右或向左前进。螺旋可以是单个或多个。 |
| Compounding | 复合串联 |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽机（复合蒸汽机）或脉冲涡轮机中，通过串联的两个或多个级逐渐降低压力（膨胀）。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一种齿轮扳手，可增加输入扭矩并提供输出扭矩读数。实际上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的组合。 |
| Finishing temperature | 终轧温度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成热加工的温度。 |
| Actual value | 实际价值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控设备的输出，即受控变量。控制系统不能直接访问，因为它只能由可能会扭曲测量结果的传感器测量。 |
| Bright nitriding | 光亮氮化 |
Nitriding in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中氮化，以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Rpm (N) | 转速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分钟转数的缩写。它是一种广泛使用的转速非SI单位。相应的角速度ω，单位为rad/s，由πN/30给出。还使用Rps（每秒转数），此时角速度为2πN。 |
| Stabilizing treatment | 稳定化处理 |
(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hardenable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature. （1）在精加工至最终尺寸之前，反复加热含铁或非铁零件至或略高于其正常工作温度，然后冷却至室温，以确保使用中的尺寸稳定性。（2）在淬火可淬硬钢中转变残余奥氏体，通常通过冷处理。（3）将固溶处理的稳定等级奥氏体不锈钢加热至870至900°C（1600至1650°F），使所有碳沉淀为TiC、NbC或TaC，从而避免在随后暴露于高温时敏化。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 开尔文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0ºC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100ºC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10−23 when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m²/(s²K). 国际单位制中热力学温度的基本单位。开尔文温度标度在绝对零度和与摄氏度大小相同的度间隔（开尔文）处有一个零点。水的冰点为273K（0ºC），沸点为373K（100ºC）。它先前被定义为水三相点热力学温度的分数1/273.16。从2019年5月20日起，通过将玻尔兹曼常数kB的固定数值取为1.380649×10来定义−当以等于kg·m²/（s²K）的单位J/K表示时。 |
| Taper key | 楔键 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 边平行但横截面沿其长度逐渐变细的键。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力极限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受无限次应力循环的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。完全逆转的应力极限，低于该极限螺栓或接头构件在循环疲劳载荷下将具有基本上无限的寿命。请注意，此处螺栓上的平均应力为零。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Kinetic friction | 动摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (Unit N) The sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （动摩擦，滑动摩擦）（单位N）两个相互接触的表面相对运动的滑动阻力。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Damage tolerance | 损伤容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考虑初始缺陷、裂纹扩展速率和最终断裂条件的设计理念，并使用断裂力学证明裂纹不应在设计寿命内增长到其临界长度（或至少应能够随时检测）。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺丝攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一种杠杆，其中心有一个可调节的方孔，丝锥柄安装在该孔中，以便施加扭矩以切断螺纹。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM编号，反映了油的氧化和成泥趋势。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片压缩机 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋转叶片压缩机，叶片压缩机）一种旋转式压缩机，当转子在圆柱形外壳内旋转时，偏置转子中的弹簧加载滑动叶片之间的空间减小，从而压缩气体。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| Microindentation hardness test | 显微压痕硬度测试 |
Hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a diamond indenter of specific geometry, under a test load of 1 to 1000 gramforce, into the surface of the test material and to measure the diagonal or diagonals of the indentation optically. 使用校准机器进行硬度试验，以在1至1000克力的试验载荷下，将特定几何形状的金刚石压头压入试验材料表面，并光学测量压痕的对角线。 |
| Freezing point | 冰点 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物质从液态变为固态的温度。大多数物质的冰点随着压力的增加而增加。从固体到液体的逆过程是熔化；熔点与凝固点相同。 |
| Alternative energy | 可替代能源 |
(alternate energy) Energy sources that are renewable and do not have the undesired consequences of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. （替代能源）可再生能源，不会产生化石燃料和核能的不良后果。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力计 |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于进行拉伸和压缩试验的台式装置。 |
| Maximum continuous load | 最大连续负载 |
(maximum continuous rating) (Unit kg/s) The maximum rate of steam output that a boiler can supply for a specified period, usually 24 hours. （最大连续额定功率）（单位为kg/s）锅炉在规定时间内（通常为24小时）可供应的最大蒸汽输出率。 |
| Heat tinting | 热着色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通过加热氧化使金属表面着色，以揭示微观结构的细节。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 计算机辅助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，计算机集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用计算机，不仅可以控制制造和组装的机器和机器人，还可以进行工艺规划，以及在生产过程中监控材料和组件的进度等。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘数0.01的SI单位前缀；因此厘米是长度单位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Taper pins | 圆锥销 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其长度逐渐变细的圆形横截面的销钉或销钉。用于在轴上定位和固定机器零件的钢销。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆时针旋转时前进的螺钉。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全损耗润滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 内燃机润滑油与燃料一起燃烧的系统。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩尔（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. SI国际单位制中物质量的基本单位。此前，它被定义为一个系统中的物质量，该系统包含的基本实体数量与0.012千克碳-12中的原子数量相同。从2019年5月20日起，它已被定义为包含6.02214076×1023个基本实体的物质量。 |
| Radial marks | 径向标记 |
Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the fracture origin and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. Radial lines result from the intersection and connection of brittle fractures propagating at different levels. Also known as shear ledges. 断裂表面上的线，从断裂起点辐射，肉眼可见或在低放大率下可见。径向线是在不同层面上传播的脆性断裂相交和连接的结果。也称为剪切壁架。 |
| Minimum stress-intensity factor (Kmin) | 最小应力强度因子（Kmin） |
In fatigue, the minimum value of the stress-intensity factor in a cycle. This value corresponds to the minimum loadwhen the load ratio is 0 and is taken to be 0 when the load ratio is ≤0. 在疲劳中，一个循环中应力强度因子的最小值。该值对应于负载比为0时的最小负载，当负载比为≤0 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Fitted bolt | 装配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一种螺栓，其头部正下方有一个普通的无螺纹部分。 |
| Radial flow | 径向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 径向流动流体流动的主要方向是径向向内或径向向外流动。 |
| Thermal shock | 热冲击 |
The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a structure. 在结构内形成陡峭的温度梯度和伴随的高应力。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 长细比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均匀柱的有效无支撑长度除以横截面积的最小回转半径。 |
| Crack | 裂缝 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或结构中的细裂缝状缺陷，材料连续性丧失并降低了身体的强度。 |
| Striation | 条纹组织 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一种疲劳断裂特征，通常在电子显微照片中观察到，表明每次应力循环后裂纹前沿的位置。条纹之间的距离表示在一个应力循环期间裂纹前沿穿过该晶体的前进，垂直于条纹的线表示局部裂纹扩展的方向。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 临界冷却速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的转变所需的连续冷却速率。对于钢，它是奥氏体必须持续冷却以抑制Ms温度以上的转变的最小速率。 |
| Thumb screw | 蝶形螺钉 |
A type of screw having a winged or knurled head for turning by hand when a quick and light clamping effect is desired. 一种螺钉，具有翼形或滚花头，当需要快速、轻夹紧效果时，可手动转动。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面应力断裂韧性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在线弹性断裂力学中，由试样的R曲线和临界裂纹扩展力曲线之间的切线确定的不稳定条件下裂纹扩展阻力的值。 |
| Radiosity (J) (Unit W/m²) | 辐射度（J）（单位W/m²） |
The total radiation leaving a given surface per unit area, including emitted, reflected, and transmitted radiation. 每单位面积离开给定表面的总辐射，包括发射、反射和透射辐射。 |
| Compressed liquid | 压缩液体 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于与其温度对应的饱和压力的压力的液体。 |
| Tightness | 紧密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 垫圈接头质量泄漏率的测量值。 |
| Major diameter | 螺纹大径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder that just touches the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹顶部或内螺纹根部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Workspace (Unit m³) | 工作空间（单位m³） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空间体积）机器人基架周围的体积，由机器人的可达范围定义。因此，机器人只能执行该体积内的任务。 |
| Austenite finish temperature (Af) | 奥氏体完成温度（Af） |
Temperature at which the transformation of martensite into austenite completes upon heating. The same designation is also applied to nonferrous alloys in which martensite transforms into some parent phase. 加热时马氏体转变为奥氏体的温度。相同的名称也适用于马氏体转变为某些母相的有色合金。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦学中，通过相对运动的两个表面中较软的表面的塑性变形形成凹槽。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞测试 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 测定试件在高速下破裂时吸收的能量的试验，与静态试验不同。测试可以在拉伸、弯曲或扭转条件下进行，测试杆可以有缺口或无缺口。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m³/s or kg/s) | 额定流量（单位：m³/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液压系统或机器中，制造商为部件指定的体积或质量流量是其按设计运行所需的最大值。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，长格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来的方程，该方程涉及紧固件几何形状和配合面之间的摩擦系数。基于刚体力学和紧固件几何结构由蓝图尺寸完美描述的假设的理论方程。 |
| Combined stresses | 复合应力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有参考轴作用的受轴向、弯曲、扭转载荷等组合作用的部件中某点的应力状态。 |
| Hydraulics | 液压系统 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括运河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系统中的水流。 |
| Absolute value error | 绝对值误差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 关于代数符号的误差幅度，或者，对于矢量误差，不考虑其函数。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Width across flats | 平面宽度 |
A principal dimension of nuts, or of bolt heads. Work hardening The slight increase in hardness and strength produced when a body is loaded past its yield point. Also called strain hardening. 螺母或螺栓头的主要尺寸。加工硬化：当物体被加载超过其屈服点时，硬度和强度略有增加。也称为应变硬化。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Gage length | 标距 |
The original length of the portion of a specimen over which strain, change of length, or other characteristics are determined. 确定应变、长度变化或其他特性的试样部分的原始长度。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比热容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 将1千克物质的温度升高1K所需的热量。单位为J/（kg K）。 |
| Roughness | 粗糙度 |
The deviations from the wavy surface itself, caused by geometry of the cutting tool and its wear, machining conditions, microstructure of the workpiece, vibrations in the system, and so on. Surface roughness changes as a surface goes through the wearing-in process, but may then stabilize. 由刀具的几何形状及其磨损、加工条件、工件的微观结构、系统中的振动等引起的与波状表面本身的偏差。表面粗糙度随着表面经过磨合过程而变化，但随后可能会稳定下来。 |
| Slip line | 滑移线 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑动平面在观察表面上的轨迹；只有在变形前对表面进行抛光，才能观察到痕迹。通常对金属晶体的观察（在光学显微镜下）是一组称为滑移带的滑移线。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一类由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种单体组成的热塑性共聚物，其性能（特别是韧性）优于单个成分。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定寿命图 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 实验得出的疲劳寿命数据图；可能是用于表示此类数据的最复杂和最完整的流行图表。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱状结构 |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由单向生长形成的平行细长晶粒的粗略结构，最常见于铸件中，但有时也出现在伴随固态转变的扩散生长产生的结构中。 |
| Case | 包盖 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 铁合金的一部分，从表面向内延伸，其成分已经改变，可以进行表面硬化。通常被认为是合金的一部分，（a）其成分与原始成分发生了可测量的变化，（b）在蚀刻横截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于规定值。与核心形成对比。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一种带有方形或矩形端头的螺栓，可嵌入机床工作台的T形槽中，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Compound pendulum | 复摆 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可绕轴自由摆动的刚体。 |
| Thermal stresses | 热应力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均匀温度分布引起的金属应力。 |
| Toothed belt | 齿带 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一种扁平皮带，通常由增强橡胶材料制成，带有横向齿，与车轮或皮带轮上的齿啮合。 |
| Nipple | 喷嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一种包含止回阀的装置，该止回阀拧入润滑点，通过该润滑点可以将润滑脂引入，例如轴承中。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 机械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通过固结（例如热压或挤压）从粉末生产合金，然后进行热和/或冷加工和最终退火。用这种方法可以制造弥散强化合金、高温铝合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Shear fracture | 剪切断裂 |
A ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. Contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切应力作用下，晶体（或多晶块）通过滑动或撕裂而分离的韧性断裂。与解理断裂形成对比。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| Pressure chamber | 压力室 |
A chamber in which components or devices can be subjected to high or low fluid (liquid or gas) pressure. 部件或装置可承受高或低流体（液体或气体）压力的腔室。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（单位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 对于锥齿轮，轴与节锥生成器之间的角度。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要条件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓连接所遭受的每种类型的故障都由三个或四个条件确定。根据故障模式的不同，情况会有所不同，但数量不得超过四个。消除特定类型故障的任何一个基本条件都可以防止该类型故障。 |
| Press quenching | 压淬 |
A quench in which hot dies are pressed and aligned with a part before the quenching process begins. Then the part is placed in contact with a quenching medium in a controlled manner. This process avoids part distortion. 一种淬火方法，在淬火过程开始之前，热模具被压制并与零件对齐。然后将零件以受控方式放置在与淬火介质接触的位置。该过程避免了零件变形。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一种非铁合金和一些铁合金的回火，其特征是抗拉强度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之间。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| Prevailing torque | 有效扭矩 |
Torque required to run a nut down against the joint when some obstruction, such as a plastic insert in the threads, or a noncircular thread, or other, has been introduced to help the fastener resist vibration loosening. Prevailing torque, unlike normal torque on a nut or bolt, is not proportional to the Preload in the fastener. 当引入了一些障碍物（如螺纹中的塑料插件或非圆螺纹或其他障碍物）以帮助紧固件抵抗振动松动时，将螺母向下压靠接头所需的扭矩。与螺母或螺栓上的正常扭矩不同，主要扭矩与紧固件中的预载不成比例。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 设定压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全阀或安全阀开启时的压力，对应于适用于受保护压力容器的相关规范或标准。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭转角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭转角）（单位°或弧度）相对于选定截面的角度，垂直于扭转轴，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩时通过该角度旋转。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 仅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Butterfly valve | 蝶阀 |
A valve in which a disc rotates on a shaft at right angles to the axis of a pipe to regulate flow. When open, the disc is edge-on to the flow and offers limited resistance. When closed, the disc is pressed against a seat in the valve body. 阀瓣在与管道轴线成直角的轴上旋转以调节流量的阀门。当打开时，圆盘与水流边缘并提供有限的阻力。关闭时，阀瓣被压在阀体内的阀座上。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）当量来定义的。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡胶硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 测量负载下压痕深度的橡胶类材料的压痕硬度。这是对弹性模量的测量，而不是对韧性材料的屈服应力，因为卸载橡胶材料时几乎没有（如果有的话）永久压痕。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的条件下，在密封容器中对金属或合金进行退火。在对铁合金进行箱式退火时，通常将装料缓慢加热至低于转变范围的温度，但有时会高于或低于转变范围，然后缓慢冷却；这个过程也称为紧密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Steel-wire rope | 钢丝绳 |
A rope or cable made up of many steel strands wrapped helically about an axis, each strand being made of metal wires twisted together like a helix. 一种绳索或缆绳，由许多绕轴螺旋缠绕的钢绞线组成，每根钢绞线由金属丝缠绕在一起形成螺旋。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Mass flow rate (ṁ) (Unit kg/s) | 质量流量（ṁ）（单位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (ṁ″), with unit kg/s.m², is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ṁ″ = ṁ/A or ṁ″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 单位时间内流过表面或通过管道或其他管道的材料质量，通常是流体或粉末。相应的质量通量（ṁ″），单位为kg/s.m²，是通过真实表面或通过管道的质量流量除以表面或横截面积A，即ṁ″=ṁ/A或ṁ″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 给定时间应力松弛曲线斜率的绝对值。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Impact extrusion | 冲击挤压 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 挤压单独的软金属组件，其特性允许快速执行操作。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止动垫圈（锁紧垫圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一种垫圈，具有一个或多个突出凸耳，可弯曲以防止螺母或螺栓头松动。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在轴上或与轴成一体以提供轴向位置的环。 |
| Screw thread | 螺纹 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圆柱体的外表面或内表面上呈螺旋形或在圆锥体的外表面和内表面上以锥形螺旋形的均匀截面或形状的脊。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 从缺口试样表面到缺口底部的距离。在圆柱形试样中，通过加工环形槽去除的原始横截面积的百分比。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
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