| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Radius of bend | 弯曲半径 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在弯曲过程中与弯曲内表面接触的销或心轴的圆柱面半径。对于使用垫片或垫块的180°自由弯曲或半导向弯曲，弯曲半径为垫片或垫板厚度的一半。 |
| Bolt | 螺栓 |
(machine bolt) A fastener in the form of an externally-threaded cylinder with a head on one end that is inserted through holes in assembled parts that are then held together by a nut tightened on to the thread. A bolt has an unthreaded region below the head so that when located in a hole, transverse loads are borne by two plain cylindrical surfaces in contact. In contrast, use of a machine screw, that has threads all along its length, results in threads bearing against the plain surface of a hole. Officially, a threaded fastener designed to be used with a nut. （机械螺栓）外螺纹圆柱状紧固件：一端有头的紧固件，通过装配零件上的孔插入，然后通过拧紧到螺纹上的螺母固定在一起。螺栓头部下方有一个无螺纹区域，因此当位于孔中时，横向载荷由两个接触的平面圆柱面承担。相反，使用沿其长度具有螺纹的机器螺钉，会导致螺纹支撑在孔的平面上。正式情况下，螺纹紧固件设计用于与螺母一起使用。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 与规范不同的部分公差。在大规模生产中，使用自动机器时，零件应完全或部分可互换，在批量生产中，零件应理想匹配，无需选择。在实践中，由于刀具磨损、原材料变化、热效应等原因，批量生产的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，将精度偏差（称为公差）指定给基本尺寸上允许的尺寸。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速万向节 |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV关节，匀速关节）在两个轴之间传递恒定角速度的连接，这两个轴既不必在一条直线上，也不必固定其轴向位置。 |
| Free ferrite | 游离铁氧体 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷却过程中亚共析奥氏体分解直接形成的铁素体，没有同时形成渗碳体。也是先共析铁氧体。 |
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加应力或释放残余应力而发生的与原始尺寸、形状或轮廓的任何偏差。 |
| Strain gage | 应变计 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一种测量金属拉伸和类似试验中产生的少量应变的装置。将一卷细线安装在一张纸、塑料或类似载体基质（背衬材料）上，该载体基质呈矩形，通常约25mm（1.0in.）长，这是粘在测试金属的一部分。随着线圈随试样延伸，其电阻成正比增加，这被称为粘结电阻应变计。其他类型的量规测量实际变形。机械、光学或电子设备有时用于放大应变以便于读取。 |
| Finishing temperature | 终轧温度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成热加工的温度。 |
| Hot working | 热加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金属通过轧制、拉拔、锻造等在高于其再结晶温度（在商业合金中高于其熔点的40%的开尔文）的温度下发生塑性变形，导致永久的形状变化，但不会增加强度或失去延展性。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜计 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一种干式流量计，其中有两个或多个相互连接的腔室，每个腔室的壁上都有一个隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，气体流速由隔膜的移动确定。隔膜流量计通常用于监测家用和商用燃气供应。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 弹性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金属的刚度或刚度的量度；低于比例极限的应力与相应应变之比。根据应力应变图，弹性模量是应力应变曲线在应力应变线性比例范围内的斜率。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均匀渗碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用渗碳工艺将低碳铁合金转化为整个截面中碳含量均匀且较高的合金。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相变温度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 发生相位变化的温度。该术语有时用于表示转变范围的极限温度。以下符号用于钢铁。 |
| Lockbolt | 锁紧螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上类似于螺栓的紧固件，但与环槽（而不是螺纹）接合的轴环（而不是螺母）。套环在阳紧固件上的凹槽上锻造，以产生预紧力。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| Cathode | 阴极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 电池或腐蚀电池中吸引电子的电极。 |
| Destructive testing | 破坏性测试 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通过增加载荷测量材料、部件或结构的机械性能，直到样品因断裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Screw area (Unit m²) | 螺丝面积（单位m²） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋桨尖端所描述的圆的面积。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由两个垂直管组成的装置，在顶部或底部通过一段管子连接，形成U形。 |
| Accommodation | 适应能力 |
The ability of a robot to respond to changes in the environment. 机器人对环境变化做出反应的能力。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美国机械工程师学会。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中固溶体在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）具有平衡图上共析点所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2 or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一种使用激光快速加热表面的表面硬化工艺。进入零件内部的热传导将快速冷却表面，留下浅马氏体层。通过移动CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使钢硬化，激光束聚焦至直径几毫米。物体表面的一点迅速加热到奥氏体范围，然后迅速冷却，形成回火马氏体。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口铸铁和某些钢在长时间退火过程中形成的细小、明显的无定形碳颗粒。也称为回火碳。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋转泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通过内部部件的旋转来泵送液体的容积泵，如齿轮泵、凸轮泵（类似于罗茨鼓风机）或螺杆泵。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 热电动势 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 当一个结处于不同于另一个结的温度时，在含有两种不同金属的电路中产生的电动势。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量计 |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量计）安装在管道旁路中的流量计，它本身可能是流量计的一部分。孔板用于确保一部分主流通过旁路。 |
| Stress wave | 应力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物体某个位置的不平衡力（如冲击力）会使物体中的材料产生振动，并以应力波或波包的形式传递到相邻元件，最终传递到物体的所有部位。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 当加载部件或结构的能量释放率低于临界值时，裂纹自行停止扩展。如果可以预测，可以将其纳入结构完整性评估。 |
| Liquid nitriding | 液体氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which molten nitrogen-bearing, fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and cyanates are exposed to parts at subcritical temperatures. 一种表面硬化方法，其中含有氰化物和氰酸盐的熔融含氮熔盐浴在亚临界温度下暴露于零件。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流体力学 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究运动中的流体（流体动力学）或流体静力学，其中流体粒子之间没有相对运动。流体静力学主要关注压力随高度或深度的变化；它包括空气静力学和流体静力学。流体动力学包括空气动力学、气体动力学、水力学、流体动力学以及声学、化学工程、飞行、润滑、气象学、非牛顿流体流动、海洋学、发电厂技术、推进和涡轮机械的许多方面。 |
| Bulk velocity | 体积速度 |
(average velocity, V) (Unit m/s) For fluid flow in a pipe or duct, the average flow velocity, given by V = ṁ/ρA where ṁ is the mass flow rate, ρ is the fluid density, and A is the duct cross-sectional area. （平均速度，V）（单位m/s）对于管道或管道中的流体流动，平均流速，由V=ṁ/ρA给出，其中ṁ是质量流量，ρ是流体密度，A是管道截面积。 |
| Manometer | 压力计 |
An instrument used in the measurement of a pressure difference in a fluid (manometry). 用于测量流体压力差（测压）的仪器。 |
| Air cleaner | 空气净化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一种设备，例如过滤器、水力旋流器或静电除尘器，用于从气流中去除颗粒和气溶胶。 |
| Ion carburizing | 离子渗碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一种表面硬化方法，利用高压电能将碳离子在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子渗碳或辉光放电渗碳同义。 |
| Graham’s laws | 格雷厄姆定律 |
The laws stating that the rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are inversely proportional to the square root of its density. 规定气体的扩散和渗出速率与其密度的平方根成反比的定律。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作应力（单位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的应力。 |
| Atmosphere | 大气 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一种已被淘汰的（非SI）压力单位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大约等于在平均海平面测量的大气压力（大气压）。 |
| Carburizing | 渗碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通过与合适的含碳材料接触加热至通常高于Ac3的温度，将碳吸收和扩散到固体铁合金中。一种表面硬化形式，产生从表面向内延伸的碳梯度，通过直接从渗碳温度淬火或冷却至室温，然后重新奥氏体化和淬火，使表层硬化。 |
| Percent error | 误差百分比 |
For testing machines, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the error to the correct value of the applied load. 对于试验机，以百分比表示的误差与所施加载荷的正确值之比。 |
| Springback | 回弹 |
The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金属在经历成形操作后趋于恢复其原始形状或轮廓的程度。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 给定时间应力松弛曲线斜率的绝对值。 |
| Stiffness | 刚度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金属或形状抵抗弹性变形的能力。（2）所述应力增加速率相对于在所述金属或形状中诱导的应变增加速率；产生给定应变所需的应力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一个通用术语，涵盖适用于钢的几种工艺，这些工艺通过吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改变表层的化学成分，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。常用的工艺有渗碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共渗。优选使用适用的特定工艺名称。 |
| Scratch hardness test | 划痕硬度测试 |
A form of hardness test in which a sharp-pointed stylus or corner of a mineral specimen is traversed along a surface so as to determine the resistance of that surface to cutting or abrasion. 硬度测试的一种形式，用尖头笔或矿物样品的一角沿一个表面移动，以确定该表面的抗切割或耐磨性。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Semi-rotary pump | 半回转泵 |
A form of self-priming pump, often hand-operated, suitable for pumping water and light oils such as diesel oil and petrol. As shown in the diagram, liquid is sucked into one side of the pump through flap valves and simultaneously ejected from the other side on one stroke. The sequence is reversed on each successive stroke. 一种自吸泵，通常是手动的，适用于泵送水和轻油，如柴油和汽油。液体通过翻板阀吸入泵的一侧，同时在一个冲程中从另一侧排出。在每个连续冲程上，顺序颠倒。 |
| Closed-die forging | 闭模锻造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一对具有待制造部件的阴模的模具（闭模）内通过压缩形成工件，多余的金属在模具相遇处作为飞边排出。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 总能量（单位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 与系统相关的所有形式能量的总和，包括动能、势能、内能、磁能、化学能和电能。 |
| Endurance | 耐力 |
The capacity of a material to withstand repeated application of stress. 材料承受反复施加应力的能力。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| External load | 外部负载 |
Forces exerted on fastener and=or joint members by such external factors as weight, wind, inertia, vibration, temperature expansion, pressure, etc. Does not equal the Working load in the fastener. 由重量、风、惯性、振动、温度膨胀、压力等外部因素施加在紧固件和/或接头构件上的力。不等于紧固件中的工作负载。 |
| Actual cubic feet per minute | 实际立方英尺每分钟 |
(acfm) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) measure of volumetric flow rate; the volume of a gas flowing per minute at actual operating pressure and temperature, as opposed to the corresponding volume flow rate at STP. （acfm）已被淘汰的（即非SI）体积流量测量；在实际工作压力和温度下每分钟流动的气体体积，与STP下的相应体积流量相反。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺纹耗尽 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或轧制的螺纹部分，但提供全深度螺纹与主体或头部之间的过渡。官方称之为螺纹冲蚀或消失，但术语“耗尽”更为流行。（跳动是官方为旋转偏心度保留的，由总指示器读数等定义。） |
| Degree (°) | 度数（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一种度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 压力恢复（单位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通过发散喷嘴或扩散器的未分离流的静压逐渐增加。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Breaking stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面垫圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面为半球形的垫圈。与接触面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。减少螺栓或螺柱中的弯曲应力，允许一些自对准，并对不平行的接头表面或角度进行一些补偿。 |
| Clevis | U形夹 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一种U形钩，末端有孔，固定螺栓或销（U形销）穿过这些孔。 |
| Cast steel | 铸钢 |
Steel that is cast into shapes. It has superior properties to most cast irons, but is more expensive to produce. 铸成形状的钢。与大多数铸铁相比，它具有优越的性能，但生产成本更高。 |
| Tension joint | 张力接头 |
A joint which is primarily subjected to loads acting more or less parallel to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少平行于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均匀伸长 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸试验中，在最大载荷下和颈缩开始之前的伸长率。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| Impact strength | 冲击强度 |
The resiliency or toughness of a solid as measured by impact energy. 用冲击能量测量的固体的弹性或韧性。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦学 |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 与相对运动中相互作用的表面有关的科学和技术。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸气循环 |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一种动力循环，它将相对低温的蒸汽循环（底部循环）与高温循环（顶部循环）相结合，其中使用了诸如汞、钠或钾之类的工作流体。 |
| Second (s) | 秒（s） |
The SI base unit of time equal to 9 192 631 770 times the period of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. SI基时间单位等于9192631770倍的辐射周期，对应于铯-133原子基态的两个超精细能级之间的跃迁。 |
| Ventilation | 通风系统 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房间、建筑物、乘用车或其他封闭空间中循环新鲜空气的系统。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“发条”）或螺旋（圆柱形）弹簧。以螺旋状缠绕的弹簧钢丝。 |
| Damage | 损伤 |
1. The deterioration of a component or structure in fault or accident conditions, reducing or preventing its ability to perform its intended function. 2. The accumulation of defects or microcracks in the microstructure of a body loaded monotonically or in fatigue, which weakens the body and can lead to crack propagation and failure. 1.部件或结构在故障或事故条件下的劣化，降低或阻止其执行预期功能的能力。2.在承受单调载荷或疲劳载荷的物体的微观结构中累积的缺陷或微裂纹，这会削弱物体，并可能导致裂纹扩展和失效。 |
| Silky fracture | 丝状断口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一种金属断裂，断裂的金属表面具有精细的纹理，通常外观暗淡。具有坚韧和坚固金属的特征。 |
| True strain | 真应变 |
(1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. Compare with engineering strain. （1）给定载荷增量导致的尺寸变化与施加载荷增量之前尺寸大小的比率。（2）在承受轴向力的物体中，观察时刻标距与原始标距之比的自然对数。也称为自然应变。与工程应变相比。 |
| Ballonet | 气囊 |
An airbag used in a hybrid airship. Helium gas expels air from the ballonet during ascent. Fans draw air in during descent. 混合动力飞艇中使用的安全气囊。氦气在上升过程中将空气从气囊中排出。风扇在下降过程中吸入空气。 |
| Temper embrittlement | 回火脆化 |
Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature but only rarely produces a low value of reduction in area in a smooth-bar tension test of the embrittled material. The anomalous reduction in toughness of martensitic stainless steels when tempered in the range 370–600°C. Embrittlement of alloy steels caused by holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range just below the transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then cooling rapidly. 当某些钢保持在低于转变范围的某一温度范围内或缓慢冷却时产生的脆性。脆性表现为延性到脆性转变温度的向上移动，但在脆性材料的平滑棒材拉伸试验中，很少产生较小的面积减小值。马氏体不锈钢在370–600°C范围内回火时的韧性异常降低。合金钢的脆化是由于在低于转变范围的温度范围内保持或缓慢冷却而引起的。脆化是杂质（如砷、锑、磷和锡）在晶界处偏析的结果；它通常表现为韧脆转变温度的上升。回火脆化可以通过在临界温度范围以上重新回火，然后快速冷却来逆转。 |
| Raised-face flange | 凸面法兰 |
A flange which contacts its mating joint member only in the region in which the gasket is located. The flanges do not contact each other at the bolt circle. 仅在垫圈所在区域接触其配合接头构件的法兰。法兰在螺栓圆处不相互接触。 |
| Austenitic grain size | 奥氏体晶粒尺寸 |
The size attained by the grains of steel when heated to the austenitic region; may be revealed by appropriate etching of cross sections after cooling to room temperature. 当加热到奥氏体区域时钢晶粒达到的尺寸；冷却至室温后，可通过适当蚀刻横截面来显示。 |
| Check valve | 止回阀 |
(clack valve, non-return valve) A mechanical device that allows fluid flow in one direction only. The numerous designs include ball, diaphragm, disc, lift, split disc, and swing check valves. （瓣阀、止回阀）一种仅允许流体单向流动的机械装置。众多设计包括球阀、隔膜阀、盘阀、升降阀、分体盘阀和旋启式止回阀。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金属元素和合金的原子、晶体学、微观结构、机械和物理特性及其应用。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m³/s or kg/s) | 额定流量（单位：m³/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液压系统或机器中，制造商为部件指定的体积或质量流量是其按设计运行所需的最大值。 |
| Lubricant | 润滑剂 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 为了减少两个表面之间的摩擦或磨损而置于两个表面间的任何物质。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| Lobe | 凸轮 |
The projecting part such as rotor lobe or the cam lobe. 转子凸角或凸轮凸角等突出部分。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Crushing strain | 压应变 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 导致脆性材料粉碎的假定单应变。相应的应力称为抗压强度。这两个量都不能是材料常数，因为它们必须遵守断裂力学定律，并取决于试件类型、加载方法等。 |
| Precision | 精确 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 单个重复测量或测试结果之间的一致性。测量误差的标准偏差可用作“不精确性”的度量 |
| Magnetic materials | 磁性材料 |
Materials in which the magnetic moment of adjacent atoms can adopt either parallel or antiparallel alignment. Ferromagnetism occurs when the magnetic moments adopt parallel alignment. When adjacent magnetic moments cancel due to antiparallel alignment, the material exhibits antiferromagnetism and has no overall magnetic moment. Examples of the latter include ferrous oxide and manganese oxide. The phenomenon of ferrimagnetism occurs when adjacent magnetic moments adopt antiparallel alignment but have unequal magnitude. The region of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material in which the magnetic moments are aligned is known as a magnetic domain and adjacent regions are separated by domain walls. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit weak forms of magnetism that results from independent (uncoupled) alignment of magnetic atomic dipoles induced by an applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials can acquire high degrees of magnetization in relatively weak magnetic fields. They have different hysteresis characteristics and are classified as either hard magnets or soft magnets. Hard magnets retain large magnetization in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are used as permanent magnets. Conventional materials include magnet steels alloyed with tungsten or cobalt. Rare-earth magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements produce significantly stronger magnetic fields. The most common of these are samarium-cobalt and neodymiumiron-boron permanent magnets. Their strength allows them to be small and used in numerous applications, including cordless tools, disk drives, headphones, toys, and motors for automotive components such as wipers, fans, washers, and windows. Soft magnets may be magnetized and demagnetized relatively easily. When subjected to an alternating magnetic field the energy loss due to hysteresis is small. Common materials include iron-silicon alloys (known as electrical steels), nickel-iron alloys (permalloy), soft ferrites, and amorphous nanocrystalline alloys, the last of which can be produced in the form of tape by meltspinning. Soft magnets are used to enhance the magnetic flux produced by an electric current. 相邻原子的磁矩可以采用平行或反平行排列的材料。当磁矩采用平行排列时，会产生铁磁性。当相邻磁矩因反平行排列而抵消时，材料表现出反铁磁性，没有总磁矩。后者的实例包括氧化亚铁和氧化锰。当相邻磁矩采用反平行排列但大小不等时，就会出现铁磁现象。磁矩对齐的铁磁或铁磁材料区域称为磁畴，相邻区域由磁畴壁分隔。抗磁和顺磁材料表现出弱磁性形式，这是由外加磁场诱导的磁原子偶极子的独立（非耦合）排列引起的。铁磁性和铁磁性材料可以在相对弱的磁场中获得高磁化度。它们具有不同的磁滞特性，分为硬磁铁和软磁铁。硬磁铁在没有外加磁场的情况下保持较大的磁化强度，用作永磁体。常规材料包括与钨或钴合金化的磁钢。由稀土元素合金制成的稀土磁体产生明显更强的磁场。其中最常见的是钐钴和钕硼永磁体。它们的强度使其体积小，可用于多种应用，包括无绳工具、磁盘驱动器、耳机、玩具和汽车部件（如雨刷、风扇、洗衣机和车窗）的电机。软磁体可以相对容易地磁化和退磁。当受到交变磁场时，由于磁滞引起的能量损失很小。常见材料包括铁硅合金（称为电工钢）、镍铁合金（坡莫合金）、软铁氧体和非晶纳米晶合金，最后一种可以通过熔钉以胶带的形式生产。软磁铁用于增强电流产生的磁通量。 |
| Forced-air quench | 强制空气淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用压缩空气冲击相对较小的零件（例如齿轮）进行的淬火。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一种方形、六角形或其他形状的金属紧固件，具有内螺纹，可拧在螺栓、螺柱或心轴上。与外螺纹螺栓一起使用的内螺纹紧固件。通常为六边形，但也有许多其他几何形状，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夹持工具。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接头 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一种螺纹管件，允许连接和拆卸两个管道，而无需旋转任何一个管道，且不会损坏管道端部。 |
| Actuating system | 驱动系统 |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一种系统，其中提供给执行器的电气、气动或液压输入通常以受控方式产生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Form of thread | 螺纹形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一个螺距长度的螺纹在轴向平面中的轮廓。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一种压缩机，其中动能通过叶轮中的径向加速度添加到流体中，然后通过扩散器的流动转换为压力增加。 |
| Assembly line | 流水线 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一种大规模生产系统，其中工作逐渐从一个操作转移到另一个操作，最终得到完整产品。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在应力集中点易发生脆性断裂。例如，在缺口拉伸试验中，如果缺口强度小于无缺口试样的抗拉强度，则称材料为缺口脆性材料。否则，称其为缺口韧性。 |
| Cup washer | 杯形垫圈 |
A dished leather or neoprene washer fitted to the rod end in some piston-style pumps. 在某些活塞式泵中，安装在杆端的碟形皮革或氯丁橡胶垫圈。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 区域熔炼（区域精炼） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一种净化材料的过程，其中一个狭窄的熔融区沿材料长度移动，导致杂质在一端分离。 |
| Band clutch | 带式离合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一种摩擦离合器，其驱动是通过一条带在离合器边缘上收缩来实现的。 |
| Temperature factor | 温度系数 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。说明了热膨胀和温度引起的声速变化的影响。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 风速（单位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大气层中，一种矢量量，用于量化给定高度和位置处的风速大小及其方向，方便地用速度计平面表示。为方便起见，通常使用单位kph。原则上，它还可以包括关于大尺度和小尺度不稳定性的信息。风速随高度或水平面的空间变化称为风切变。2.风洞工作段的空速。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔热（绝缘） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一种材料，可以是低导电性固体，或多孔固体或织物，其中存在含有空气或其他气体的空隙，从而导致整体低导热性。当应用于热或冷物体的表面时，表面传热通常减少。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大应力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在应力循环中具有最高代数值的应力，拉应力被认为是正的，压应力被认为是负的。名义应力是最常用的。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| Nut box mechanism | 螺母箱机械装置 |
In a lathe it is used to engage and disengage the lead screw for thread cutting. This comprises a pair of half-nuts capable of sliding in vertical slides in or out of mesh with the lead screw. 在车床中，它用于接合和分离丝杠以进行螺纹切削。这包括一对半螺母，能够在与丝杠啮合的垂直滑动中滑动。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 热强度（单位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔点一半（以开尔文为单位）的温度下的屈服应力（有时为断裂应力）。 |
| Absolute rating | 绝对标称值 |
A theoretical size designation which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific 一个理论尺寸名称，它是按长度估算的最大颗粒，它可以通过具有特定过滤器的过滤器 |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Cavitation | 空蚀空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部压力降低而在液体中形成充满蒸汽或气体的空腔，通常原因是流体的加速，例如收敛喷嘴的流动。如果液体中没有溶解气体，当压力降至饱和蒸汽压力以下时，会发生蒸汽空化。如果气泡是由于高温形成的，则该过程称为沸腾。如果存在溶解气体，则由于压力降低、温度升高或扩散（脱气），会发生气穴。在船用螺旋桨尖端和液压机械中，空化气泡的破裂可能会引起噪音和振动，并导致以点蚀形式出现的表面损坏。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毁坏荷载（单位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足够的塑性铰链以发生坍塌，结构成为机制的施加载荷。 |
| Pulley | 带轮 |
A free or driven wheel on a shaft with an appropriately shaped rim to carry a flat belt, vee belt, notched belt, rope, or chain. Used to transmit power or motion. 轴上的自由轮或从动轮，具有适当形状的轮缘，以承载平皮带、V形皮带、槽口皮带、绳索或链条。用于传递动力或运动。 |
| Radial flow | 径向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 径向流动流体流动的主要方向是径向向内或径向向外流动。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窝材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大类材料具有海绵状结构，包含许多小的封闭或开放（互连）孔或细胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、软木、海绵和木材，有许多众所周知的用途。使用发泡剂或发泡剂（如空气、碳酸铵、碳酸氢钠等）生产各种泡沫塑料，以在热塑性或热固性聚合物加工过程中产生孔隙。硬质泡沫具有中等抗压强度，可模制和机加工。 |
| Abrasion | 磨损 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通过硬质颗粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂纸、研磨清洁、研磨加工），也可以是操作的结果（磨损）。 |
| Compression ratio | 压缩率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is SW and the clearance volume is CL, the compression ratio is given by ( SW + CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其冲程顶部的燃烧室的容积与活塞位于其冲程底部的气缸总体积的比例。对于活塞发动机，如果扫气量为SW，间隙容积为CL，则压缩比由(SW+CL)/CL给出，即它是体积比而不是压力比。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振动松动、垫圈蠕变、热膨胀差等原因，螺栓和接头中的张力损失，因此夹紧力损失。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦学中，在任何温度下直接接触的金属表面之间的结合。与钎焊和钎焊不同，接合面至少软化或更通常熔化的接合工艺。在固态（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金属或热塑性塑料可通过向热界面施加压力来连接。在锻造焊接中，通过压缩预热工件之间的连接来实现连接。在摩擦焊接（旋转焊接）中，一个接触表面在被加载到另一个表面之前快速旋转。接触时，摩擦产生的热量使材料软化，并允许密封接头的严重塑性变形。在搅拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋转，使表面凹陷，并横穿形成连接线。电阻焊涉及同时产生的压力和电产生的热量，如点焊，在点焊中，大电流短时间通过电极之间压在一起的金属板。 |
| Shank | 螺杆 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| Compound pendulum | 复摆 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可绕轴自由摆动的刚体。 |
| Ductile fracture | 韧性断裂 |
Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy. A fracture of a component or structure which is preceded by extensive ductile deformation so that the broken pieces cannot be re-fitted to regain the original size and shape of the component or structure. 以金属撕裂为特征的断裂，伴随着明显的总塑性变形和相当大的能量消耗。一种部件或结构的断裂，在断裂前会发生大范围的延性变形，从而使断裂的碎片无法重新装配以恢复部件或结构原来的尺寸和形状。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦机 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一种通过冲击载荷测试弹簧的机器2.一种在使用前将螺旋弹簧压缩至其最小实心长度以提高其使用寿命的机器，从而产生有利的残余应力。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起动扭矩（单位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 电机在零转速下产生的扭矩，以启动所施加负载的旋转。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 热平衡（热预算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 仅涉及跨系统边界的热传递和存储能量的能量平衡。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在断裂前发生塑性变形的能力。通过拉伸试验中的伸长率或面积减少量、杯突试验中的杯突高度或弯曲试验中的弯曲半径或角度来测量。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡试验筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一种闭路循环水隧洞，其中静压可降至足够低的水平，以便进行气蚀研究。 |
| Gasket stress | 垫片应力 |
The contact stress exerted on the gasket by the joint members. 连接件施加在垫片上的接触应力。 |
| Pressure gauge | 压力表 |
An instrument used to measure absolute or gauge pressure. The sensing element may be a tube which deflects when pressurized, as in a Bourdon gauge, a bellows as in an aneroid barometer, a piezoelectric crystal, a piezoresistive element, etc. 测量绝对压力或表压的仪器。传感元件可以是加压时会偏转的管，如波登压力表、无液气压计中的波纹管、压电晶体、压阻元件等。 |
| Tensioner | 张紧器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一种液压工具，用于通过拉伸紧固件而不是对螺母施加较大扭矩来拧紧紧固件。张力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以适当的扭矩将螺母向下压靠接头，张紧器与紧固件分离。螺母保持张紧器产生的拉伸。 |
| Radial marks | 径向标记 |
Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the fracture origin and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. Radial lines result from the intersection and connection of brittle fractures propagating at different levels. Also known as shear ledges. 断裂表面上的线，从断裂起点辐射，肉眼可见或在低放大率下可见。径向线是在不同层面上传播的脆性断裂相交和连接的结果。也称为剪切壁架。 |
| Inclusions | 夹杂物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金属基体中的小块非金属杂质。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂扩展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料对裂纹扩展的抵抗力的量度，以应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力或使用J积分概念导出的J值表示。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸计 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一种用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化，在零件加载时测量零件长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的拉力试验。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| Stability | 稳定性 |
1. A term relating to whether a body, structure, system, or flow is in a state of stable, unstable, or neutral equilibrium. 2. In numerical analysis, whether numerical errors, such as roundoff or input-data errors, are damped, propagate, or cause divergence of the solution as the numerical method proceeds. 3. A control system is often described as stable when a step change in input results in a steady output without continuing oscillation. 1.与物体、结构、系统或流是否处于稳定、不稳定或中性平衡状态有关的术语。2.在数值分析中，随着数值方法的进行，数值误差（如舍入误差或输入数据误差）是否衰减、传播或导致解发散。3.当输入的阶跃变化导致稳定输出而无持续振荡时，控制系统通常被描述为稳定的。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛顿万有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛顿万有引力定律）任何两个物体沿其质心连接线相互施加引力F，其大小与其质量乘积成正比，与它们之间距离r的平方成反比。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| constitutive equation | 本构方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本构关系）1.在固体力学或流体力学中，应力与材料的变形、应变、应变率、温度等之间的代数或数值关系。在固体力学中，这种关系有时称为状态方程。简单的线性例子包括胡克定律和牛顿粘度定律。2.在传热学中，将热流与温度梯度联系起来的一种关系，如傅立叶热传导定律。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷却应力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷却过程中温度分布不均匀导致的残余应力。 |
| Serrations | 锯齿 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 边缘或表面上的一排凹口或齿状突起。在工程图纸上，圆形部件表面的锯齿超过约60°的圆弧。 |
| Air composition | 空气成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的温度和1个大气压的压力下，空气的海平面成分（体积百分比）主要是78.084%的氮气、20.947%的氧气和0.934%的氩气。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氢、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨组成。不同的来源给出的组成略有不同。不包括水蒸气（通常为0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Humidify | 加湿 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 将水蒸气添加到空气或其他气体中以增加其湿度。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔辐射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加热室，近似于黑体辐射的辐射通过该小孔传递出去。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 设计应力（单位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作条件下不会导致失效的部件或结构中的最大许用应力。 |
| DTI | DTI |
Direct tension indicator. A fastener used primarily in the structural steel industry, designed to indicate that a certain minimum amount of tension has been developed in the fastener during assembly. 直接张力指示器。一种主要用于结构钢行业的紧固件，旨在表明在装配过程中紧固件中产生了一定的最小张力。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩诺硬度试验 |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一种已被淘汰的方法，通过测量将球形侵彻体压入金属至规定深度所需的载荷来确定压痕硬度。 |
| Bond strength (Unit Pa) | 结合强度（单位Pa） |
The tensile, compressive or shear stress at which joints fail, e.g. by fracture or excessive deformation. 接头失效的拉伸、压缩或剪切应力，例如断裂或过度变形。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直径（单位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋弹簧或空心圆柱体或球体的内径和外径的平均值 |
| International System of Units | 国际单位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred. （国际单位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美国除外，在科学和工程中几乎是普遍使用的标准单位制。SI的最终参考是国际度量衡局出版的小册子，通常称为BIPM SI小册子。有七个基本单位：米（符号m）表示长度；质量为千克（kg）；物质量的摩尔（mol）；时间为秒；开尔文（K）表示温度；电流为安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示发光强度。新的国际单位制定义于2019年5月20日生效，该定义基于自然界的普遍常数（也称为基本物理常数：阿伏伽德罗常数、玻尔兹曼常数和普朗克常数）。这些常数的值也进行了少量调整。除了基本单位外，还有22个相干导出单位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立体角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、频率的赫兹（Hz）、力的牛顿（N）、压力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和热量的焦耳（J）以及功率和辐射通量的瓦特（W）。建议的做法是避免N/mm²、MN/m²等组合。 |
| Wear rate | 磨损率 |
The rate of material removal or dimensional change due to wear per unit of exposure parameter—for example, quantity of material removed(mass, volume, thickness) in unit distance of sliding or unit time. 由于单位暴露参数的磨损而导致的材料去除率或尺寸变化，例如，单位滑动距离或单位时间内去除的材料数量（质量、体积、厚度）。 |
| Structural analysis | 结构分析 |
The determination of the forces, displacements, stresses, and strains in a given structure. 确定给定结构中的力、位移、应力和应变。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一种压缩机，其中工作气体轴向进入机器，并在通过叶轮径向流出时被压缩。 |
| Induction tempering | 感应回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| Coefficient of restitution (e) | 回弹系数（e） |
The ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding bodies after collision to that before. In perfectly elastic collisions e = 1; when all the impact energy is dissipated, e = 0. 两个碰撞体在碰撞后与碰撞前的相对速度之比。在完全弹性碰撞中e=1；当所有的冲击能量都消散时，e=0。 |
| Transmission | 传输 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 从动力源传输功率和扭矩的系统；例如轴、皮带和滑轮或齿轮系。对于机动车辆，包括变速箱、离合器、传动轴、差速器和终传动轴。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 机壳一种机壳，通常由金属板制成，围绕着需要冷却的机器，如发动机。水通过夹套和热交换器循环，在热交换器中热量被去除。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真应力（σ）（单位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通过将给定时刻施加在构件上的荷载除以其作用的横截面积而获得的值。与工程应力相比。施加在试样上的荷载除以其作用的当前横截面积。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷载除以其作用的原始横截面面积得出的工程应力，ε是真实应变。 |
| Scuffing | 擦伤 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| Socket head | 凹头 |
Screw head having a hexagonal or other form of recessed socket in the head so that the screw can be turned with a wrench or key, as a hexagon key. 螺钉头上有六角或其他形式的凹座，可以用扳手或钥匙（如六角钥匙）转动螺钉。 |
| Torque coefficient | 扭矩系数 |
1. (KT) For a propeller of diameter D, a non-dimensional parameter defined by KT = T/ρΩ2D5 where Ω is the rotational speed (in rad/s) and ρ is the fluid density. 2. (CT) An alternative to (1) for a wind turbine, defined by CT = 2T/ρV2AR where V is the wind speed, A is the swept area of the blades, and R is the blade radius. 3. (K) An empirical coefficient used to calculate the torque T required to achieve an axial load F in a bolt according to T = KFd where d is the nominal bolt diameter. 1.（KT）对于直径为D的螺旋桨，由KT=T/ρΩ2D5定义的无量纲参数，其中Ω是转速（单位为rad/s），ρ是流体密度。2.（CT）对于风力涡轮机（1）的替代方案，由CT=2T/ρV2AR定义，其中V是风速，a是叶片的扫掠面积，R是叶片半径。3.（K）经验系数，用于根据T=KFd计算螺栓中实现轴向载荷F所需的扭矩T，其中d是螺栓标称直径。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺纹小径 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺纹上，仅接触外螺纹根部或内螺纹顶部的假想圆柱体的直径。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 气动控制阀 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （气动阀）一种阀门，其中阀杆的位置随开口面积的变化而变化，由压缩空气作用在隔膜上产生的净力决定，隔膜克服压缩弹簧的力进行操作。根据弹簧的布置，在供气故障的情况下，阀门可以打开或关闭。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Guided-bend test | 导向弯曲试验 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用冲头（心轴）和底块将试样弯曲成一定形状的试验。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道尔顿定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道尔顿附加压力定律的扩展，包括以下陈述：气体混合物的内能、焓和熵等于各个成分单独存在时的内能、焓和熵之和。相同的温度和体积。吉布斯定律是与熵有关的定律的一部分。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 带齿锁紧垫圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 这些垫圈用于将紧固件（如螺栓和螺母）锁定到组件的零部件上，或增加紧固件与组件之间的摩擦力。它们的设计方式类似于螺旋弹簧锁紧垫圈，可采用碳钢。 |
| Diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| Standardization | 标准化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.关于设计、制造、材料、性能、惯例、要求、强度等的国家和国际协议，确保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能产生共同结果。2.部件的制造，以便在装配新部件或维修旧部件时，无需“装配”即可实现部件的互换性。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余强度（单位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂纹、热冲击等引起的缺陷的受损体的强度。 |
| Beta annealing | β退火 |
Producing a beta phase by heating certain titanium alloys in the temperature range of which this phase forms followed by cooling at an appropriate rate to prevent its decomposition. 通过在形成β相的温度范围内加热某些钛合金，然后以适当的速率冷却以防止其分解，从而产生β相。 |
| Amplifier | 放大器 |
A device by which the output of a hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical source is increased. 增加液压、气动或电源输出的装置。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全阀（安全泄压阀） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根据法律安装在所有压力容器（如蒸汽锅炉）上的机械阀，其打开以防止内部压力超过该容器的最大设计值。一旦压力降至安全水平，阀门将再次关闭。 |
| Fatigue | 疲劳 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料极限抗拉强度的重复或波动应力下导致断裂的现象。疲劳失效通常发生在静态施加的载荷下，不会产生明显影响。疲劳断裂是渐进性的，从在波动应力作用下生长的微小裂纹开始。在承受随机或周期性变化载荷的部件和结构中，指强度逐渐降低，导致在低于单调载荷下导致失效的应力下发生失效的术语。可变负载由失衡的机械和其他振动源、阵风等引起，大部分故障是由疲劳引起的。疲劳是裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展的结果。在制造部件中，裂纹萌生通常发生在应力集中点。在一段时间（通常是数百万次应力循环）后，裂纹达到临界长度，此时下一个峰值载荷会导致突然脆性或韧性断裂。疲劳产生的断裂表面在缓慢裂纹扩展期间显示出从裂纹萌生部位发出的特征条纹或进展标记，最终断裂的表面外观不同。 |
| Atmometer | 气压计 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) An instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （湿度计，蒸发计）测量水从表面蒸发到大气中的速率的仪器。 |
| Sigma phase | σ相 |
A hard, brittle, nonmagnetic intermediate phase with a tetragonal crystal structure, containing 30 atoms per unit cell, space group P42/mnm, occurring in many binary and ternary alloys of the transition elements. The composition of this phase in the various systems is not the same, and the phase usually exhibits a wide range in homogeneity. Alloying with a third transition element usually enlarges the field of homogeneity and extends it deep into the ternary section. 一种硬、脆、非磁性中间相，具有四方晶体结构，每单位晶胞含有30个原子，空间群P42/mnm，存在于许多过渡元素的二元和三元合金中。该相在各种系统中的组成不尽相同，并且该相通常表现出宽范围的均匀性。与第三过渡元素的合金化通常会扩大均匀性范围，并将其延伸到三元区。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂纹扩展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 缓慢的裂纹扩展，伴随着明显的塑性变形，需要从外部提供能量。 |
| Forging cracks | 锻造裂纹 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 这可能发生在紧固件制造过程中的切削或锻造操作中，并且位于头部的顶部或带锯齿的头部螺栓的凸起周边上。 |
| Celsius | 摄氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0ºC) and the boiling point of water (100ºC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰点（0ºC）和水的沸点（100ºC）的温标。这些点之间的间隔被划分为100度。这个比例是由安德斯·摄氏设计的。 |
| Critical point | 临界点 |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶体结构、相或物理性质发生变化的温度或压力。与转变温度相同。（2） 在平衡图中，指组成、温度和压力或其组合的特定值，在该值下，多相体系的相处于平衡状态。 |
| Bolt blank | 螺栓毛坯 |
A rod on which a head has been formed, but on which no thread has been cut, from which bolts or screws may be made as required. 一种已形成头部但未切割螺纹的杆，可根据需要从中制造螺栓或螺钉。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞莱气压计 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一种垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水银上方的空间处于真空状态。水银在管道中上升的高度是大气压力的量度。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一种带有方形或矩形端头的螺栓，可嵌入机床工作台的T形槽中，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Hot stamping | 热冲压 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黄铜和青铜合金的热锻。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等温退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 将铁合金奥氏体化，然后冷却至奥氏体转变为相对软的铁素体碳化物集合体的温度并保持该温度。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在内部火焰中过量氧气产生的气体火焰。 |
| Ratchet coupling | 棘轮联轴器 |
A joint employing a ratchet system between two shafts, so that not only does the driven shaft run in one direction only, but also the driven shaft can, if necessary, run more quickly than the driving shaft. 在两个轴之间采用棘轮系统的接头，这样不仅从动轴只能在一个方向上运行，而且在必要时，从动轴可以比驱动轴运行得更快。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蚀电池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 当两种具有不同电势的金属（阳极和阴极）在液体（电解质）存在下连接在一起时形成的天然“电池”。 |
| Load | 负载 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 对于试验机，施加在试件上的力，以磅力、牛顿或千克力等单位测量。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺纹 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 顺时针或向右转动时进入配合部件的螺纹。 |
| Martensitic stainless steels | 马氏体不锈钢 |
Martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. They can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. They have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. Uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 马氏体不锈钢是一种可硬化的磁性不锈钢，其铬含量为9-18%，碳含量为0.06-1.25%，锰、硅、镍和钼的总含量通常高达约2.5%。它们可以进行热处理，使马氏体成为主要的微组分，通常可在退火或淬火回火条件下获得。它们具有优异的强度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蚀性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步枪枪管、蒸汽轮机管道和叶片、喷气发动机部件、手动工具、机械零件、紧固件、阀门、弹簧、轴承、泵轴、喷嘴、采矿设备和耐磨零件。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一种在六角面上有槽的螺母，与具有钻孔的螺栓一起使用，以便将开口（开口）销插入穿过螺母和螺栓以防止拧松。 |
| Combustible | 易燃 |
(inflammable) A term for substances that can be ignited and burned. （易燃）可点燃和燃烧的物质的术语。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六边形的螺母。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶热处理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 将合金加热到合适的温度，在该温度下保持足够长的时间以使一种或多种成分进入固溶体，然后快速冷却以将这些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 扩散系数 |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一个比例因子，表示在单位时间内通过单位浓度梯度扩散到单位面积上的物质量。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高强度低合金钢 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA钢）是含有各种微合金元素的钢，如少量的铜、镍、铬、钼、铌、钛和钒，与普通碳钢相比，具有更好的强度（高达900MPa）和腐蚀性能。这些改进归功于晶粒细化和沉淀硬化、炼钢过程中更好的化学控制以及精确的轧制温度。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲劳强度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金属在指定数量的应力循环变化下可以承受的应力。可以在指定的循环次数内持续而不失效的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通过使用内部气压使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨胀来制造中空聚合物物体（例如瓶子）。 |
| Stress equalizing | 应力均衡 |
A low-temperature heat treatment used to balance stresses in cold-worked material without an appreciable decrease in the mechanical strength produced by cold working. 一种低温热处理，用于平衡冷加工材料中的应力，而不会明显降低冷加工产生的机械强度。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接头 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 两个结构通过粘合剂粘合在一起的点或区域。 |
| Nipple | 喷嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一种包含止回阀的装置，该止回阀拧入润滑点，通过该润滑点可以将润滑脂引入，例如轴承中。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| Vent | 发泄 |
A small valve that allows the release of pressurized fluid from a pipe, pressure vessel, etc., often to the atmosphere. 一种小阀门，允许将加压流体从管道、压力容器等中释放到大气中。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 临界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火处理，包括加热至并保持在上临界温度和下临界温度之间的温度，以获得部分奥氏体化，然后缓慢冷却或保持在低于下临界温度的温度。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 压力容器（如锅炉）设计用于在正常条件下运行的压力。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 应力强度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一种标度因子，通常用符号K表示，在线弹性断裂力学中用于描述已知尺寸和形状的裂纹尖端施加应力的增强。在任何含有裂纹的结构中，裂纹快速扩展开始时，该因子称为临界应力强度因子，或断裂韧性。 |
| Tyre | 轮胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 车轮罩安装在轮辋上的柔性环形罩，用于支撑车辆（如机动车、飞机或自行车）的重量，并将动力和扭矩传递到路面。有些充气轮胎是直接充气的，有些轮胎有单独的内胎充气。对于某些应用，使用实心轮胎。 |
| Shrink fit | 过盈配合 |
A tight interference fit between two components resulting from heating an outer part and/or cooling an inner part to allow easy assembly. The outer component contracts on cooling, while the inner part expands on warming to ambient temperature, thus gripping the two parts together. 由于加热外部部件和/或冷却内部部件而导致的两个部件之间的紧密过盈配合，以便于组装。外部部件在冷却时收缩，而内部部件在加热到环境温度时膨胀，从而将两个部件夹在一起。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| Least count | 最小计数 |
The smallest value that can be read from an instrument having a graduated scale. Except on instruments provided with a vernier, the least count is that fraction of the smallest division which can be conveniently and reliably estimated; this fraction is ordinarily one-fifth or one-tenth, except where the graduations are very closely spaced. 可从具有刻度尺的仪器中读取的最小值。除配备游标的仪器外，最小计数是可以方便可靠地估计的最小除法的分数；这个分数通常是五分之一或十分之一，除非刻度间隔非常近。 |
| Quench cracking | 淬火开裂 |
Fracture of a metal during quenching from elevated temperature. Most frequently observed in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. Cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, corners, or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the volume changes accompanying transformation to martensite. 高温淬火时金属断裂。在高硬度和低韧性的硬化碳钢、合金钢或工具钢零件中最常见。裂纹通常来自圆角、孔、角部或其他应力集中区，并由伴随马氏体转变的体积变化引起的高应力引起。 |
| Furnace | 炉 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一种燃烧室，其中燃烧固体、液体或气体燃料以向锅炉或其他工艺设备供应热气。示例包括燃烧室、锅炉炉（蒸汽发生炉）、热风炉、燃油炉、上升气流炉和水冷炉。2.用于加热和熔化材料的腔室，有时具有受控气氛或真空（真空炉）。例如高炉、直接和间接电弧炉、感应炉（高频炉）、马弗炉、反射炉和太阳能炉。 |
| Transfer ratio | 传输比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （传递常数）一个复变量，表示传感器输出与产生该输出的输入之间的比率。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕变疲劳 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金属和其他材料（例如具有时间相关行为的聚合物）在高同源温度下的组合蠕变和疲劳的影响。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲劳失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 当经历疲劳的试样完全断裂成两部分或因热加热或开裂而软化或刚度显着降低时发生的失效。 |
| Blueing | 发蓝 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 应用蓝色染料（“工程师蓝”）来识别接触表面上的高点，或用于标记。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| Rpm (N) | 转速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分钟转数的缩写。它是一种广泛使用的转速非SI单位。相应的角速度ω，单位为rad/s，由πN/30给出。还使用Rps（每秒转数），此时角速度为2πN。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度计测量弹性体、塑料和橡胶等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度仪测量直径为1.1–1.4mm的硬化钢棒（压头）在用校准弹簧快速施加的给定力下渗入试验材料的深度。有两种主要的压头设计：A型（适用于较软的材料），其杆端为截头35°锥形，逐渐变细至直径0.79 mm；D型（较硬的材料），端部为30°锥形，尖端半径为0.1mm。A型的弹簧力为8.05N，D型为44.45N。硬度值与渗透深度相关（最大限制为2.5mm），因此，对于零渗透，硬度为100，对于最大渗透，硬度是零。相关标准为ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所选材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纤维素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一类由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种单体组成的热塑性共聚物，其性能（特别是韧性）优于单个成分。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 横向（侧向）应变与相应轴向应变之比的绝对值，该比值由低于材料比例极限的均匀分布的轴向应力产生。 |
| Carburizing flame | 渗碳火焰 |
A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame. 一种气体火焰，会在气焊操作中将碳引入一些加热的金属中。渗碳火焰是还原火焰，但还原火焰不一定是渗碳火焰。 |
| Assembly drawing | 装配图纸 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 显示零件如何组装以生产组件或整机的工程图。它可能包括显示内部特征、对装配至关重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件编号的部分。 |
| Scratching | 刮擦 |
In tribology, the mechanical removal or displacement, or both, of material from a surface by the action of abrasive particles or protuberances sliding across the surfaces. 在摩擦学中，通过在表面上滑动的磨粒或突起的作用，材料从表面上的机械移除或移位，或两者兼而有之。 |
| Natural unit system (n.u. system) | 自然单位制（n.u.制） |
A non-SI system of units, based on fundamental constants, used in high-energy and particle physics. The n.u. of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum, c0 = 299 792 458 m/s. 基于基本常数的非国际单位制，用于高能和粒子物理n.u.速度是真空中的光速，c0=299792458m/s。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接头 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Abrasive wear | 磨料磨损 |
The removal or displacement of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. Contrast with adhesive wear. 当硬质颗粒在压力下在表面上滑动或滚动时，材料从表面上的去除或位移。颗粒可能是松散的或可能是与被磨损表面接触的另一个表面的一部分。与粘着磨损形成对比。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 转速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （单位rps或rpm）对于绕固定轴旋转的物体，旋转速度是物体每单位时间的转数。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（单位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Calorie | 卡路里 |
(cal, gram calorie, small calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 4.186 8 J. It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure airfree water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at standard atmospheric pressure. （卡，克热量，小热量）一种已被淘汰的（即非SI）能量单位，等于4.1868J。它是在标准大气压力下将1克纯无空气水的温度从14.5℃升高到15.5℃所需的能量。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 顶隙（单位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 对于螺纹和齿轮，螺纹（或齿轮）的顶部与啮合螺纹（或齿轮）的根部之间的径向间隙。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通过固溶热处理然后快速淬火对奥氏体铁合金进行退火。 |
| Decalescence | 退色 |
A phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一种现象，与铁或钢加热（过热）时α铁向γ铁的转变有关，由于转变潜热的快速吸收导致温度突然降低，金属表面变黑。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奥尔森杯测试 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一种杯突试验，其中一块金属板，除了中心以外，被一个标准钢球变形，直到发生断裂。断裂时杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s²) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s². （自由落体加速度，重力加速度，g）（单位m/s²）自由落体在真空中的加速度，在海平面处的平均值约为9.81m/s²。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m²) | 韧性（单位：J/m²） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金属在破裂前吸收能量和塑性变形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂纹萌生和扩展的能力。2.材料在不发生断裂的情况下吸收应变能的能力。 |
| Gas compressor | 气体压缩机 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一种在低压下吸入气体并在高压下输送气体的机器，通常伴随着温度升高。压缩机设计包括轴流式、离心式、隔膜式、往复式和旋转式（包括叶片式压缩机）。 |
| Preload relaxation | 预载松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓头下的轴承应力过大（由局部斑点高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母轴承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能会在首次向螺栓施加预载荷后导致预载荷松弛。 |
| Wrap-around bend | 环绕弯曲 |
The bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. This term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 当试样缠绕在圆柱形心轴周围的闭合螺旋中时获得的弯曲。该术语有时适用于180°或更小的半导弯曲。 |
| Constant-force spring | 恒力弹簧 |
A spring that has the same restoring force regardless of displacement. The most common type takes the form of a coiled strip that, owing to tight coiling during manufacture, is pre-stressed (a steel measuring tape is an example). The uncoiling force is approximately constant as the change of curvature of the strip is approximately constant. Not to be confused with a clockwork spring from which power can be obtained. 无论位移如何，具有相同恢复力的弹簧。最常见的类型是卷绕带，由于制造过程中的紧密卷绕，该卷绕带是预应力的（钢卷尺就是一个例子）。随着带材曲率的变化近似恒定，开卷力近似恒定。不要与可获得动力的发条弹簧混淆。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 绝对比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同温度下，任何体积的物质的重量与等体积的参考物质的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，两者都是在真空中测量的，以避免任何浮力的影响。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光烧结 |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一种制造技术，通过这种制造技术，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金属（直接金属激光烧结，DMLS）材料逐层（每个厚度通常为 20 微米）构建，每一层都由扫描激光烧结。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 涡轮流量计 |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ṁ. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ṁ is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （轴向流量计、螺旋桨流量计）一种串联流量计，其中螺旋桨或转子的转速N是质量流量的测量值ṁ. 校准总是必要的，但需要适当的设计ṁ在很宽的范围内与N成正比。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在钢上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮（从稻草色到蓝色），从线圈或薄片的边缘延伸。有时称为退火边界。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 J/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到SI的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102J/m²。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奥氏体晶界区域的材料熔化的过热阶段。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 钢或铸铁中的游离碳。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂纹尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂纹主平面尺寸的线性度量。这种测量通常用于计算描述应力场和位移场的量。在实践中，裂纹尺寸的值是通过测量物理裂纹尺寸、原始裂纹尺寸或有效裂纹尺寸的程序获得的，视情况而定。 |
| Clearance fit | 间隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 从紧密滑动到松动运行的一系列间隙，即配合零件的限制始终允许组装的配合。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 转变温度（单位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定义的温度，位于金属断裂特性（通常通过缺口试样的试验确定）快速变化的温度范围内，如从主要纤维（剪切）断裂到主要结晶（解理）断裂。（2） 有时用于表示延性随温度快速变化的范围内的任意定义的温度。（转变点）1.具有面心立方晶体结构的金属合金的断裂机制从韧性孔洞生长转变为脆性解理的温度。2.材料从一种晶体状态转变为另一种晶体的温度。 |
| Acoustic power | 声功率 |
(sound power) (Unit W) The rate of flow of acoustic energy across a specified surface. （声功率）（单位W）声能流过指定表面的速率。 |
| Combined carbon | 复合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中除游离碳外的部分。 |
| Steady loads | 稳定负载 |
Loads that do not change in intensity or that change so slowly they may be regarded as steady. 强度不变或变化缓慢的荷载可视为稳定荷载。 |
| Shell hardening | 壳型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，合适的钢工件在加热和淬火硬化后，会形成一层马氏体层或壳，该层或壳紧随工件的轮廓，并包围一个基本上为珠光体相变产物的核心。这一结果通过截面尺寸、钢淬透性和淬火强度之间的适当平衡来实现。 |
| Stress factor | 应力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。它是由紧固件长度变化引起的超声波传输时间变化与总传输时间变化之间的比率。 |
| Dead load (Unit N) | 静载（单位N） |
A load on a component or structure that is steady with time, e.g. the self-weight of a bridge. 部件或结构上随时间稳定的载荷，例如桥梁的自重。 |
| Homogenizing | 均质化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高温以消除或减少扩散引起的化学偏析。 |
| Median fatigue life | 中位疲劳寿命 |
The middle value when all of the observed fatigue life values of the individual specimens in a group tested under identical conditions are arranged in order of magnitude. When an even number of specimens are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. Use of the sample median rather than the arithmetic mean (that is, the average) is usually preferred. 当在相同条件下测试的一组中单个试样的所有观察疲劳寿命值按数量级排列时的中间值。当测试偶数个试样时，使用两个中间值的平均值。通常优选使用样本中值而不是算术平均值（即平均值）。 |
| Ausforming | 形变热处理 |
Thermomechanical treatment of steel in the metastable austenitic condition below the recrystallization temperature followed by quenching to obtain martensite and/or bainite. 在低于再结晶温度的亚稳态奥氏体条件下对钢进行热机械处理，然后淬火以获得马氏体和/或贝氏体。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸线 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程图上的一条线，上面有一个数字，表示特征的长度，通常以毫米为单位。 |
| Torque meter | 扭矩计 |
An instrument for measuring torque using spring-loaded, piezoelectric, or strain-gauged devices. 使用弹簧加载、压电或应变测量装置测量扭矩的仪器。 |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程应力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一个术语，有时用于常规应力，以区别于真实应力。在拉伸试验中，通过将施加在试样上的断裂载荷除以试样的原始横截面积来计算。 |
| Stroke | 一击 |
1. (stroke length) (Unit m) The linear distance between top dead centre and bottom dead centre of a piston in a reciprocating engine or mechanism. 2. The movement of a piston or plunger in a reciprocating machine to execute a particular function; for example, the exhaust stroke of an engine in which the exhaust gases are expelled from a cylinder. 1.（冲程长度）（单位：m）往复式发动机或机构中活塞上止点和下止点之间的线性距离。2.活塞或柱塞在往复式机器中执行特定功能的运动；例如发动机的排气冲程，其中排气从气缸中排出。 |
| Atomization | 雾化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通过喷嘴（雾化器）喷射从液体（例如柴油或汽油）中产生细小液滴喷雾。 |
| Brake fluid | 制动液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于将力传递到盘式制动器中的活塞或鼓式制动器中的轮缸的液压油。要求包括高沸点和低吸湿性。 |
| Bearing failure | 轴承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 当横向载荷除以承载面积产生导致永久塑性变形的应力时，铆接或螺栓连接中发生的失效。 |
| Pressure snubber | 压力缓冲器 |
(pressure-pulse snubber) A device used for filtering, dampening, and the protection of transducers, pressure gauges, and switches, from pressure surges, pressure spikes, and water hammer. A typical design uses a fixed mesh or porous metal disc installed in an inline body. In a piston-type pressure-gauge snubber, a piston is forced against an orifice leading to the gauge. （压力脉冲缓冲器）一种用于过滤、阻尼和保护传感器、压力表和开关免受压力浪涌、压力尖峰和水锤影响的装置。典型的设计使用安装在内联阀体中的固定网格或多孔金属盘。在活塞式压力表缓冲器中，活塞被压靠在通向压力表的孔口上。 |
| Hydrogen embrittlement | 氢脆 |
A condition of low toughness, low ductility or cracking in metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen. A common and troublesome form of Stress cracking. Several theories have been proposed to explain hydrogen embrittlement, but, at present, the exact mechanism is still unknown. What is known, however, is the fact that if hydrogen is trapped in a bolt by poor electroplating practices, it can encourage stress cracking. Bolts can fail, suddenly and unexpectedly, under normal loads. Premature crack growth over time under tensile stress leading to unexpected failure in certain metals, caused by small amounts of hydrogen in the microstructure. Hydrogen may enter steels during melting or heat treating, or during processes such as electroplating. 因吸收氢而导致金属韧性低、延展性低或开裂的情况，是一种常见且麻烦的应力开裂形式。在拉伸应力下，裂纹随时间过早扩展，导致某些金属发生意外失效，这是由微观结构中的少量氢引起的。在熔化或热处理过程中，或在电镀等过程中，氢可能进入钢中。已经提出了几种理论来解释氢脆，但目前，确切的机理仍然未知。已知的事实是，如果氢因电镀不当而被困在螺栓中，则会导致应力开裂。在正常载荷下，螺栓可能突然意外失效。 |
| Fracture strength | 断裂强度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （断裂应力）（单位Pa）材料断裂时的应力。对于给定的材料，它不是绝对的，因为它取决于断裂力学定律，并且取决于尺寸。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Gauge pressure (Unit Pa) | 表压（单位Pa） |
The level of static pressure above the ambient pressure. 高于环境压力的静压水平。 |
| Forging | 锻造处理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 将生钢制成特定形状的过程。锻造产品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夹和障碍销。 1. 一种通过手工或机器锤击金属（落锻、压力机）制造部件的方法。2.通过锻造工艺制成的零件。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大应力强度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲劳循环中应力强度因子的最大值。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量转移和转换过程中的不可逆性，将能量转换为低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| Initial strain | 初始应变 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕变试验中（蠕变发生之前）达到给定载荷条件后，试样立即产生的应变。有时称为瞬时应变。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨胀 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部载荷、压缩、温度变化、化学作用等引起的体积变化。 |
| Flat head | 平头 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平顶表面和锥形轴承表面。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化温度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金发生部分熔融的最低温度。 |
| Absolute expansion | 绝对扩张 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考虑到容纳液体的容器的任何膨胀后，液体随温度的真实体积膨胀。 |
| Arbitration bar | 抗弯试棒 |
A test bar, cast with a heat of material, used to determine chemical composition, hardness, tensile strength, and deflection and strength under transverse loading in order to establish the state of acceptability of the casting. 用热材料铸造的测试棒，用于确定化学成分、硬度、抗拉强度、横向载荷下的挠度和强度，以确定铸件的可接受状态。 |
| Strain-age embrittlement | 应变时效脆化 |
A loss in ductility accompanied by an increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°C (400 °F), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature. 塑性变形后低碳钢（尤其是边缘钢或封顶钢）时效时发生的延展性损失，伴随着硬度和强度的增加。脆化程度是老化时间和温度的函数，在大约200°C（400°F）的温度下，在几分钟内发生，但在室温下需要几小时到一年。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式电极炉 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一种通过使用浸入陶瓷衬里中的电极加热熔融盐浴对零件进行液体渗碳的炉。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| Ideal critical diameter | 理想临界直径 |
(DI). Under an ideal quench condition, the bar diameter that has 50% martensite at the center of the bar when the surface is cooled at an infinitely rapid rate (that is, when H = ∞, where H is the quench severity factor). （DI）在理想淬火条件下，当表面以无限快的速度冷却时（即H=∞, 其中H是淬火严重度因子）。 |
| Stead’s brittleness | 斯特德脆性 |
A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about 705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling. 一种脆性状态，导致粗晶结构中发生穿晶断裂，这是由于之前在低于约705°C（1300°F）的温度下轧制的低碳钢薄板经过长时间退火造成的。断裂通常发生在与轧制方向约45°处。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在涡扇发动机中，旁通流的质量流量与通过发动机核心的质量流量之比。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
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