| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Centre line | 中心线 |
1. In an engineering drawing, a line of symmetry. 2. An imaginary line along a pipe, duct, or shaft that defines an axis of symmetry. 3. An imaginary straight line parallel to the intended direction of a surface located such that the areas above and below the line and the real wavy (rough) surface cancel out. 1.在工程图中，对称线。2.沿着管道、管道或竖井定义对称轴的假想线。3.一条平行于表面预期方向的假想直线，该直线上方和下方的区域与真实的波状（粗糙）表面相抵消。 |
| Coaxial | 同轴 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同轴线的部件的术语，例如同心轴。 |
| Turboblower | 涡轮鼓风机 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 离心式或轴流式压缩机或风扇。 |
| Aerated bath nitriding | 空气搅拌液体渗氮法 |
A type of liquid nitriding in which air is pumped through the molten bath creating agitation and increased chemical activity. 一种液体氮化，其中空气被泵入熔池，产生搅拌并增加化学活性。 |
| Torr | 托尔 |
A non-SI unit of pressure commonly used in vacuum systems; defined by 760 torr = 1 atm so that 1 torr = 133.322 368 4 Pa, and approximately equivalent to the pressure corresponding to 1 mm of mercury. 真空系统中常用的非SI压力单位；由760托=1大气压定义，因此1托=133.3223684帕，近似等于对应于1毫米汞柱的压力。 |
| Rpm (N) | 转速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分钟转数的缩写。它是一种广泛使用的转速非SI单位。相应的角速度ω，单位为rad/s，由πN/30给出。还使用Rps（每秒转数），此时角速度为2πN。 |
| Fillet radius | 圆角半径 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在紧固件的两个相交表面处的凹形接合处。通常用于描述螺纹紧固件的头部和柄部之间的连接处（头部圆角下方）。 |
| Stability | 稳定性 |
1. A term relating to whether a body, structure, system, or flow is in a state of stable, unstable, or neutral equilibrium. 2. In numerical analysis, whether numerical errors, such as roundoff or input-data errors, are damped, propagate, or cause divergence of the solution as the numerical method proceeds. 3. A control system is often described as stable when a step change in input results in a steady output without continuing oscillation. 1.与物体、结构、系统或流是否处于稳定、不稳定或中性平衡状态有关的术语。2.在数值分析中，随着数值方法的进行，数值误差（如舍入误差或输入数据误差）是否衰减、传播或导致解发散。3.当输入的阶跃变化导致稳定输出而无持续振荡时，控制系统通常被描述为稳定的。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽发电厂冷凝器上的低于大气压的压力导致整体效率显着提高。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射线厚度计 |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一种由X射线源和探测器组成的装置，用于测定片状或平板状材料的厚度，包括金属、纸张、塑料、橡胶和陶瓷。 |
| Countersinking | 埋头孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 从钻孔的边缘向外张开以形成截锥形凹陷，以容纳具有锥形头的螺钉，从而提供齐平的配件。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大致对应于冷加工状态，超过该状态，材料就不能再通过弯曲形成。在规范中，完全硬质回火通常定义为与完全退火后的特定冷压下率百分比相对应的最小硬度或最小抗拉强度（或者，硬度或强度范围）。对于铝来说，完全硬回火相当于从极软状态减少75%；对于奥氏体不锈钢，减少约50%至55%。 |
| Eyebolt (eyescrew) | 吊环螺栓（眼螺丝） |
A bolt threaded at one end and bent to a loop at the other end. A bolt or screw with a closed loop in place of a head. 一端有螺纹，另一端弯曲成环的螺栓。带有闭合环代替头部的螺栓或螺钉。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪应力（单位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪应力，切向应力，τ）（1）当金属晶体中的平行平面彼此滑动时存在的应力。（2）与力作用平面相切的应力分量。也称为切向应力。1.平行于固体材料内任何平面的应力。它可能是由于施加在身体上的弯矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.对应于流动粘性流体内的速度梯度的应力。 |
| Proof strength (Unit Pa) | 验证强度（单位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2 or Rp0.2 is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （验证应力，Rp）在永久应变的某个固定值下的屈服强度（偏移屈服强度），由偏离但平行于弹性加载线的线与工程应力-工程应变曲线的交点给出。偏移是任意的，但通常为0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久应变（验证应变）。用于没有明确定义屈服点的材料。对于0.2%的验证应力，采用符号Rp0.2。 |
| Lockbolt | 锁紧螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上类似于螺栓的紧固件，但与环槽（而不是螺纹）接合的轴环（而不是螺母）。套环在阳紧固件上的凹槽上锻造，以产生预紧力。 |
| Archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
A machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. If water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical Archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一种机器，它在紧密的管子内包含一个旋转的螺旋叶片，可用于泵送液体、泥浆（如污水）、颗粒材料等。如果水流入倾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺杆的顶部，螺杆将旋转，可用于驱动发电机。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m³) | 比重（γ）（单位：N/m³） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物质单位体积的重量：W是物质体积的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| Stress area | 应力面积 |
The effective cross-sectional area of the threaded section of a fastener. Used to compute average stress levels in that section. Based on the mean of pitch and minor diameters. 紧固件螺纹部分的有效横截面积。用于计算该截面中的平均应力水平。基于节距和小直径的平均值。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一种相对长而薄的物体，其横截面设计用于在相对于流体运动时产生升力。主要应用于飞机和高性能机动车辆。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺纹的最高点。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| Absolute rating | 绝对标称值 |
A theoretical size designation which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific 一个理论尺寸名称，它是按长度估算的最大颗粒，它可以通过具有特定过滤器的过滤器 |
| Captive nut | 松脱螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脱地或刚性地连接到薄板构件上的螺母，该螺母太薄而无法拧入，并与带帽螺钉接合。 |
| Centrifugal | 离心式 |
Acting or moving in a direction away from the axis of rotation of a rotating body. 沿远离旋转体的旋转轴的方向作用或移动。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Elongation | 伸张率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 机械测试中使用的术语，用于描述试样在受力时的延伸量。 |
| Conduit | 导管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金属、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物体，与其横向尺寸相比相对较长，并且有流体流过。 |
| Repeatability | 重复性 |
A term used to refer to the test-result variability associated with a limited set of specifically defined sources of variability within a single laboratory. 一个术语，用于指与单个实验室内一组有限的特定变异源相关的测试结果变异性。 |
| Stator | 定子 |
A ring of non-rotating blades or nozzles in a compressor, turbine, or other turbomachine, which directs fluid flow into an adjacent rotor. 涡轮压缩机、涡轮或其他涡轮机械中的一圈不旋转的叶片或喷嘴，将流体引导到相邻的转子中。 |
| Hysteresis | 滞后 |
The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 当材料经受重复加载时，在任何加载或卸载循环期间发生的永久吸收或损失能量的现象。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡机 |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一种装置，用于评估旋转部件的静态和动态平衡状态，并指示为获得平衡而添加的砝码的大小和位置。 |
| Springback | 回弹 |
The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金属在经历成形操作后趋于恢复其原始形状或轮廓的程度。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口强度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸试样上的最大载荷除以最小横截面积（缺口根部的面积）。也称为缺口抗拉强度。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI单位前缀；1千米是长度单位，等于1000米。 |
| Washer | 垫圈 |
An annular disc of metal, rubber, plastic, ceramic, etc., placed between two surfaces in contact either to spread the load (for example, between a surface and a tightened nut or a bolt head), to provide a seal, or to separate or align components. 由金属、橡胶、塑料、陶瓷等制成的环形圆盘，放置在两个接触面之间，以分散载荷（例如，在一个表面和拧紧的螺母或螺栓头之间），提供密封，或分离或对齐部件。 |
| Assembly drawing | 装配图纸 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 显示零件如何组装以生产组件或整机的工程图。它可能包括显示内部特征、对装配至关重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件编号的部分。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化温度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金发生部分熔融的最低温度。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火时效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶热处理后快速冷却引起的时效。 |
| Initial preload | 初始预载 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 拧紧单个螺栓时产生的张力。通常会通过后续的装配操作或在役负载和条件进行修改。 |
| Stress corrosion | 应力腐蚀 |
(stress-corrosion cracking) Corrosion failure accelerated by local stresses (particularly tensile) which enhance cracking in both monotonic and fatigue loading. （应力腐蚀开裂）局部应力（特别是拉伸应力）加速的腐蚀失效，该局部应力在单调载荷和疲劳载荷下都会增强开裂。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Young’s modulus | 杨氏模量 |
A term used synonymously with modulus of elasticity. The ratio of tensile or compressive stresses to the resulting strain. 与弹性模量同义的术语。拉伸或压缩应力与产生应变的比率。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德国标准化研究所。 |
| Vane engine (vane motor) | 叶片发动机（叶片马达） |
A rotary engine in which high-pressure hydraulic fluid in the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor acts on the vanes, causing the rotor to revolve within a cylinder. The design is much like a sliding-vane compressor, as is that of a vane pump, used to pump liquids. 一种旋转式发动机，其中偏置转子中装有弹簧的滑动叶片之间的高压液压流体作用在叶片上，使转子在气缸内旋转。这种设计很像滑动叶片压缩机，就像用于泵送液体的叶片泵一样。 |
| Specimen | 样品 |
A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration, that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample. 用于破坏性或无损检测的测试对象，通常具有标准尺寸或配置。可以从样品的每个单位切割一个或多个样品。 |
| Twist drill | 麻花钻 |
A hardened-steel drill bit having one or more helical flutes running from a conical tip to the smooth part of the shank. 一种淬火钢钻头，具有一个或多个螺旋槽，从锥形尖端延伸到柄部的光滑部分。 |
| Flat head | 平头 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平顶表面和锥形轴承表面。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波义耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在给定的绝对温度T下，气体的压力p与其体积的乘积是恒定的。与查尔斯定律一起，它产生了理想的气体方程p=Mrt，其中m是气体的质量，R是特定的气体常数。恒温下气体的体积与压力成反比。这意味着随着压力的增加，气体的体积会减少。 |
| Bearing failure | 轴承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 当横向载荷除以承载面积产生导致永久塑性变形的应力时，铆接或螺栓连接中发生的失效。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 转动螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有时用于描述紧固件拧紧时螺母（或螺栓头）的总体旋转。更常用于定义一种特定的紧固程序，在该程序中，首先以预选扭矩拧紧紧固件，然后通过使螺母额外转动，如“三平面”（180°）进一步拧紧。 |
| Mohs scale | 莫氏硬度 |
A scale of scratch hardness originally developed for minerals. 最初为矿物开发的划痕硬度标尺。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起动阀（调节器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 将蒸汽从锅炉送入蒸汽机汽缸的阀门。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度计测量弹性体、塑料和橡胶等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度仪测量直径为1.1–1.4mm的硬化钢棒（压头）在用校准弹簧快速施加的给定力下渗入试验材料的深度。有两种主要的压头设计：A型（适用于较软的材料），其杆端为截头35°锥形，逐渐变细至直径0.79 mm；D型（较硬的材料），端部为30°锥形，尖端半径为0.1mm。A型的弹簧力为8.05N，D型为44.45N。硬度值与渗透深度相关（最大限制为2.5mm），因此，对于零渗透，硬度为100，对于最大渗透，硬度是零。相关标准为ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所选材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纤维素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭轴振动 |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋转不平衡轴的快速来回角扭转，在临界转速下达到最大值。轴偏心、质量分布不平衡、振荡扭矩、未对准等都会影响扭转振动。 |
| Auxiliary power unit (APU) | 辅助动力装置（APU） |
In aircraft–gas–turbine applications, a small gas turbine used to provide start-up power, electrical and hydraulic power, and compressed air for cabin ventilation. In other applications, an APU may be a gas turbine or internal-combustion engine used to provide emergency power. 在飞机-燃气轮机应用中，小型燃气轮机用于提供启动动力、电力和液压动力以及用于机舱通风的压缩空气。在其他应用中，APU可以是用于提供应急动力的燃气轮机或内燃机。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Free carbon | 游离碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。与结合碳形成对比。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 连续式炉 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一种用于热处理材料的炉子，该炉子连续通过炉子，进入一个门并从另一个门排出。参见带式高炉、直燃隧道式高炉、旋转罐式炉、振动炉。 |
| Thermal reactor | 热反应器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一种扩大的排气歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式发动机的气缸盖上，其中一氧化碳和未燃烧碳氢化合物的氧化作用增强。 |
| Fastener with reduced shank | 短柄紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d2. 柄径为ds≈d2的紧固件。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Tension joint | 张力接头 |
A joint which is primarily subjected to loads acting more or less parallel to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少平行于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Mass flow rate (ṁ) (Unit kg/s) | 质量流量（ṁ）（单位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (ṁ″), with unit kg/s.m², is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ṁ″ = ṁ/A or ṁ″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 单位时间内流过表面或通过管道或其他管道的材料质量，通常是流体或粉末。相应的质量通量（ṁ″），单位为kg/s.m²，是通过真实表面或通过管道的质量流量除以表面或横截面积A，即ṁ″=ṁ/A或ṁ″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Torque motor | 力矩电机 |
A type of induction motor that can apply a steady torque even when prevented from rotating. 一种感应电动机，即使被阻止旋转也能施加稳定的转矩。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由两个垂直管组成的装置，在顶部或底部通过一段管子连接，形成U形。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Elastic deformation | 弹性变形 |
A change in dimensions directly proportional to and in phase with an increase or decrease in applied force. 尺寸的变化与施加的力的增加或减少成正比并同相。 |
| Bend test | 弯曲试验 |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 确定待成形金属（通常为薄板、带材、板材或线材）的相对延展性或确定金属的坚固性和韧性（例如，焊接后）的试验。试样通常在规定的直径上重复弯曲一个规定的角度，然后在规定的循环次数内弯曲。弯曲试验有四种一般类型，根据施加在试样上的力进行弯曲的方式命名：自由弯曲、引导弯曲、半引导弯曲和环绕弯曲。 |
| Band clutch | 带式离合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一种摩擦离合器，其驱动是通过一条带在离合器边缘上收缩来实现的。 |
| Car furnace | 车炉 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一种间歇式炉，使用轨道上的小车进出炉区。汽车炉用于较低的应力消除范围。 |
| Clearance | 间距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （单位m或μm）1.装配体中配合组件之间的距离（如果有）。2.机器中两个运动部件之间的距离，或运动部件和静止部件之间的距离（例如活塞和气缸盖之间的间隙）。3.带螺纹时，主要间隙是内螺纹根部的设计形状与其配合的外螺纹牙顶之间的距离；小间隙是内螺纹牙顶和外螺纹牙根之间的对应尺寸。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料条件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有内部尺寸的下限的情况。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲劳条纹 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在电子显微镜断口图或疲劳断口表面中经常观察到平行线。这些线横向于局部裂纹扩展方向；连续线之间的距离表示在一个应力变化周期内裂纹前沿的前进。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2 or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一种使用激光快速加热表面的表面硬化工艺。进入零件内部的热传导将快速冷却表面，留下浅马氏体层。通过移动CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使钢硬化，激光束聚焦至直径几毫米。物体表面的一点迅速加热到奥氏体范围，然后迅速冷却，形成回火马氏体。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基涡轮机 |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一种用于非常低水头的横流脉冲式水轮机，其中平板形式的水射流横向穿过涡轮机，因此穿过转轮两次。平行于旋转轴水平穿过涡轮机的薄转轮叶片在横截面上具有轮廓。 |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Decarburization | 脱碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于与接触表面的介质中的一种或多种化学物质发生反应，含碳合金表面层的碳损失。 |
| Transfer machines | 转印机 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 当零件在自动输送机上移动时，这些专用机床用于对零件或夹具中的零件执行各种加工操作，自动输送机是机床设置的一部分。在设置中，零件可以从其入口点直线移动到其出口点，或者设置可以构造为U形，以便零件在其起点附近排出。 |
| Flange | 法兰 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法兰是指螺栓的头部样式，其中头部下方有一个圆形“法兰”，其作用类似于垫圈以分配载荷。凸缘是凸出的平轮辋或凸缘。1.管道（法兰管）或轴端部的环形边缘，通过这些边缘，可以使用穿过法兰孔的螺栓（法兰联轴器、法兰接头）或通过周边的肘节夹将管道连接在一起。2.车轮上的延伸轮辋，将其横向定位在轨道上。通常用于铁路车辆。3.工字梁的顶部和底部。 |
| Gas compressor | 气体压缩机 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一种在低压下吸入气体并在高压下输送气体的机器，通常伴随着温度升高。压缩机设计包括轴流式、离心式、隔膜式、往复式和旋转式（包括叶片式压缩机）。 |
| Relative density | 相对密度 |
(specific gravity) The ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference substance, such as water for liquids and solids, and dry air for gases. （比重）物质密度与参考物质密度之比，如液体和固体为水，气体为干燥空气。 |
| Ballonet | 气囊 |
An airbag used in a hybrid airship. Helium gas expels air from the ballonet during ascent. Fans draw air in during descent. 混合动力飞艇中使用的安全气囊。氦气在上升过程中将空气从气囊中排出。风扇在下降过程中吸入空气。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲劳失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 当经历疲劳的试样完全断裂成两部分或因热加热或开裂而软化或刚度显着降低时发生的失效。 |
| Hydraulic air compressor | 液压空气压缩机 |
1. A compressor powered by a hydraulic motor. 2. A device in which air is compressed as a result of being entrained in water flowing in a downcomer pipe. The compressed air is released in a chamber at the bottom of the pipe. 1. 由液压马达驱动的压缩机。2.一种装置，其中空气由于夹带在降液管中流动的水中而被压缩。压缩空气在管道底部的腔室中释放。 |
| Translational joint | 平移铰 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制变量为直线运动的机器人关节。 |
| Water quenching | 水淬 |
A quench in which water is the quenching medium. The major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor efficiency at the beginning or hot stage of the quenching process. 以水为淬火介质的淬火。水淬的主要缺点是在淬火过程的开始或热阶段效率低。 |
| Diesel engine | 柴油发动机 |
(compression–ignition engine) A piston engine operating on the Diesel cycle in which the air is compressed to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the fuel and combustion is initiated as the fuel is injected into the hot air. Diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios (typically in the range 12 to 24) than petrol engines. Although named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor, Diesel engine is often spelled with a lower case d, contrary to normal practice. （压燃式发动机）在柴油循环中运行的活塞式发动机，在该循环中，空气被压缩至高于燃料自燃温度的温度，当燃料喷射到热空气中时，燃烧开始。柴油发动机在比汽油发动机更高的压缩比下运行（通常在12到24的范围内）。虽然以发明人鲁道夫·迪塞尔命名，但迪塞尔发动机通常拼写为小写d，这与正常做法相反。 |
| Forge | 锻造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通过锤击或强制过程使金属成型，同时保持塑料成型。过程会使用模具。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接头 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速断开、快速连接）一种软管连接，允许快速组装或拆卸，包括插座和带有弹簧加载锁定机构的插头。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一种非铁合金和一些铁合金的回火，其特征是抗拉强度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之间。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共渗 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一种表面硬化工艺，在该工艺中，将合适的含铁材料在气体气氛中加热到较低的转变温度以上，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。该工艺通过以在工件中产生所需性能的速率冷却来完成。 |
| Tempered martensite embrittlement | 回火马氏体脆化 |
Embrittlement of ultrahigh-strength steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205 to 400 °C (400 to 750 °F); also called 350 °C or 500 °F embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prioraustenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the segregation of impurities at prioraustenite grain boundaries. 超高强度钢在205至400°C（400至750°F）温度范围内回火引起的脆化；也称为350°C或500°F脆化。回火马氏体脆化被认为是由于渗碳体沉淀在原奥氏体晶界或层间晶界上以及杂质在原奥氏体晶粒边界处偏析的综合影响。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 声学高温计 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一种非侵入式高温计，其原理是气体中的声速与其绝对温度的平方根成正比。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 总热量（单位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一个术语。这是不恰当的，因为它表明，它包括动能的方式与总焓相同，但它实际上并不是的。此外，热和焓是完全不同的量，正如它们的定义所示。 |
| Lobe | 凸轮 |
The projecting part such as rotor lobe or the cam lobe. 转子凸角或凸轮凸角等突出部分。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂扩展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料对裂纹扩展的抵抗力的量度，以应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力或使用J积分概念导出的J值表示。 |
| Kiln | 窑 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃烧、烘烤或干燥的工业烤箱。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常会突然断裂，不会产生永久变形。脆性材料的例子有一些铸铁、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸时仅超过其屈服点一小部分就会断裂，则称其为脆性螺栓。 |
| Nominal power (Unit kW) | 公称功率（单位kW） |
1. For an internal combustion engine, the average power output of a typical production engine under normal working conditions measured according to SAE standard J 1349/ISO 1585. 2. For an electric motor, the rated equivalent mechanical power output. 1.对于内燃机，根据SAE标准J 1349/ISO 1585测量的正常工作条件下典型生产发动机的平均功率输出。2.对于电动机，额定等效机械功率输出。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口铸铁和某些钢在长时间退火过程中形成的细小、明显的无定形碳颗粒。也称为回火碳。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| Gauge pressure (Unit Pa) | 表压（单位Pa） |
The level of static pressure above the ambient pressure. 高于环境压力的静压水平。 |
| Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | 锅炉和压力容器规范 |
A large and complex document, maintained and published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The code 一份庞大而复杂的文件，由美国机械工程师协会出版和维护。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齿轮传动 |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原则上，切向接触的圆盘之间的摩擦可用于在轴之间传递旋转和动力，但动力水平非常有限，速比受滑动的影响。为了使驱动积极，使用齿轮代替，齿轮中的齿延伸到理想滚动接触的圆盘直径（节圆直径）的上方和下方。该图显示了直齿轮的名称，这是平行轴之间最简单的齿轮传动类型，其形状为圆柱形，直齿平行于旋转轴。 |
| Hot dipping | 热浸 |
(hot-dip galvanizing) A process of coating an iron, steel, or aluminium object with a thin layer of zinc by passing it through a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of about 460°C. （热浸镀锌）通过使铁、钢或铝物体通过温度约为460°C的熔融锌浴，在铁、钢或铝物体上镀上一层薄薄的锌层的工艺。 |
| Secant modulus | 割线模量 |
The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on a stress-strain curve. Compare with chord modulus. 从原点到应力应变曲线上任何指定点的割线斜率。与弦模量进行比较。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封参数 |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一种无量纲参数，将垫圈的质量泄漏定义为所含压力和所含流体常数的函数。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 国际单位制能量单位。一焦耳是一牛顿的力在一米的距离上所做的功。符号为J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 废热回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 从烟道和废气中或从工业过程中加热的液体中回收热能。回收装置包括预热器、回热器、再生器和余热锅炉。 |
| Crest of screw thread | 螺纹牙顶 |
The top surface joining the two sides of flanks of a thread. 连接螺纹牙侧两侧的顶面。 |
| Strain hardening | 应变硬化 |
An increase in hardness and strengthcaused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Also known as work hardening. (workhardening) The increase in stress above the initial yield stress required to deform a metal to greater strains in the plastic range at temperatures below the recrystallization range (cold working). Unloading after some strain or work input gives a harder and stronger material. 在低于再结晶范围的温度下，塑性变形导致硬度和强度的增加。也称为加工硬化。（加工硬化）在低于再结晶范围（冷加工）的温度下，使金属在塑性范围内变形至更大应变所需的高于初始屈服应力的应力增加。在一定的应变或功输入后卸载，会得到更硬、更强的材料。 |
| Prying | 撬动 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 当外部荷载为偏心拉伸荷载时，通过伪杠杆作用放大外部荷载。 |
| Volume flow rate | 体积流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m³/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （体积流量）（单位m³/s）单位时间内流经表面或管道或其他管道的材料体积，通常为流体或粉末。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一种形成关节的可拆卸机构。关节的两个组件的连接器。1.连接两个或多个轴或机构部件的任何机械紧固件，以传递动力。2.连接两辆车的装置。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 压力容器（如锅炉）设计用于在正常条件下运行的压力。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 热强度（单位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔点一半（以开尔文为单位）的温度下的屈服应力（有时为断裂应力）。 |
| Fatigue life for p % survival | p%存活率的疲劳寿命 |
An estimate of the fatigue life that p% of the population would attain or exceed at a given stress level. The observed value of the median fatigue life estimates the fatigue life for 50% survival. Fatigue life for p% survival values, where p is any number, such as 95, 90, etc., may also be estimated from the individual fatigue life values. p%存活在给定应力水平下达到或超过的疲劳寿命估计值。中值疲劳寿命的观察值估计了50%存活率的疲劳寿命。p%存活值的疲劳寿命，其中p为任何数字，如95、90等，也可根据单个疲劳寿命值进行估算。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 间距（单位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同涡轮或压缩机叶片的叶栅中，平行于前缘测量的连续叶片之间的距离。2.对于螺纹，平行于螺纹轴线测量的相邻螺纹形状之间的距离。3.对于飞机，机头和水平线之间的垂直关系。俯仰轴是飞机机翼平面内垂直于中心线的轴，飞机绕中心线旋转。俯仰运动是飞机机头的相应向上或向下运动。俯仰姿态是飞机中心线与水平线之间的角度。当中心线水平时，当机头高于其位置时，角度为正。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化导致的系统、组件或结构失效。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Forging cracks | 锻造裂纹 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 这可能发生在紧固件制造过程中的切削或锻造操作中，并且位于头部的顶部或带锯齿的头部螺栓的凸起周边上。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷冻过程中形成的碳化物，是参与铁合金共晶反应的互不溶相之一。 |
| Slug wrench | 缓动扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有铁砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通过用大锤敲击铁砧产生的。 |
| Actual power | 实际功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （实际马力）（单位W或hp）在随后通过变速箱等传输之前，在发动机输出轴上传递的功率。 |
| Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) | 应力腐蚀开裂（SCC） |
A common form of Stress cracking in which an Electrolyte encourages the growth of a crack in a highly stressed bolt. Only a tiny quantity of electrolyte need be present, at the tip or face of the crack. A time-dependent process in which a metallurgically susceptible material fractures prematurely under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and sustained loading at lower stress levels than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. Tensile stress is required at the metal surface and may be a residual stress resulting from heat treatment or fabrication of the metal or the result of external loading. Cracking may be intergranular or transgranular, depending on the combination of alloy and environment. 一种常见的应力开裂形式，其中电解液促使高应力螺栓中的裂纹扩展。在裂纹尖端或表面，只需存在少量电解质。一种随时间变化的过程，其中冶金敏感材料在同时腐蚀和持续加载的条件下过早断裂，其应力水平低于无腐蚀环境时的要求。在金属表面需要拉应力，拉应力可以是金属的热处理或制造或外部负载产生的残余应力。裂纹可能是沿晶开裂或穿晶开裂，这取决于合金和环境的组合。 |
| Sample median | 样本中间值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 当样本中的所有观测值按数量级排列时的中间值。如果测试的样本数为偶数，则使用两个中间值的平均值。这是人口中位数的一个点估计值，或50%的点。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一种用于在孔中切割螺纹的螺纹硬金属塞。它具有纵向凹槽，用于在切割时清除切屑。渐进式切割通过连续使用三个丝锥实现：锥度、二次和塞。第一和第二丝锥具有锥度，以帮助沿孔的轴线开始螺纹；塞式丝锥没有锥度，用于盲孔的最终切割。2.管道中或管道末端的阀门。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| Vent | 发泄 |
A small valve that allows the release of pressurized fluid from a pipe, pressure vessel, etc., often to the atmosphere. 一种小阀门，允许将加压流体从管道、压力容器等中释放到大气中。 |
| Stress raisers | 局部应力集中 |
Changes in contour or discontinuities in structure that cause local increases in stress. 导致局部应力增加的轮廓变化或结构不连续性变化。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 热力学性质 |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 温度、压力和定义工作流体状态的密集属性：比内能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Eutectic melting | 共晶熔化 |
Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微观区域的熔化，其成分对应于系统中的共晶成分。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Partial annealing | 不完全退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote a treatment given cold-worked material to reduce the strength to a controlled level or to effect stress relief. To be meaningful, the type of material, the degree of cold work, and the time-temperature schedule must be stated. 一个不精确的术语，用于表示冷加工材料的处理，以将强度降低到受控水平或消除应力。为了有意义，必须说明材料类型、冷加工程度和时间-温度计划。 |
| Proof load | 验证载荷（单位 N） |
The maximum, safe, static, tensile load which can be placed on a fastener without yielding it. Sometimes given as a force (in lb or N) sometimes as a stress (in psi or MPa). The test load in quality control to which different components made of different materials must be subjected without failing in order to perform properly. 可施加在紧固件上而不使其屈服的最大安全静态拉伸载荷。有时以力（lb或N）表示，有时以应力（psi或MPa）表示。质量控制中的测试负荷，由不同材料制成的不同部件必须经受该负荷，才能正常运行。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止动垫圈（锁紧垫圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一种垫圈，具有一个或多个突出凸耳，可弯曲以防止螺母或螺栓头松动。 |
| Constant-force spring | 恒力弹簧 |
A spring that has the same restoring force regardless of displacement. The most common type takes the form of a coiled strip that, owing to tight coiling during manufacture, is pre-stressed (a steel measuring tape is an example). The uncoiling force is approximately constant as the change of curvature of the strip is approximately constant. Not to be confused with a clockwork spring from which power can be obtained. 无论位移如何，具有相同恢复力的弹簧。最常见的类型是卷绕带，由于制造过程中的紧密卷绕，该卷绕带是预应力的（钢卷尺就是一个例子）。随着带材曲率的变化近似恒定，开卷力近似恒定。不要与可获得动力的发条弹簧混淆。 |
| Amplifier | 放大器 |
A device by which the output of a hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical source is increased. 增加液压、气动或电源输出的装置。 |
| Radial wave equation | 径向波动方程 |
A differential equation describing the transmission of a wave in a system with radial symmetry. 描述波在径向对称系统中传输的微分方程。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（单位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身体或结构的末端之间测量的尺寸，如机翼尖端或桥梁支架之间。 |
| Damage tolerance | 损伤容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考虑初始缺陷、裂纹扩展速率和最终断裂条件的设计理念，并使用断裂力学证明裂纹不应在设计寿命内增长到其临界长度（或至少应能够随时检测）。 |
| Engine emissions | 发动机排放 |
(exhaust emissions) The pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine. （废气排放）内燃机废气中所含的污染物。 |
| Engine | 引擎 |
A machine that converts energy, including the chemical energy in a fuel and electrical energy, into mechanical energy, usually to produce power delivered through a rotating shaft or thrust. Examples include internal-combustion engines, gas and steam turbines, rocket engines, electric, hydraulic and pneumatic motors. 一种将能量（包括燃料中的化学能和电能）转换为机械能的机器，通常通过旋转轴或推力产生动力。例子包括内燃机、燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机、火箭发动机、电动、液压和气动马达。 |
| Torsional angle (ϕ) | 扭转角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （单位为°或rad）受扭矩作用的直杆上两个位置之间的角偏转。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 J/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到SI的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102J/m²。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸标注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程图纸上对部件每个特征的尺寸（例如长度、半径、角度或间距）和相对位置（例如角位置）的规范。数值通常包括公差。尺寸不应超过制造组件所需的尺寸。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 贝氏体硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化处理主要导致贝氏体的形成。 |
| DTI | DTI |
Direct tension indicator. A fastener used primarily in the structural steel industry, designed to indicate that a certain minimum amount of tension has been developed in the fastener during assembly. 直接张力指示器。一种主要用于结构钢行业的紧固件，旨在表明在装配过程中紧固件中产生了一定的最小张力。 |
| Profilometer | 轮廓仪 |
An instrument used to quantify the roughness of a surface. For a contact profilometer, a diamond stylus sweeps across the surface along a series of parallel lines. Noncontact profilometers use optical techniques to map the surface irregularities. 用于量化表面粗糙度的仪器。对于接触式轮廓仪，钻石触针沿一系列平行线扫过表面。非接触式轮廓仪使用光学技术绘制表面不规则。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 绝对比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同温度下，任何体积的物质的重量与等体积的参考物质的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，两者都是在真空中测量的，以避免任何浮力的影响。 |
| Sample average | 样本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 临界压缩比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可变压缩单缸活塞发动机中确定的烃类燃料初期爆震的压缩比。2.空气-燃料混合物由于产生的温度升高而自燃的压缩比。 |
| Verified loading range | 验证加载范围 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 对于试验机，试验机在规定允许偏差范围内给出结果的指示载荷范围。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 结晶断裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金属断裂面上明亮反射的晶面图案，由许多单个晶体的解理断裂产生。 |
| Angle of attack (α) | 攻角（α） |
(Unit °) The angle between a reference line on a lifting body and the vector direction of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. In the case of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade, the usual reference line is the chord line. （单位°）升力体上的参考线与升力体与其运动通过的流体之间的相对速度的矢量方向之间的角度。在机翼、涡轮或压缩机叶片的情况下，通常的参考线是弦线。 |
| Screw machine | 螺丝机 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一种用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的机床。 |
| Impact wrench | 冲击扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一种气动或电动扳手，使用小锤子多次敲击来产生输出扭矩以拧紧紧固件，用于通过在一系列快速脉冲中施加扭矩来拧紧或松开螺母。 |
| Fastener manufacturer | 紧固件制造商 |
An organization that fabricates raw steel into a fastener meeting specified standards. 将生钢加工成符合规定标准的紧固件的组织。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金属中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每单位面积或体积的晶粒数、平均直径或从面积测量得出的晶粒尺寸数来报告。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 转速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （单位rps或rpm）对于绕固定轴旋转的物体，旋转速度是物体每单位时间的转数。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（单位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许使用压力（单位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何压力系统可运行的最高压力，通常比最大允许工作压力低10%至20%。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| Thermochemical treatment | 热化学处理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of the object by exchange with the medium. 在适当选择的介质中进行热处理，以通过与介质交换产生物体化学成分的变化。 |
| Plane stress | 平面应力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中厚度方向上的应力为零的应力条件；在沿着平行于薄片表面的方向加载非常薄的薄片时最接近。在平面应力条件下，断裂失稳平面与主拉应力轴倾斜45°。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉胀材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比为负的人造材料，其横截面在受到纵向拉应力时会膨胀，在受到纵向压应力时会收缩。 |
| Two-dimensional flow | 二维流 |
A fluid flow in which the velocity at any time depends upon two spatial coordinates, such as the radial and axial locations in developing pipe flow. 一种流体流动，其中任何时候的速度取决于两个空间坐标，如发展中的管道流中的径向和轴向位置。 |
| Angle of friction | 摩擦角 |
(friction angle, β) (Unit °) For a body in contact with a plane surface, the angle between the normal to the surface and the resultant force between the body and the surface. If the friction force is F and normal force is N, β is given by F/N = μ = tan β where μ is the coefficient of friction. （摩擦角，β）（单位°）对于与平面接触的物体，表面法线与物体与表面之间的合力之间的夹角。如果摩擦力为F，法向力为N，则β由F/N=μ=tanβ给出，其中μ是摩擦系数。 |
| Peel strength (Unit N) | 剥离强度（单位：N） |
(peel test) The strength of an adhesive bond between two materials as measured by the force required in a given direction to peel apart adhered strips. This force depends on the dimensions and thickness of the adhered strips and their yield stress, together with the fracture toughness of the bond. （剥离试验）两种材料之间的粘合强度，通过给定方向上剥离粘合条所需的力来测量。该力取决于粘合条的尺寸和厚度及其屈服应力，以及粘合剂的断裂韧性。 |
| Compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓断裂或螺纹脱落的术语。原因可能有很多种。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大气压的压力下进行退火。 |
| Blade compressor | 叶片式压缩机 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一种无油双作用旋转式压缩机，其中连接到旋转外壳内表面的倾斜叶片穿过圆盘上的槽，该槽绕垂直于外壳的轴旋转，但偏离外壳。空气通过壳体中的孔进入，并通过壳体的端口离开。 |
| Radius of bend | 弯曲半径 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在弯曲过程中与弯曲内表面接触的销或心轴的圆柱面半径。对于使用垫片或垫块的180°自由弯曲或半导向弯曲，弯曲半径为垫片或垫板厚度的一半。 |
| Offset modulus | 补偿模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服应力与偏移点（塑料）处延伸的比率。 |
| Sample percentage | 样本百分比 |
The percentage of observed values between two stated values of the variable under consideration. It is a point estimate of the percentage of the population between the same two stated values. 所考虑变量的两个规定值之间的观测值百分比。它是对相同两个规定值之间的总体百分比的点估计。 |
| Positive-displacement machine | 正排量机 |
A machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. This class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the Roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、阀门等的机器，以确保工作流体的正向进入和输送，并防止不期望的反向流动。这类机器包括所有往复式压缩机和膨胀机以及一些类型的旋转压缩机、罗茨鼓风机、抽水机、凸轮泵和叶片泵。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭杆 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 当施加扭矩时用作弹性弹簧的金属棒。 |
| Full annealing | 全退火 |
An imprecise term that denotes an annealing cycle to produce minimum strength and hardness. For the term to be meaningful, the composition and starting condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the transformation range. 一个不精确的术语，表示产生最小强度和硬度的退火循环。为了使该术语有意义，必须说明材料的组成和起始条件以及使用的时间-温度循环。通过奥氏体化退火铁合金，然后在转变范围内缓慢冷却。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 热容量（C）（单位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不发生相变的情况下将物体的温度提高1K所需的能量。热容量是一种广泛的热力学性质，取决于温度和压力。 |
| Transfer moulding | 转移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （树脂传递模塑，RTM）一种对聚合物进行压缩模塑的方法，其中模具在操作开始前关闭。 |
| Bar | 巴（气压单位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105 Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0ºC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4ºC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一种广泛使用的（非SI）压力单位，大约等于海平面上的正常大气压。转换为SI为1bar=105Pa。压力单位——0ºC时75.006厘米高的水银柱或4ºC时约33.45英尺水柱产生的压力。它等于105帕斯卡。标准大气压（海平面）为1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Shim | 垫片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一块薄的材料，如厚度精确已知的金属，放置在两个表面之间，以确保它们之间的距离正确。放置在两个表面之间以获得适当配合、调整或对齐的一块薄材料。还可以对工件进行分析，以测量熔炉碳势（也就是说，在熔炉中，工件将快速渗碳至与熔炉碳势能相等的水平）。 |
| Controlled cooling | 控制冷却 |
Cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties. 以预定方式从升高的温度冷却，以避免硬化、开裂或内部损坏，或产生所需的微观结构或机械性能。 |
| Caustic quenching | 苛性淬火 |
Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 用5%至10%氢氧化钠（NaOH）水溶液淬灭。 |
| Rosette | 玫瑰形的结 |
Strain gages arranged to indicate, at a single position, strain in three different directions. 应变计布置成在单个位置指示三个不同方向的应变。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 应力强度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一种标度因子，通常用符号K表示，在线弹性断裂力学中用于描述已知尺寸和形状的裂纹尖端施加应力的增强。在任何含有裂纹的结构中，裂纹快速扩展开始时，该因子称为临界应力强度因子，或断裂韧性。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭转角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭转角）（单位°或弧度）相对于选定截面的角度，垂直于扭转轴，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩时通过该角度旋转。 |
| Check valve | 止回阀 |
(clack valve, non-return valve) A mechanical device that allows fluid flow in one direction only. The numerous designs include ball, diaphragm, disc, lift, split disc, and swing check valves. （瓣阀、止回阀）一种仅允许流体单向流动的机械装置。众多设计包括球阀、隔膜阀、盘阀、升降阀、分体盘阀和旋启式止回阀。 |
| Supercharging | 增压 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| Hot quenching | 热淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一个不精确的术语，用于涵盖各种淬火程序，其中淬火介质规定温度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Surface hardness | 表面硬度 |
(superficial hardness) Indentation hardness on, and for some distance below, the surface of a component, as opposed to its bulk hardness. Depending on the resolution required, micro- or nano-hardness testing machines are employed. （表面硬度）与整体硬度相反，部件表面及其下方一定距离的压痕硬度。根据所需的分辨率，可使用微型或纳米硬度测试机。 |
| Steel-wire rope | 钢丝绳 |
A rope or cable made up of many steel strands wrapped helically about an axis, each strand being made of metal wires twisted together like a helix. 一种绳索或缆绳，由许多绕轴螺旋缠绕的钢绞线组成，每根钢绞线由金属丝缠绕在一起形成螺旋。 |
| Ventilation | 通风系统 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房间、建筑物、乘用车或其他封闭空间中循环新鲜空气的系统。 |
| Air cleaner | 空气净化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一种设备，例如过滤器、水力旋流器或静电除尘器，用于从气流中去除颗粒和气溶胶。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Fitted bolt | 装配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一种螺栓，其头部正下方有一个普通的无螺纹部分。 |
| Finishing temperature | 终轧温度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成热加工的温度。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中异辛烷的体积百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Gear motor | 齿轮马达 |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本质上是一个齿轮泵反向运行，其中供应到外壳一侧的高压流体导致齿轮旋转。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 离心风机 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一种带有转子的机器，转子由安装在轮毂周围的许多叶片组成，用于移动空气或其他气体。气体轴向进入转子并在增加的压力下径向排出。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 计算机辅助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，计算机集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用计算机，不仅可以控制制造和组装的机器和机器人，还可以进行工艺规划，以及在生产过程中监控材料和组件的进度等。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂缝 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于弹性应力分析的裂纹简化模型。在无应力物体中，裂纹有两个光滑表面，它们在物体内沿称为裂纹前缘的平滑曲线重合并连接；在二维表示中，裂纹前缘称为裂纹尖端。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低温度计 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, Six’s thermometer) A liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高温度计，Six's温度计）一种液体玻璃仪器，用于记录给定时间段内经历的最高和最低温度。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段时效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分为两个或两个以上的温度时效，按顺序并在每个步骤后冷却至室温。 |
| Precision | 精确 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 单个重复测量或测试结果之间的一致性。测量误差的标准偏差可用作“不精确性”的度量 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬质合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 难熔金属碳化物（如碳化钨）在金属基体粘结剂（如钴、镍或铁）中的烧结混合物。它们具有高熔点、韧性、抗压强度和耐磨性。应用包括用于砂轮和纸张、切削工具、钻头、拉丝模和圆珠笔尖。当应用于机床时，有时称为硬金属。 |
| Grinding stress (Unit Pa) | 磨削应力（单位Pa） |
The residual stresses left in the surface of a component after grinding, owing to non-uniform cooling from the high surface temperatures produced. 由于产生的高表面温度造成的不均匀冷却，磨削后留在部件表面的残余应力。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s² for any unsupported body. 物体被拉向地球中心或其他天体的吸引力，行星或其他天体表面的引力。它的强度是通过产生的加速度来衡量的，对于任何无支撑的物体，地球的重力都会产生大约9.8m/s²的加速度。 |
| Accelerated testing | 加速测试 |
A type of testing, for rates of wear, fatigue, corrosion etc., in which failure times are reduced by employing greater loads, more frequent power cycling, higher vibration levels, higher humidity, higher temperatures, greater potential differences etc. than would be encountered in normal operation. 一种测试类型，用于测试磨损率、疲劳率、腐蚀率等，通过采用比正常运行中更大的负载、更频繁的功率循环、更高的振动水平、更高湿度、更高温度、更大的电位差等，减少故障时间。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Bond strength (Unit Pa) | 结合强度（单位Pa） |
The tensile, compressive or shear stress at which joints fail, e.g. by fracture or excessive deformation. 接头失效的拉伸、压缩或剪切应力，例如断裂或过度变形。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 当数据点或计算不尽相同时，它们被称为分散的。“预载的大量分散”意味着单个螺栓中的预载差异很大。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式电极炉 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一种通过使用浸入陶瓷衬里中的电极加热熔融盐浴对零件进行液体渗碳的炉。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛顿内摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 两个平行流体层之间的剪切应力与其中一层相对于另一层的速度成正比，与它们之间的距离成反比。比例常数是动态粘度μ。对于牛顿流体，μ与压力梯度、剪切应力和应变无关，但可能随温度和压力而变化。 |
| Air compressor | 空气压缩机 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一种涡轮机，它吸入空气并以更高的压力、温度和密度输送空气。它可以是轴流式、风扇式、往复式或旋转式设计。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度误差常数 |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 当控制系统的参考（需求）输入是抛物线时，输出信号在稳定状态下也将是抛物线。在这种情况下恒定的信号是加速度，因此对于抛物线输入，称为加速度误差常数的稳态误差是加速度中的误差。 |
| Temper color | 回火颜色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一种薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮，当钢在低温或短时间内在空气或轻度氧化气氛中回火时形成。颜色范围从稻草色到蓝色，取决于氧化皮的厚度，随回火时间和温度而变化。 |
| Load range, P | 负载范围P |
In fatigue, the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum loads in a fatigue cycle. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最大和最小载荷之间的代数差。 |
| Abrasive wear | 磨料磨损 |
The removal or displacement of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. Contrast with adhesive wear. 当硬质颗粒在压力下在表面上滑动或滚动时，材料从表面上的去除或位移。颗粒可能是松散的或可能是与被磨损表面接触的另一个表面的一部分。与粘着磨损形成对比。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一种方形、六角形或其他形状的金属紧固件，具有内螺纹，可拧在螺栓、螺柱或心轴上。与外螺纹螺栓一起使用的内螺纹紧固件。通常为六边形，但也有许多其他几何形状，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夹持工具。 |
| Austempering | 等温淬火 |
A heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite and then held at a temperature just above Ms until transformation to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in both austempered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI), austempered steel consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and austenite. Heat treatment comprising austenitization of a steel article, cooling it to a bainitic range at a rate higher than the critical cooling rate and holding at a fixed temperature until the completion of bainitic transformation. 一种铁合金的热处理，其中零件从奥氏体化温度以足够快的速度淬火，以避免形成铁素体或珠光体，然后保持在略高于Ms的温度，直到完全转变为贝氏体。虽然在奥氏体钢和奥氏体球铁(ADI)中都被指定为贝氏体，但奥氏体钢由含有铁素体和碳化物的两相混合物组成，而奥氏体球墨铸铁由含有铁素体和奥氏体的两相混合物组成。热处理包括钢制品的奥氏体化，以高于临界冷却速率的速率将其冷却到贝氏体范围，并保持在固定温度直到贝氏体转变完成。 |
| Principal stress (normal) | 主应力（正常） |
The maximum or minimum value of the normal stressat a point in a plane considered with respect to all possible orientations of the considered plane. On such principal planes the shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of stress at a point may be: (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of the three principal stresses are zero; (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only one of the three principal stresses is zero; or (3) triaxial, a state of stress in which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either biaxial or triaxial stress. 相对于所考虑平面的所有可能方向，所考虑平面中某点处的法向应力的最大值或最小值。在这样的主平面上，剪切应力为零。在三个相互垂直的平面上有三个主应力。一点的应力状态可以是：（1）单轴，三个主应力中的两个为零的应力；（2）双轴，三个主应力中只有一个为零的应力状态；或（3）三轴，即主应力均不为零的应力状态。多轴应力是指双轴或三轴应力。 |
| Diagonal pitch (Unit m) | 对角线间距（单位米） |
The distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. The term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 当部件中的零部件交错时，一行或一列中零部件的位置与下一行或下一列中相应零部件的位置之间的距离。该术语适用于铆钉、叶栅中的涡轮或压缩机叶片、机翼表面的涡流发生器等。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗弯强度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 断裂或断裂时刻外层纤维的最大应力。 |
| Starting friction | 起动摩擦 |
(limiting friction, static friction, stiction) (Unit N) The force required to initiate movement between two bodies in contact. （极限摩擦力、静摩擦力、粘滞）（单位N）在两个接触物体之间启动运动所需的力。 |
| Rupture stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕变极限（单位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕变变形不超过规定限度的最大许用应力。 |
| Grip length | 夹紧长度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夹紧在一起的所有部件的总厚度，包括垫圈、垫圈和接头构件。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振动松动、垫圈蠕变、热膨胀差等原因，螺栓和接头中的张力损失，因此夹紧力损失。 |
| Bearing strain | 轴承应变 |
The ratio of the deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承孔在作用力方向上的变形与轴承测试中销直径的比值。 |
| Assembly line | 流水线 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一种大规模生产系统，其中工作逐渐从一个操作转移到另一个操作，最终得到完整产品。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物医学工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在医学领域的应用。涉及机械工程的例子包括假肢和心脏、心肺机、假眼和骨科植入物（如髋关节和用于稳定骨折骨骼的销钉）的设计和建造。 |
| Mechanical vibration | 机械振动 |
The motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. 围绕平衡位置摆动的粒子或物体的运动。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皱 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金属板深冲过程中，在法兰边缘和拉深半径之间的金属区域内获得的波浪状状态。当设置不平衡压缩力时，在其他成形操作中也可能发生起皱。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奥氏体晶界区域的材料熔化的过热阶段。 |
| Shoulder | 轴肩 |
The portion of a shaft, stepped component, or flanged component, where a change in diameter or other dimension occurs. Even for a nominal step change, in practice there will be a radius where shoulder and shaft meet in order to avoid too severe a stress concentration. 轴、阶梯部件或法兰部件的直径或其他尺寸发生变化的部分。即使是名义阶跃变化，在实践中，肩部和轴相交处也会有一个半径，以避免出现过严重的应力集中。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 应力强度校准 |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于经验或分析结果的数学表达式，该表达式将特定试样平面几何形状的应力强度因子与载荷和裂纹长度联系起来。也称为K校准。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 减压阀 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 将压力容器或流体动力系统中的最大压力限制在规定水平的阀门。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡环）在轴向定位圆形横截面部分的外部或内部保持环。它由一个不完整的环组成，在间隙的任一侧都有孔，可以通过钳形工具将其扩展以进入轴中的凹槽或收缩以进入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 应力松弛曲线 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 应力松弛试验中剩余应力或松弛应力随时间变化的曲线图。松弛应力等于初始应力减去剩余应力。也称为应力-时间曲线。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Tightness, acceptable | 密封性，可接受的 |
Wholly leak-free joints are impossible, at least if the contained fluid is a gas, so it has been proposed that the design of a gasketed joint should start with the selection of an ‘‘acceptable’’ leak rate. The designer would dimension bolts and joint members so that the actual leak rate would never exceed this. Three standard levels of tightness have been proposed as well. 至少在所含流体为气体的情况下，完全无泄漏的接头是不可能的，因此有人建议，垫圈接头的设计应从选择“可接受”的泄漏率开始。设计师将确定螺栓和接头构件的尺寸，以便实际泄漏率永远不会超过此值。还提出了三种标准的密封性等级。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通过固溶热处理然后快速淬火对奥氏体铁合金进行退火。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Alternative energy | 可替代能源 |
(alternate energy) Energy sources that are renewable and do not have the undesired consequences of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. （替代能源）可再生能源，不会产生化石燃料和核能的不良后果。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 涡轮流量计 |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ṁ. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ṁ is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （轴向流量计、螺旋桨流量计）一种串联流量计，其中螺旋桨或转子的转速N是质量流量的测量值ṁ. 校准总是必要的，但需要适当的设计ṁ在很宽的范围内与N成正比。 |
| International System of Units | 国际单位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred. （国际单位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美国除外，在科学和工程中几乎是普遍使用的标准单位制。SI的最终参考是国际度量衡局出版的小册子，通常称为BIPM SI小册子。有七个基本单位：米（符号m）表示长度；质量为千克（kg）；物质量的摩尔（mol）；时间为秒；开尔文（K）表示温度；电流为安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示发光强度。新的国际单位制定义于2019年5月20日生效，该定义基于自然界的普遍常数（也称为基本物理常数：阿伏伽德罗常数、玻尔兹曼常数和普朗克常数）。这些常数的值也进行了少量调整。除了基本单位外，还有22个相干导出单位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立体角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、频率的赫兹（Hz）、力的牛顿（N）、压力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和热量的焦耳（J）以及功率和辐射通量的瓦特（W）。建议的做法是避免N/mm²、MN/m²等组合。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋转鼓风机 |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋转式压缩机）一种容积式气体压缩机，可以是叶片式、螺旋式、啮合凸角式（罗茨鼓风机）或滑动叶片式。 |
| Design pressure (Unit Pa) | 设计压力（单位Pa） |
The greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密闭容器在正常操作条件下预期承受的最大压力。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在发生增加或减少之前最接近表面的硬度（从芯部到外径时），分别表示渗碳或脱碳。 |
| Scuffing | 擦伤 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| Crossed threads | 交叉螺纹 |
When the axis of a nut offered up to a bolt is not aligned with the axis of a bolt (or a screw to a threaded member), it may be possible for the threads to engage incorrectly and even for the nut or screw to advance a turn or more, but ultimately the misaligned threads become locked together. Forcing the nut in such circumstances may irretrievably damage the threads on both. 当提供给螺栓的螺母的轴线与螺栓（或螺纹构件的螺钉）的轴线不对齐时，螺纹可能会错误接合，甚至螺母或螺钉会提前一圈或更多，但最终未对齐的螺纹会锁定在一起。在这种情况下强行拧入螺母可能会对两侧的螺纹造成无法修复的损坏。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| Graphitization | 石墨化 |
Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where graphite is formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called primary graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment, secondary graphitization. 在铁或钢中形成石墨。在凝固过程中形成石墨的现象称为一次石墨化；后来通过热处理，形成二次石墨化。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Mechatronics | 机电一体化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 机械工程、电气工程、电子工程和软件工程的集成。 |
| Strain rate | 应变率 |
The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain rate are reciprocal time. 通常拉伸试验的应变时间速率。直接在试样标距上测量的应变用于确定应变率。因为应变是无因次的，所以应变率的单位是倒数时间。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一种带有方形或矩形端头的螺栓，可嵌入机床工作台的T形槽中，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金钢 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有铬、镍、钼、锰、硅、钨和钒等合金元素的钢。添加这些是为了提高与普通碳钢相比的淬透性、韧性、强度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等性能。低合金钢的总合金含量（包括碳）小于约8%。它们是可硬化的，强度比普通碳钢高出30%。高合金钢含有相当多的合金含量，并针对特定性能而开发，例如卓越的耐腐蚀性和耐化学性。 |
| Die screw | 模具螺丝 |
Tool used when threading cylindrical pieces beyond the capacity of a die plate. 对超出模板容量的圆柱件进行螺纹加工时使用的工具。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Guided bend | 导向弯曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通过使用柱塞将试样压入模具中获得的弯曲，以产生试样外表面和内表面所需的轮廓。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服务器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一种真空操作的伺服电机，用于机动车中，以提供大于驾驶员能力的制动力。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脱碳，具有足够的碳损失，以在金相检查下仅显示清晰定义的铁素体晶粒。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金属在远低于其再结晶温度的温度下通过轧制（冷轧）、拉拔、锻造（冷锻）等方式发生塑性变形，这不仅会导致永久的形状变化，还会增加强度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Fillister head | 槽头 |
Similar to a pan head but with a smaller head diameter and a taller head, with higher vertical sides. 类似于盘头，但头部直径较小，头部较高，垂直边较高。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奥尔森杯测试 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一种杯突试验，其中一块金属板，除了中心以外，被一个标准钢球变形，直到发生断裂。断裂时杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Differential heating | 差动加热 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加热有意在物体内产生温度梯度，从而在冷却后，在物体内出现所需的应力分布或特性变化。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Pressure ratio | 压力比 |
One pressure divided by another which may be a reference pressure. In many flow and thermodynamic processes, the pressure ratio is more important than the absolute pressure levels. For example, in compressible gas flow the Mach number is determined by the ratio of the stagnation pressure to the static pressure. 一个压力除以另一个压力，该压力可以是参考压力。在许多流动和热力学过程中，压力比比绝对压力水平更重要。例如，在可压缩气流中，马赫数由停滞压力与静压之比决定。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的应力循环（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 试样在其应力历史中任何时间所经受的特定特征（产生波动应力和应变）的循环次数。 |
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加应力或释放残余应力而发生的与原始尺寸、形状或轮廓的任何偏差。 |
| Nominal stress | 名义应力 |
The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 通过简单弹性理论在净截面上计算的点处的应力，不考虑孔、槽、圆角等应力提升器产生的应力影响。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Working section | 工作区 |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 风洞中放置模型进行测试或进行详细测量的部分。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蚀失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或结构在腐蚀后失效，使承重面积减少到无法支撑的程度。2.由于腐蚀产物阻止关节处的自由运动，导致机构无法运行的情况。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋给料机 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一种用于处理散装物料的机构，其中旋转的螺旋螺杆使物料轴向向前移动。类似于螺旋输送机，但需要以受控速率非常精确地排出物料。它在螺杆完全充满的情况下运行。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合处关系图 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 说明紧固件和连接件上的力和变形的数学图。 |
| Balance weight | 平衡器 |
A corrective mass used in the static or dynamic balancing of a rotating object. 用于旋转物体的静态或动态平衡的校正质量。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳势 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的环境在规定条件下改变或保持钢的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定环境中，所达到的碳含量将取决于温度、时间和钢成分等因素。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在应力集中点易发生脆性断裂。例如，在缺口拉伸试验中，如果缺口强度小于无缺口试样的抗拉强度，则称材料为缺口脆性材料。否则，称其为缺口韧性。 |
| Engineering strain (e) | 工程应变（e） |
A term sometimes used for average linear strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the original gage length. 一个术语，有时用于平均线性应变或常规应变，以便将其与真实应变区分开来。在张力测试中，通过将标距变化除以原始标距来计算。 |
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