| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流体渗透多孔固体或气体被液体溶解的过程。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷冻过程中形成的碳化物，是参与铁合金共晶反应的互不溶相之一。 |
| Fatigue | 疲劳 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料极限抗拉强度的重复或波动应力下导致断裂的现象。疲劳失效通常发生在静态施加的载荷下，不会产生明显影响。疲劳断裂是渐进性的，从在波动应力作用下生长的微小裂纹开始。在承受随机或周期性变化载荷的部件和结构中，指强度逐渐降低，导致在低于单调载荷下导致失效的应力下发生失效的术语。可变负载由失衡的机械和其他振动源、阵风等引起，大部分故障是由疲劳引起的。疲劳是裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展的结果。在制造部件中，裂纹萌生通常发生在应力集中点。在一段时间（通常是数百万次应力循环）后，裂纹达到临界长度，此时下一个峰值载荷会导致突然脆性或韧性断裂。疲劳产生的断裂表面在缓慢裂纹扩展期间显示出从裂纹萌生部位发出的特征条纹或进展标记，最终断裂的表面外观不同。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一类由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种单体组成的热塑性共聚物，其性能（特别是韧性）优于单个成分。 |
| Fahrenheit | 华氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32ºF) and the boiling point of water (212ºF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 温标基于水的冰点（32ºF）和水的沸点（212ºF）。这些点之间的间隔被分成180等份。尽管被摄氏刻度所取代，华氏刻度有时仍用于非科学测量。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 当加载部件或结构的能量释放率低于临界值时，裂纹自行停止扩展。如果可以预测，可以将其纳入结构完整性评估。 |
| Connecting rod | 连杆 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （连杆）将动力从一个系统传递到另一个系统的连杆，通常由线性运动变为旋转运动，如图所示，连杆将活塞连接到往复式压缩机或泵的曲轴或内燃机的曲轴上。大端（底端）是连接到曲轴一个曲柄销上轴承的大端。小端（小端）通过活塞销连接到活塞上。 |
| Temperature factor | 温度系数 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。说明了热膨胀和温度引起的声速变化的影响。 |
| Elastic recovery | 弹性恢复 |
Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在释放施加的载荷时，受应力弹性材料的尺寸恢复到其原始（无应力）尺寸的量。在硬度测试中，当释放所施加的载荷时，压痕的原始尺寸缩短。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 长细比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均匀柱的有效无支撑长度除以横截面积的最小回转半径。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在轴上或与轴成一体以提供轴向位置的环。 |
| Shear strength | 抗剪强度 |
The maximum shear stress that a material is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated from the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and is based on the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. 材料能够承受的最大剪切应力。抗剪强度根据剪切或扭转试验期间的最大载荷计算，并基于试样横截面的原始尺寸。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 铁素体化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 给予铸态灰铁或球墨铸铁以产生基本铁素体基体的处理。为了使该术语有意义，必须指定所需的最终微观结构或使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高强度低合金钢 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA钢）是含有各种微合金元素的钢，如少量的铜、镍、铬、钼、铌、钛和钒，与普通碳钢相比，具有更好的强度（高达900MPa）和腐蚀性能。这些改进归功于晶粒细化和沉淀硬化、炼钢过程中更好的化学控制以及精确的轧制温度。 |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想气体定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 与理想（完美）气体的压力、温度和体积相关的定律pV=mRT，其中R是气体常数。该定律意味着在恒定温度T下，压力p和体积V的乘积是恒定的（波义耳定律），而在恒定压力下，体积与温度成正比（查尔斯定律）。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在机床工作台上用一种特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容纳T形螺栓的方头，用于夹紧工件。 |
| Cast steel | 铸钢 |
Steel that is cast into shapes. It has superior properties to most cast irons, but is more expensive to produce. 铸成形状的钢。与大多数铸铁相比，它具有优越的性能，但生产成本更高。 |
| Secant modulus | 割线模量 |
The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on a stress-strain curve. Compare with chord modulus. 从原点到应力应变曲线上任何指定点的割线斜率。与弦模量进行比较。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| Absolute humidity | 绝对湿度 |
The weight of water vapor in a gadwater vapor mixture per unit volume of space occupied, expressed, for example, in grains or pounds per cubic foot. 单位体积空间占用的水蒸气混合物中水蒸气的重量，例如，以谷物或磅/立方英尺表示。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Acoustics | 声学 |
The science and engineering of sound; its production, propagation, control, interaction with materials, etc. 声音科学与工程；它的产生、传播、控制、与材料的相互作用等。 |
| Sigma phase | σ相 |
A hard, brittle, nonmagnetic intermediate phase with a tetragonal crystal structure, containing 30 atoms per unit cell, space group P42/mnm, occurring in many binary and ternary alloys of the transition elements. The composition of this phase in the various systems is not the same, and the phase usually exhibits a wide range in homogeneity. Alloying with a third transition element usually enlarges the field of homogeneity and extends it deep into the ternary section. 一种硬、脆、非磁性中间相，具有四方晶体结构，每单位晶胞含有30个原子，空间群P42/mnm，存在于许多过渡元素的二元和三元合金中。该相在各种系统中的组成不尽相同，并且该相通常表现出宽范围的均匀性。与第三过渡元素的合金化通常会扩大均匀性范围，并将其延伸到三元区。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷却盘管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一种简单的热交换器，由通常由铜或不锈钢制成的盘管组成，冷却剂如制冷剂、冷冻水或与乙二醇混合的水通过盘管循环。应用包括空调、工艺冷却和制冷。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度亏损（单位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如边界层或尾迹，由于摩擦，与自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Minimum stress-intensity factor (Kmin) | 最小应力强度因子（Kmin） |
In fatigue, the minimum value of the stress-intensity factor in a cycle. This value corresponds to the minimum loadwhen the load ratio is 0 and is taken to be 0 when the load ratio is ≤0. 在疲劳中，一个循环中应力强度因子的最小值。该值对应于负载比为0时的最小负载，当负载比为≤0 |
| Clearance hole | 间隙孔 |
A hole of specified size such that a bolt, stud, etc. of the same nominal size will always pass through. 指定尺寸的孔，使相同标称尺寸的螺栓、螺柱等可以通过。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 应力范围（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr = Smax – Smin 一个循环中最大和最小应力之间的代数差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程应力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一个术语，有时用于常规应力，以区别于真实应力。在拉伸试验中，通过将施加在试样上的断裂载荷除以试样的原始横截面积来计算。 |
| Free carbon | 游离碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。与结合碳形成对比。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蚀 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金属表面由于与周围环境的电化学氧化而劣化。在氧化反应中，金属原子放弃电子，这些电子通过还原反应（通常与氢和/或氧）转移形成另一种化学物质。一个常见的例子是在潮湿的空气或水中在铁或钢上形成氧化铁锈Fe(OH)3。铁锈很容易脱落，将新鲜铁暴露在大气中，而一些金属的腐蚀产物形成一层粘附层，防止新鲜金属发生进一步的氧化反应，这种效果称为钝化。实例包括铝上的氧化铝、铬上的氧化铬、含铬合金上的氧化铬如不锈钢，以及铜和锌上形成的铜绿。腐蚀防护有多种形式。避免裂缝和应力的良好设计非常重要。在某些情况下，可以向环境中添加称为抑制剂的物质，以降低其腐蚀性。腐蚀的电化学性质导致一些金属比其他金属具有更大的氧化倾向。锌比铁具有更强的倾向性，这可用于镀锌。这是阴极保护的一个例子，其中一种金属与活性更强的金属（称为牺牲阳极）电连接，牺牲阳极通过释放电子进行氧化，从而保护第一种金属。涂层可用于抗腐蚀。油漆、电镀和扩散涂层是最常见的，阳极氧化的电化学过程用于有意在铝合金上形成一层钝化氧化物。材料选择起着重要作用。例如，铬含量高的不锈钢广泛用于腐蚀性环境。 |
| Computed path control | 计算路径控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或机器人技术中，使用控制程序来确定工具或末端执行器所需的路径。这条所需的路径形成了用于移动机床或机器人的电机控制器的设定点。 |
| Sample variance (s²) | 样本方差（s²） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每个观测值与样本平均值之差的平方和除以样本大小减1。它是总体方差的点估计。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：盐水淬火、碱淬火、冷模淬火、强制空气淬火、强淬火、油淬火、压力淬火、喷射淬火、直接淬火、雾淬火、热淬火、间断淬火、选择性淬火、时间淬火和水淬火。1.通过将物体放入水、油、盐、熔融金属或其他介质的浴中快速冷却的过程。这是一种热处理方法，特别用于形成回火钢前的马氏体。浴温度是淬火温度。2.燃烧的抑制。3.在活塞式发动机中，燃烧过程中一部分气体的冷却，通常通过减小活塞顶和气缸盖之间的间隙来实现。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 应力松弛曲线 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 应力松弛试验中剩余应力或松弛应力随时间变化的曲线图。松弛应力等于初始应力减去剩余应力。也称为应力-时间曲线。 |
| Coefficient of restitution (e) | 回弹系数（e） |
The ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding bodies after collision to that before. In perfectly elastic collisions e = 1; when all the impact energy is dissipated, e = 0. 两个碰撞体在碰撞后与碰撞前的相对速度之比。在完全弹性碰撞中e=1；当所有的冲击能量都消散时，e=0。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Trepanning | 开孔 |
Trepanning is a machining process for producing a circular hole or groove in solid stock, or for producing a disk, cylinder, or tube from solid stock, by the action of a tool containing one or more cutters (usually single-point) revolving around a center. 开孔是一种机械加工工艺，通过包含一个或多个围绕中心旋转的刀具（通常为单点）的作用，在实心坯料中制造圆孔或凹槽，或从实心坯料生产圆盘、圆柱体或管。 |
| Elastic energy | 弹性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其弹性行为范围内变形所需的能量，忽略因内耗引起的小热损失。试样在被测标距内每单位体积材料吸收的能量。它是通过测量应力-应变曲线下达到规定弹性应变的面积来确定的。另见弹性模量和应变能。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一种非铁合金和一些铁合金的回火，其特征是抗拉强度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之间。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Pressure loss (Unit Pa) | 压力损失（单位Pa） |
The loss in stagnation pressure in internal flow due to wall friction and minor losses in fittings. 壁面摩擦引起的内部流动停滞压力损失和配件的微小损失。 |
| Gasket m-factor | 垫片m系数 |
For a gasketed joint of area A in which the clamping force is F, the factor m is defined by F ≥ mpA where p is the pressure that would separate the two halves of the joint and m > 1. 对于面积为A且夹紧力为F的垫片接头，系数m由F≥mpA定义，其中p是分离接头两半的压力，m>1。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美国国家标准协会的缩写。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂强度（单位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m², the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按规定速率撕裂预裂片材所需的张力除以片材厚度。特别用于塑料、橡胶、织物和弹性体。由于单位不是应力单位，而是相当于J/m²，韧性单位，“强度”一词是完全错误的。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面张力（σ，γ）（单位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液体和气体或两种不混溶液体之间的界面处，作用在界面处的液体分子上的不平衡内聚力导致表面张力的性质，从而导致张力的发展，就像皮肤或薄膜一样。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 涡轮分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10−8 Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（压力降至约10−8Pa）泵，其中动量通过快速旋转的叶片盘传递给气体分子。 |
| Mechanical metallurgy | 机械冶金 |
The science and technology dealing with the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces. 处理金属在外力作用下的行为的科学技术。 |
| Damage mechanics | 损伤机制 |
The theory of degradation in bodies, particularly fracture by accumulated microstructural damage. Analyses take two approaches: (a) the use of some critical integrated function of stress and strain at which cracking is initiated and propagated; (b) incorporation of damage in the stress–strain curves to reflect weakened material. 物体退化理论，尤其是累积微观结构损伤导致的断裂。分析采用两种方法：（a）使用裂纹开始和扩展时的应力和应变的一些临界积分函数；（b）应力-应变曲线中包含损伤，以反映弱化材料。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水银柱施加的压力。大约等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Counter sink | 台面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物体上切割或塑造一个凹陷，使螺钉的头部可以齐平或低于表面。 |
| End-quench hardenability test | 端淬淬透性试验 |
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end. 测定钢或其他铁合金淬透性的实验室程序。淬透性是通过将标准试样加热到高于上临界温度，将热试样放置在夹具中，使冷水流冲击一端，并在冷却至室温后，沿试样长度以规则间隔测量试样表面附近的硬度来确定的。数据通常绘制为硬度与距淬火端距离的关系。 |
| Compressible flow | 可压缩流动 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 马赫数M高到足以使气体密度发生显着变化的气流。对于空气，这是当M>0.3时。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）连接在涡轮机或压缩机轴上的圆盘，在其一侧施加高压或低压，以抵消机器压力变化产生的轴向推力。推力轴承的一种形式。 |
| Spanner (wrench) | 扳手 |
A tool for applying torque to tighten or loosen a nut, bolt, or screw. Grip is applied by a serrated ring or an open U-shape at the end of the tool. On imperial-size spanners, the BSW and BSF marking refers to the diameter of the screw thread; similarly for BA spanners. Spanners for unified and metric threads are marked with the distance across the flats (‘A/F’) of the nut or head of the bolt. 拧紧或松开螺母、螺栓或螺丝的工具。通过工具端部的锯齿环或开口U形应用夹持。在英制扳手上，BSW和BSF标记是指螺纹的直径；类似于BA扳手。用于统一螺纹和公制螺纹的扳手在螺母或螺栓头的平面（'A/F'）上标记距离。 |
| Carbon restoration | 碳修复 |
Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing. 通过将该层渗碳到基本上原始的碳水平来替换先前处理中在表面层中损失的碳。有时称为再碳化。 |
| Spray quenching | 喷雾淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用喷嘴将水或其他液体喷射到零件上的淬火过程。淬火速率由每单位撞击时间内每单位面积的液体速度和体积控制。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力测试 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 为计算剪切模量、扭转断裂模量和剪切屈服强度而设计的试验。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶热处理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 将合金加热到合适的温度，在该温度下保持足够长的时间以使一种或多种成分进入固溶体，然后快速冷却以将这些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| Process annealing | 中间退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一个不精确的术语，表示用于改善可加工性的各种处理方法。为了使术语有意义，必须说明材料的条件和使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Static equilibrium | 静态平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固体上的所有外力和力矩的合力为零，则固体、结构或物理系统（或任何细分部分）无论是静止还是以恒定速度移动，都是处于静态平衡。 |
| Checks | 检查 |
Numerous, very fine cracks in a coating or at the surface of a metal part. Checks may appear during processing or during service and are most often associated with thermal treatment or thermal cycling. 涂层中或金属零件表面的许多非常细微的裂纹。在加工或服务期间可能会出现检查，并且通常与热处理或热循环有关。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 热容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX where cMIN is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 热交换器分析中出现的无量纲参数，定义为比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流体的热容率c，c值较小，cMAX是流体的值具有较大的c值。不同的流速和比热值产生不同的c值。 |
| Vacuum carburizing | 真空渗碳 |
A high-temperature gas carburizing process using furnace pressures between 7 and 55 kPa during the carburizing portion of the cycle. 在循环的渗碳部分期间使用7至55kPa之间的炉压的高温气体渗碳工艺。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通过适当的处理增加硬度，通常包括加热和冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：时效硬化、火焰硬化、感应硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Air composition | 空气成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的温度和1个大气压的压力下，空气的海平面成分（体积百分比）主要是78.084%的氮气、20.947%的氧气和0.934%的氩气。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氢、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨组成。不同的来源给出的组成略有不同。不包括水蒸气（通常为0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（单位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有单个主旋翼的直升机中，机身沿与旋翼相反的方向旋转的趋势。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余强度（单位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂纹、热冲击等引起的缺陷的受损体的强度。 |
| Anelastic | 无弹性 |
Literally ‘not elastic’, but in practice used for materials that display timedependent recovery on unloading. 字面意思是“没有弹性”，但实际上用于在卸载时显示随时间恢复的材料。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡胶硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 测量负载下压痕深度的橡胶类材料的压痕硬度。这是对弹性模量的测量，而不是对韧性材料的屈服应力，因为卸载橡胶材料时几乎没有（如果有的话）永久压痕。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂纹尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂纹塑性变形的影响，物理裂纹尺寸增大。有时，根据物理裂纹尺寸的测量值加上塑性区调整的计算值来计算有效裂纹尺寸。计算有效裂纹尺寸的首选方法是将载荷-挠度轨迹正割的柔度与试样类型校准的弹性柔度进行比较。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 声音在物体（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓应力或应变的超声波测量的术语。 |
| Cap nut | 盖型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 带有盲螺纹孔的螺母，例如用于覆盖螺栓末端的圆顶螺母。 |
| Offset modulus | 补偿模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服应力与偏移点（塑料）处延伸的比率。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 连续式炉 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一种用于热处理材料的炉子，该炉子连续通过炉子，进入一个门并从另一个门排出。参见带式高炉、直燃隧道式高炉、旋转罐式炉、振动炉。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 热容量（C）（单位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不发生相变的情况下将物体的温度提高1K所需的能量。热容量是一种广泛的热力学性质，取决于温度和压力。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Median fatigue life | 中位疲劳寿命 |
The middle value when all of the observed fatigue life values of the individual specimens in a group tested under identical conditions are arranged in order of magnitude. When an even number of specimens are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. Use of the sample median rather than the arithmetic mean (that is, the average) is usually preferred. 当在相同条件下测试的一组中单个试样的所有观察疲劳寿命值按数量级排列时的中间值。当测试偶数个试样时，使用两个中间值的平均值。通常优选使用样本中值而不是算术平均值（即平均值）。 |
| V-block | V型块 |
A block having a 90° V-shaped recess; used in a workshop to hold round workpieces. 具有90°V形凹槽的块体；在车间里用来装圆形工件。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 热电动势 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 当一个结处于不同于另一个结的温度时，在含有两种不同金属的电路中产生的电动势。 |
| Fastener | 紧固件 |
A fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 紧固件是一种机械装置，用于将两个或多个物体相对于彼此固定在确定的位置。 |
| Blue annealing | 蓝色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在开放式炉中将热轧铁板加热到转变范围内的温度，然后在空气中冷却，以软化金属。在表面上形成蓝色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 与主要荷载引起的应力不同，但主要荷载产生的应力；例如，桶装压缩试件和锻件周围产生的环向应力。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 转速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （单位rps或rpm）对于绕固定轴旋转的物体，旋转速度是物体每单位时间的转数。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（单位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Elastic limit | 弹性极限 |
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全释放应力时能够承受的最大应力，且不会留下任何永久应变（变形）。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德国标准化研究所。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 摄氏温标 |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K − 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （摄氏度温度标度）现在以开尔文绝对温度标度定义的相对非国际温度标度为°C=K-273.15，其中°C是摄氏度的符号。该刻度以前称为摄氏度刻度，有两个固定点：冰的熔点（冰点）为0°C，水的沸点（蒸汽点）为100°C。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒变大。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Cotter pin | 开口销 |
(cotter) 1. A tapered wedge or pin passing through a tapered slot or hole in one member and bearing against a second member to fix it in location. 2. A split cotter is commonly called a split pin. A pin with two legs. With legs together, the pin is placed through the hole in a clevis pin. The legs are then opened outward to prevent the cotter pin from backing out of the hole. The cotter pin, in turn, prevents the load-bearing clevis pin from backing out of its retaining hole. （开口）1.锥形楔子或销钉穿过一个构件中的锥形槽或孔，并支撑在第二个构件上以将其固定到位。2.开口开口通常称为开口销。相当于有两条腿的别针，将支腿放在一起，销钉穿过U形夹销上的孔。然后将支腿向外打开以防止开口销从孔中退出。开口销反过来防止承重U形夹销从其固定孔中退出。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段时效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分为两个或两个以上的温度时效，按顺序并在每个步骤后冷却至室温。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面应力断裂韧性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在线弹性断裂力学中，由试样的R曲线和临界裂纹扩展力曲线之间的切线确定的不稳定条件下裂纹扩展阻力的值。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分离器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 从螺栓上去除锈蚀螺母的工具。它由一个围绕螺母放置的刚性钢环组成。穿过环的螺纹径向支撑在楔形尖端上，该尖端凹陷并穿过螺母的表面。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相变温度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 发生相位变化的温度。该术语有时用于表示转变范围的极限温度。以下符号用于钢铁。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一种压缩机，其中工作气体轴向进入机器，并在通过叶轮径向流出时被压缩。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 压缩应力（单位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某点的每单位面积的压缩载荷。 |
| Cohesive strength | 内聚强度 |
(Unit Pa) A theoretical fracture strength for solids based on interatomic forces, approximately equal to E/10 where E is Young’s modulus. （单位Pa）基于原子间力的固体理论断裂强度，大约等于E/10，其中E是杨氏模量。 |
| Vane engine (vane motor) | 叶片发动机（叶片马达） |
A rotary engine in which high-pressure hydraulic fluid in the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor acts on the vanes, causing the rotor to revolve within a cylinder. The design is much like a sliding-vane compressor, as is that of a vane pump, used to pump liquids. 一种旋转式发动机，其中偏置转子中装有弹簧的滑动叶片之间的高压液压流体作用在叶片上，使转子在气缸内旋转。这种设计很像滑动叶片压缩机，就像用于泵送液体的叶片泵一样。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微动疲劳 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在发生微动的表面区域开始的疲劳断裂。由微动引起的对固体表面的渐进性损坏。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速万向节 |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV关节，匀速关节）在两个轴之间传递恒定角速度的连接，这两个轴既不必在一条直线上，也不必固定其轴向位置。 |
| Stress | 应力（单位Pa） |
The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression)or shear. 1. Stress ‘at a point’ (i.e. over a volume of material that is very small compared with that of the component or structure) is the load per unit area for every face of an infinitesimal cube surrounding the point. 2. In fluid flow the stress tensor σij is the sum of an isotropic part −pδij, δij being the Kronecker delta, having the same form as the stress tensor for a fluid at rest, p being the static pressure, and the non-isotropic, deviatoric stress tensor dij which is due entirely to the fluid motion. 内部分布力或力分量的强度，这些力或力的分量抵抗正在或已经受到外力的材料的体积或形状的变化。应力以单位面积的力表示，并根据试样横截面的原始尺寸计算。应力可以是直接（拉伸或压缩）或剪切。1.“在一点”的应力（即在与组件或结构相比非常小的材料体积上）是围绕该点的无限小立方体的每个面的单位面积载荷。2. 在流体流动中，应力张量σij是各向同性部分-pδij的总和，δij是Kroneckerδ，具有与静止流体的应力张量相同的形式，p是静压，非各向同性, 偏应力张量 dij 完全由流体运动引起。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中液体溶液在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）一种合金，其成分由平衡图上的共晶点表示。（3）由共晶反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Belt drive | 带传动 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通过穿过滑轮的连续平带或带齿柔性带（带）将运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴。与链条传动相比，皮带传动往往用于低扭矩应用。由于普通传动带的拉伸可能会导致传动松弛（皮带蠕变）或主动或从动皮带轮上的皮带打滑（皮带打滑），从而导致传动功率降低。 |
| Damage tolerance | 损伤容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考虑初始缺陷、裂纹扩展速率和最终断裂条件的设计理念，并使用断裂力学证明裂纹不应在设计寿命内增长到其临界长度（或至少应能够随时检测）。 |
| Two-dimensional flow | 二维流 |
A fluid flow in which the velocity at any time depends upon two spatial coordinates, such as the radial and axial locations in developing pipe flow. 一种流体流动，其中任何时候的速度取决于两个空间坐标，如发展中的管道流中的径向和轴向位置。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Standard | 标准 |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （标准规范）为实现一致性、效率和特定质量而制定的一套组件、机器、材料或工艺规范。在英国，英国标准协会（BSI）发布的标准现在基本上是国际标准化组织（ISO）的标准。 |
| Extra hard | 额外硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about one-third of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 有色合金和一些铁合金的回火，其特征是抗拉强度和硬度大约是从完全硬回火到额外弹簧回火的三分之一。 |
| Transverse strain | 横向应变 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于试样加载轴的平面内的线性应变。 |
| Creep | 蠕变 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物体在重载荷下缓慢的塑性变形，随时间变化的可塑性，材料在恒定载荷或应力下随时间变化的永久变形。应变随时间以随温度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕变可能导致大应变和最终失效，从而限制部件在高温下承受载荷的寿命。当同源温度超过约0.4℃时，金属蠕变变得显著，例如钨为1200℃，钛为504℃，铁为450℃，铝为100℃。 |
| Vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, DHN, VHN, VPN) (Unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now Pa) Indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. The mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which VPN = 0.927(2W/d2) where W is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，DHN，VHN，VPN）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为Pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中VPN=0.927（2W/d2），其中W是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| Absolute stability | 绝对稳定 |
Condtion of a linear system in which there exists a limiting value of the open-loop gain such that the system is stable for all lower values of that gain, and unstable for all higher values. 线性系统的条件，其中存在开环增益的限制值，使得系统对于该增益的所有较低值都是稳定的，而对于所有较高值来说都是不稳定的。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺纹磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一种使用异形砂轮生产或精加工非常精密螺纹的方法。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一种在六角面上有槽的螺母，与具有钻孔的螺栓一起使用，以便将开口（开口）销插入穿过螺母和螺栓以防止拧松。 |
| Crack | 裂缝 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或结构中的细裂缝状缺陷，材料连续性丧失并降低了身体的强度。 |
| Closed system | 封闭系统 |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一个封闭的热力学系统由一定量的质量组成。能量可以以功或热的形式存在，其体积可以改变，但没有质量可以越过它的边界。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（单位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s², so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物体上的吸引力。物体的重量是其质量和该点引力场强度的乘积。质量保持不变，但重量取决于物体在地球表面的位置，随着海拔的升高而减小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，则质量m的重量由W=mg给出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度约为9.81m/s²，因此1千克质量的重量为9.81N。更一般地说，重量是在另一个物体的重力场中施加在物体质量上的力。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一种已被淘汰的（即非国际单位制）能量单位，等于1000卡。 |
| Preload | 预载 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次拧紧螺母时螺纹紧固件中产生的张力。经常与工作载荷或螺栓力或螺栓张力互换使用但容易使用不当。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 应力差（单位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 − σ3). 载荷体中最大和最小主应力之间的代数差，等于系统中最大剪应力的两倍。由（σ1− σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非热变化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在没有热波动的情况下进行的反应；也就是说，不需要热激活。相反，在恒温下发生的反应是等温转变。在这种情况下，热活化是必要的，并且反应作为时间的函数进行。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 迈耶硬度（单位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 与布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面积而不是表面面积。 |
| Permanent set | 永久变形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 释放荷载后，先前受力物体中剩余的变形或应变。 |
| Dynamic mechanical measurement | 动态机械测量 |
A technique in which either the modulus and/or damping of a substance under oscillatory load or displacement is measured as a function of temperature, frequency, or time, or a combination thereof. 一种技术，其中在振荡载荷或位移下测量物质的模量和/或阻尼作为温度、频率或时间或其组合的函数。 |
| Thermodynamics laws | 热力学定律 |
The zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 热力学第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 过共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺丝攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一种杠杆，其中心有一个可调节的方孔，丝锥柄安装在该孔中，以便施加扭矩以切断螺纹。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蚀磨损 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 与环境发生显着化学或电化学反应的磨损。 |
| Angle of friction | 摩擦角 |
(friction angle, β) (Unit °) For a body in contact with a plane surface, the angle between the normal to the surface and the resultant force between the body and the surface. If the friction force is F and normal force is N, β is given by F/N = μ = tan β where μ is the coefficient of friction. （摩擦角，β）（单位°）对于与平面接触的物体，表面法线与物体与表面之间的合力之间的夹角。如果摩擦力为F，法向力为N，则β由F/N=μ=tanβ给出，其中μ是摩擦系数。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一个通用术语，表示一种处理，包括加热并保持在合适的温度，然后以合适的速率冷却，主要用于软化金属材料，但也同时产生其他性能或微观结构的所需变化。 |
| Radian (rad) | 弧度（rad） |
A coherent derived SI unit defined as the plane angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc having a length equal to the radius. Thus 2π radians are equivalent to 360° and 1 rad ≈ 57.3°. 一种相干导出的国际单位制单位，定义为在圆心处被长度等于半径的弧对向的平面角。因此，2π弧度相当于360°和1弧度≈57.3°. |
| Fracture stress | 断裂应力 |
The true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 断裂开始时最小横截面积上的真实正应力。该术语通常适用于无缺口试样的拉伸试验。 |
| Radiator | 散热器 |
A heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another for heating or cooling purposes. Despite the name, the principal mode of heat transfer is convection rather than radiation. In motor vehicles, water circulated through the engine block is cooled as it flows through the tubes of an air-cooled heat exchanger. In domestic radiators, hot water from a boiler is circulated through a heat exchanger with a large surface area which transfers heat to the surrounding air. 一种热交换器，用于将热能从一种流体传递到另一种流体，用于加热或冷却。尽管有这个名字，但热传递的主要方式是对流而不是辐射。在机动车辆中，通过发动机缸体循环的水在流经风冷热交换器的管道时被冷却。在家用散热器中，来自锅炉的热水通过具有大表面积的热交换器循环，该热交换器将热量传递给周围的空气。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸气循环 |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一种动力循环，它将相对低温的蒸汽循环（底部循环）与高温循环（顶部循环）相结合，其中使用了诸如汞、钠或钾之类的工作流体。 |
| Destructive testing | 破坏性测试 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通过增加载荷测量材料、部件或结构的机械性能，直到样品因断裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡机 |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一种装置，用于评估旋转部件的静态和动态平衡状态，并指示为获得平衡而添加的砝码的大小和位置。 |
| Critical strain | 临界应变 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 刚好足以引起再结晶的应变；由于应变很小，通常只有百分之几，再结晶只发生在少数核上，从而产生由非常大的晶粒组成的再结晶结构。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽压表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一种压力表，用于测量管道、锅炉、汽缸或其他与蒸汽一起工作的装置中的表压。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料条件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有内部尺寸的下限的情况。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式电极炉 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一种通过使用浸入陶瓷衬里中的电极加热熔融盐浴对零件进行液体渗碳的炉。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Critical diameter | 临界直径 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%马氏体可完全硬化的棒材直径。 |
| Temper embrittlement | 回火脆化 |
Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature but only rarely produces a low value of reduction in area in a smooth-bar tension test of the embrittled material. The anomalous reduction in toughness of martensitic stainless steels when tempered in the range 370–600°C. Embrittlement of alloy steels caused by holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range just below the transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then cooling rapidly. 当某些钢保持在低于转变范围的某一温度范围内或缓慢冷却时产生的脆性。脆性表现为延性到脆性转变温度的向上移动，但在脆性材料的平滑棒材拉伸试验中，很少产生较小的面积减小值。马氏体不锈钢在370–600°C范围内回火时的韧性异常降低。合金钢的脆化是由于在低于转变范围的温度范围内保持或缓慢冷却而引起的。脆化是杂质（如砷、锑、磷和锡）在晶界处偏析的结果；它通常表现为韧脆转变温度的上升。回火脆化可以通过在临界温度范围以上重新回火，然后快速冷却来逆转。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在应力集中点易发生脆性断裂。例如，在缺口拉伸试验中，如果缺口强度小于无缺口试样的抗拉强度，则称材料为缺口脆性材料。否则，称其为缺口韧性。 |
| Gasket factors | 垫片系数 |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 实验得出的“常数”用于定义垫圈的行为或可接受行为所需的组件和使用条件。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 纵向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金属中的主要流动方向。另请参见法向和横向。 |
| Materials science | 材料科学 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金属、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、复合材料、生物材料和半导体等固体物质的特性、行为和应用，涵盖从原子到宏观的所有范围。起源于冶金学。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 额定压力（单位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 压力容器、锅炉、储罐、管道等设计用于安全运行的内部压力。 |
| Teeth | 齿 |
The projecting elements on gears, cutting tools, etc. 齿轮、刀具等上的突出元件。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一种形式，带有内脊钢套筒，用于安装螺母或螺栓或螺钉的头部。 |
| International System of Units | 国际单位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux. Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm², MN/m² being preferred. （国际单位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美国除外，在科学和工程中几乎是普遍使用的标准单位制。SI的最终参考是国际度量衡局出版的小册子，通常称为BIPM SI小册子。有七个基本单位：米（符号m）表示长度；质量为千克（kg）；物质量的摩尔（mol）；时间为秒；开尔文（K）表示温度；电流为安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示发光强度。新的国际单位制定义于2019年5月20日生效，该定义基于自然界的普遍常数（也称为基本物理常数：阿伏伽德罗常数、玻尔兹曼常数和普朗克常数）。这些常数的值也进行了少量调整。除了基本单位外，还有22个相干导出单位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立体角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、频率的赫兹（Hz）、力的牛顿（N）、压力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和热量的焦耳（J）以及功率和辐射通量的瓦特（W）。建议的做法是避免N/mm²、MN/m²等组合。 |
| Absolute zero | 绝对零度 |
Temperature of -273.16″C or 459.69″F or OK at which molecular motion vanishes and a body has no heat energy. 温度为-273.16″C或459.69″F，此时分子运动消失且物体没有热能。 |
| Threaded fastener | 螺纹紧固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各种螺柱、螺栓和螺钉，以及相关的螺母。 |
| Carbon steels | 碳钢 |
(plain carbon steels) Steels in which carbon is the principal alloying element, and the amount of manganese does not exceed 1.65% and the copper and silicon contents are less than 0.60%. There are three main types: low-carbon steels (0.08–0.35% carbon); medium-carbon steels (0.35–0.50% carbon); and high-carbon steels (0.50–2.0% carbon). （普通碳钢）以碳为主要合金元素，锰含量不超过1.65%，铜和硅含量低于0.60%的钢。主要有三种类型：低碳钢（0.08-0.35%碳）；中碳钢（0.35–0.50%碳）；和高碳钢（0.50–2.0%碳）。 |
| Swift cup test | 斯威夫特杯测试 |
A simulative cupping test in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into cups by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. 一种模拟拔杯试验，将不同直径的圆形坯料夹紧在模环中，并用平底圆柱冲头将其深拉入杯中。 |
| Amontons friction | 阿蒙顿摩擦 |
(Coulomb friction) Friction between surfaces where the ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N is constant and independent of the area in contact. （库仑摩擦）摩擦力F与法向力N之比恒定且与接触面积无关的表面之间的摩擦。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 风压（单位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 与风相关的动态压力。风的静压是大气压。 |
| Brayton cycle | 布雷顿循环 |
(Joule cycle) An air standard cycle that is the ideal cycle for a gasturbine engine. As shown on the diagram of pressure (p) ʋs specific volume (ʋ), it consists of four internally reversible processes: isentropic compression in a compressor (1–2), isobaric heat addition in a combustor (2–3), isentropic expansion in a turbine (3–4) and isobaric heat rejection. The cycle can be extended to include regeneration, reheating, and intercooling. （焦耳循环）一种空气标准循环，是燃气轮机发动机的理想循环。循环可以扩展到包括再生、再热和中冷。 |
| Core | 核心 |
In a ferrous alloy prepared for case hardening, that portion of the alloy that is not part of the case . Typically considered to be the portion that (a) appears light on an etched cross section, (b) has an essentially unaltered chemical composition, or (c) has a hardness, after hardening, less than a specified value. 在为表面硬化而制备的铁合金中，合金中不属于表面的那部分。通常被认为是（a）在蚀刻横截面上看起来很轻，（b）化学成分基本不变，或（c）硬化后硬度低于规定值的那部分。 |
| Thermocouple | 热电偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一种测量温度的装置，由两种不同的金属或合金组成，一端电连接，另一端与电压测量仪相连。当一个结比另一个结更热时，产生的热电动势大致与热结和冷结之间的温差成比例。 |
| Forge | 锻造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通过锤击或强制过程使金属成型，同时保持塑料成型。过程会使用模具。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口强度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸试样上的最大载荷除以最小横截面积（缺口根部的面积）。也称为缺口抗拉强度。 |
| Air-hardening steel | 空气硬化钢 |
A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. The terms should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. (50 mm) or more in diameter. Same as self-hardening steel. 一种钢，含有足够的碳和其他合金元素，可以在空气或其他气体介质中从高于其转变范围的温度冷却过程中完全硬化。这些术语应仅限于能够通过在相当大的截面（直径约2英寸（50毫米）或更大）中通过空气冷却而硬化的钢。与自硬钢相同。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化镜硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 与落在被测材料上的菱形锤的回弹高度相关的数字。通过将锤子从淬火（达到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具钢试块上的平均回弹分为100个单位来测量。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微观应力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 与普通应变测量中的标距相比，从拉伸到压缩的距离（大概接近晶粒尺寸）较小的残余应力。它们无法通过解剖方法检测到，但有时可以通过x射线衍射图案中的线位移或线加宽来测量。 |
| Ablation cooling | 烧蚀冷却 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷却暴露于非常高的外部气体温度的表面，导致表面材料升华、熔化或分解。化学过程吸收热量，而远离表面的物质的质量流阻挡了来自热气体的热通量。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中负荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的区域上的部件上的载荷，理想化为楔形或刀刃的线载荷和锥体的点载荷。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物学、医学、农业等方面的应用。 |
| Crossed threads | 交叉螺纹 |
When the axis of a nut offered up to a bolt is not aligned with the axis of a bolt (or a screw to a threaded member), it may be possible for the threads to engage incorrectly and even for the nut or screw to advance a turn or more, but ultimately the misaligned threads become locked together. Forcing the nut in such circumstances may irretrievably damage the threads on both. 当提供给螺栓的螺母的轴线与螺栓（或螺纹构件的螺钉）的轴线不对齐时，螺纹可能会错误接合，甚至螺母或螺钉会提前一圈或更多，但最终未对齐的螺纹会锁定在一起。在这种情况下强行拧入螺母可能会对两侧的螺纹造成无法修复的损坏。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 国际度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，国际计量局）政府间组织，其任务是为可追溯到国际单位制的单一、一致的计量系统提供基础。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要条件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓连接所遭受的每种类型的故障都由三个或四个条件确定。根据故障模式的不同，情况会有所不同，但数量不得超过四个。消除特定类型故障的任何一个基本条件都可以防止该类型故障。 |
| Thread rolling | 滚丝 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺纹滚压（也称为滚压螺纹）是一种冷成型工艺，通过将硬化钢模具的压痕滚压到圆柱形或锥形坯料的表面来生产螺纹或其他螺旋或环形形状。多边形坯料也进行螺纹轧制，以制造螺纹成型和自锁螺钉。优选的多边形形状为三棱形，并在平模机中生产。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Vapour-pressure thermometer | 蒸汽压力温度计 |
(vapour-filled thermometer) A type of fluidexpansion thermometer in which the working fluid is a volatile liquid. （蒸汽填充温度计）一种流体膨胀温度计，其中工作流体为挥发性液体。 |
| Stress relaxation | 应力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定挠曲条件下，零件（如螺栓）内的应力水平缓慢降低，该零件承受重荷载。蠕变的“表亲”，是在恒定应力条件下几何结构的缓慢变化。在恒定温度下，由于蠕变，固体在恒定应变下的应力随时间变化的减小。金属的应力松弛行为通常显示在应力松弛曲线中。 |
| Electroplating | 电镀 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用电解将一种金属沉积到另一种金属上。待镀金属形成电解池中的阴极，待沉积金属形成阳极。 |
| Working fluid | 工作流体 |
In thermodynamics, the fluid contained within the boundary of a system that experiences changes in its properties during any fluid dynamic or thermodynamic process. 在热力学中，包含在系统边界内的流体，在任何流体动力学或热力学过程中其性质发生变化。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Bolt blank | 螺栓毛坯 |
A rod on which a head has been formed, but on which no thread has been cut, from which bolts or screws may be made as required. 一种已形成头部但未切割螺纹的杆，可根据需要从中制造螺栓或螺钉。 |
| Actual power | 实际功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （实际马力）（单位W或hp）在随后通过变速箱等传输之前，在发动机输出轴上传递的功率。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 拨动（拨动夹） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由两个销杆组成的装置，在同一平面的两个端点之间几乎成一条直线。将杠杆对齐会在端部之间产生较大的力。用于获得较大的机械优势或用作锁定机构。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 风能（单位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 风能转换系统（WECS）可通过暴露于风中的转子（如多叶片螺旋桨）将与风相关的动能转换为电能或机械能。如果空气密度为ρ，风速为V，则动能通量为ρV3/2。可由截获风a横截面的风力涡轮机提取的实际风功率为CPρAV3/2，其中CP是称为功率系数的经验效率因子。风能分布是根据给定位置处的风速频率分布每年可产生的计算风力的直方图。风车产生机械功率，而风力涡轮机（风力发电机）产生电功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大风力涡轮机的额定功率为9.5MW，转子直径为164m，轮毂高度为105m（最高风力涡轮机的高度为190m）。风电场是一系列风力涡轮机，通常为十到几百台，位于单一位置，无论是陆上还是海上。风能是可持续能源发电的主要贡献者。最大的海上风电场位于爱尔兰海，拥有87台涡轮机，总发电容量为659MW。最大的陆上风电场位于加利福尼亚州克恩县，拥有约586台涡轮机，总容量为1550兆瓦。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金属的脆性断裂，断裂位于形成金属的晶粒或晶体之间。又称晶间破裂。 |
| Generator | 发电机 |
1. A machine for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. 2. (generatrix) A point, line, or surface regarded as moving and so forming a line, a surface, or a volume, respectively. 1.将机械能转化为电能的机器。2.（母线）被认为是运动的点、线或面，因此分别形成一条线、一个面或一个体积。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| Vibration isolation | 隔振 |
The prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to another part of the same system, such as a building or other structure. Isolation may be achieved using dampers (vibration damping) or by active feedback-control methods. Mechanical vibration is often attenuated by means of components immersed in oil such as in dashpots (viscous damping). Vibration suppression can be achieved (a) using dampers and absorbers tuned to a particular frequency to suppress vibratory forces in structures and other systems (passive suppression) or (b) by the measurement of vibration at key locations in a structure and the application of cancellation forces (active suppression). 防止振动从系统的一个部件传递到同一系统的另一部分，如建筑物或其他结构。可以使用阻尼器（减振）或主动反馈控制方法实现隔离。机械振动通常通过浸入油中的部件来衰减，例如缓冲罐（粘性阻尼）。可以通过（a）使用调谐到特定频率的阻尼器和吸收器来抑制结构和其他系统中的振动力（被动抑制），或（b）通过测量结构中关键位置的振动并施加抵消力（主动抑制），实现振动抑制。 |
| Proof load | 验证载荷（单位 N） |
The maximum, safe, static, tensile load which can be placed on a fastener without yielding it. Sometimes given as a force (in lb or N) sometimes as a stress (in psi or MPa). The test load in quality control to which different components made of different materials must be subjected without failing in order to perform properly. 可施加在紧固件上而不使其屈服的最大安全静态拉伸载荷。有时以力（lb或N）表示，有时以应力（psi或MPa）表示。质量控制中的测试负荷，由不同材料制成的不同部件必须经受该负荷，才能正常运行。 |
| System engineering | 系统工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一种将所有学科和专业组整合到团队工作中的方法，形成从概念到生产再到运营的结构化开发过程。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口铸铁和某些钢在长时间退火过程中形成的细小、明显的无定形碳颗粒。也称为回火碳。 |
| Hot shortness | 热脆性 |
The reduction of ductility in steels at high temperatures caused by melting of sulfides that wet grain boundaries and spread along them. 高温下钢的延展性降低，这是由于硫化物的熔化润湿晶界并沿晶界扩散而引起的。 |
| Compressive stress | 压缩应力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使弹性体沿施加载荷方向变形（缩短）的应力。与拉应力对比。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨损疲劳 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因与另一个物体摩擦而损坏的表面引起的疲劳损坏。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 维氏硬度测试 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金刚石棱锥压头（维氏硬度计）和可变载荷的压痕硬度测试，能够对从极软铅到碳化钨的所有硬度范围使用一个硬度标度。也称为钻石金字塔硬度测试。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪、雾、露水和颗粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。这些酸分别来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人为排放。酸烟灰由未燃烧的碳颗粒组成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大气中。这些颗粒是化石燃料燃烧不良造成的。 |
| Tyre | 轮胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 车轮罩安装在轮辋上的柔性环形罩，用于支撑车辆（如机动车、飞机或自行车）的重量，并将动力和扭矩传递到路面。有些充气轮胎是直接充气的，有些轮胎有单独的内胎充气。对于某些应用，使用实心轮胎。 |
| Deflection temperature under load (DTUL) | 负载变形温度（DTUL） |
The temperature at which a simple cantilever beam deflects a given amount under load. Formerly called heat distortion temperature. 简单悬臂梁在负载下偏转给定量的温度。以前称为热变形温度。 |
| Wear rate | 磨损率 |
The rate of material removal or dimensional change due to wear per unit of exposure parameter—for example, quantity of material removed(mass, volume, thickness) in unit distance of sliding or unit time. 由于单位暴露参数的磨损而导致的材料去除率或尺寸变化，例如，单位滑动距离或单位时间内去除的材料数量（质量、体积、厚度）。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 净重（单位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其内容物）的毛重与空容器皮重之间的差值。 |
| Scratch hardness test | 划痕硬度测试 |
A form of hardness test in which a sharp-pointed stylus or corner of a mineral specimen is traversed along a surface so as to determine the resistance of that surface to cutting or abrasion. 硬度测试的一种形式，用尖头笔或矿物样品的一角沿一个表面移动，以确定该表面的抗切割或耐磨性。 |
| Degree (°) | 度数（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一种度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Free ferrite | 游离铁氧体 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷却过程中亚共析奥氏体分解直接形成的铁素体，没有同时形成渗碳体。也是先共析铁氧体。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 两级压缩机 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一种机器，其中气体在低压气缸中从低压压缩到中压，然后在高压气缸中压缩到最终压力。如果两个气缸由中冷器分离，则效率提高。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 减压阀 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 将压力容器或流体动力系统中的最大压力限制在规定水平的阀门。 |
| Finished fastener | 精制紧固件 |
Fastener for which all manufacturing steps have been completed, with or without any surface coating and with full or reduced loadability, and which has not been machined into a test piece. 已完成所有制造步骤的紧固件，有或没有任何表面涂层，具有完全或降低的承载能力，并且尚未加工成试件。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 热电结 |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 两根不同金属线的末端之间的焊接、锡焊或绞合连接，如热电偶。 |
| Striation | 条纹组织 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一种疲劳断裂特征，通常在电子显微照片中观察到，表明每次应力循环后裂纹前沿的位置。条纹之间的距离表示在一个应力循环期间裂纹前沿穿过该晶体的前进，垂直于条纹的线表示局部裂纹扩展的方向。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞测试 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 测定试件在高速下破裂时吸收的能量的试验，与静态试验不同。测试可以在拉伸、弯曲或扭转条件下进行，测试杆可以有缺口或无缺口。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大气压的压力下进行退火。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋转泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通过内部部件的旋转来泵送液体的容积泵，如齿轮泵、凸轮泵（类似于罗茨鼓风机）或螺杆泵。 |
| Progressive aging | 渐进时效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通过在时效周期中逐步或连续升高温度进行增加时效。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水头（单位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力发电系统中，水轮机入口上方供水水库中水位垂直高度之间的差减去由于通向涡轮机的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水头损失。 |
| Clamping force | 夹紧力 |
The equal and opposite forces which exist at the interface between two joint members. The clamping force is created by tightening the bolts, but is not always equal to the combined tension in the bolts. Hole interference problems, for example, can create a difference between clamping force and bolt loads. 存在于两个连接构件之间的界面处的相等和相反的力。夹紧力是通过拧紧螺栓产生的，但并不总是等于螺栓中的组合张力。例如，孔干涉问题可能会在夹紧力和螺栓载荷之间产生差异。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 临界冷却速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的转变所需的连续冷却速率。对于钢，它是奥氏体必须持续冷却以抑制Ms温度以上的转变的最小速率。 |
| Magnetic materials | 磁性材料 |
Materials in which the magnetic moment of adjacent atoms can adopt either parallel or antiparallel alignment. Ferromagnetism occurs when the magnetic moments adopt parallel alignment. When adjacent magnetic moments cancel due to antiparallel alignment, the material exhibits antiferromagnetism and has no overall magnetic moment. Examples of the latter include ferrous oxide and manganese oxide. The phenomenon of ferrimagnetism occurs when adjacent magnetic moments adopt antiparallel alignment but have unequal magnitude. The region of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material in which the magnetic moments are aligned is known as a magnetic domain and adjacent regions are separated by domain walls. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit weak forms of magnetism that results from independent (uncoupled) alignment of magnetic atomic dipoles induced by an applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials can acquire high degrees of magnetization in relatively weak magnetic fields. They have different hysteresis characteristics and are classified as either hard magnets or soft magnets. Hard magnets retain large magnetization in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are used as permanent magnets. Conventional materials include magnet steels alloyed with tungsten or cobalt. Rare-earth magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements produce significantly stronger magnetic fields. The most common of these are samarium-cobalt and neodymiumiron-boron permanent magnets. Their strength allows them to be small and used in numerous applications, including cordless tools, disk drives, headphones, toys, and motors for automotive components such as wipers, fans, washers, and windows. Soft magnets may be magnetized and demagnetized relatively easily. When subjected to an alternating magnetic field the energy loss due to hysteresis is small. Common materials include iron-silicon alloys (known as electrical steels), nickel-iron alloys (permalloy), soft ferrites, and amorphous nanocrystalline alloys, the last of which can be produced in the form of tape by meltspinning. Soft magnets are used to enhance the magnetic flux produced by an electric current. 相邻原子的磁矩可以采用平行或反平行排列的材料。当磁矩采用平行排列时，会产生铁磁性。当相邻磁矩因反平行排列而抵消时，材料表现出反铁磁性，没有总磁矩。后者的实例包括氧化亚铁和氧化锰。当相邻磁矩采用反平行排列但大小不等时，就会出现铁磁现象。磁矩对齐的铁磁或铁磁材料区域称为磁畴，相邻区域由磁畴壁分隔。抗磁和顺磁材料表现出弱磁性形式，这是由外加磁场诱导的磁原子偶极子的独立（非耦合）排列引起的。铁磁性和铁磁性材料可以在相对弱的磁场中获得高磁化度。它们具有不同的磁滞特性，分为硬磁铁和软磁铁。硬磁铁在没有外加磁场的情况下保持较大的磁化强度，用作永磁体。常规材料包括与钨或钴合金化的磁钢。由稀土元素合金制成的稀土磁体产生明显更强的磁场。其中最常见的是钐钴和钕硼永磁体。它们的强度使其体积小，可用于多种应用，包括无绳工具、磁盘驱动器、耳机、玩具和汽车部件（如雨刷、风扇、洗衣机和车窗）的电机。软磁体可以相对容易地磁化和退磁。当受到交变磁场时，由于磁滞引起的能量损失很小。常见材料包括铁硅合金（称为电工钢）、镍铁合金（坡莫合金）、软铁氧体和非晶纳米晶合金，最后一种可以通过熔钉以胶带的形式生产。软磁铁用于增强电流产生的磁通量。 |
| Lockbolt | 锁紧螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上类似于螺栓的紧固件，但与环槽（而不是螺纹）接合的轴环（而不是螺母）。套环在阳紧固件上的凹槽上锻造，以产生预紧力。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨损 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由两个金属部件之间的滑动作用导致的一种磨损，在金属表面上产生氧化膜。这些氧化膜防止在滑动表面之间形成金属结合，导致细磨屑和低磨损率。 |
| Strain gage | 应变计 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一种测量金属拉伸和类似试验中产生的少量应变的装置。将一卷细线安装在一张纸、塑料或类似载体基质（背衬材料）上，该载体基质呈矩形，通常约25mm（1.0in.）长，这是粘在测试金属的一部分。随着线圈随试样延伸，其电阻成正比增加，这被称为粘结电阻应变计。其他类型的量规测量实际变形。机械、光学或电子设备有时用于放大应变以便于读取。 |
| Dead load (Unit N) | 静载（单位N） |
A load on a component or structure that is steady with time, e.g. the self-weight of a bridge. 部件或结构上随时间稳定的载荷，例如桥梁的自重。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通过在油中以低于水淬的冷却速率淬火合适的钢，在回火前形成马氏体，从而降低部件断裂或严重残余应力的可能性。是一种淬火硬化处理，包括在油中冷却。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纤维 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 当紧固件应无腐蚀性、低导电性或对电磁波透明时，玻璃纤维用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通过使用内部气压使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨胀来制造中空聚合物物体（例如瓶子）。 |
| Scratching | 刮擦 |
In tribology, the mechanical removal or displacement, or both, of material from a surface by the action of abrasive particles or protuberances sliding across the surfaces. 在摩擦学中，通过在表面上滑动的磨粒或突起的作用，材料从表面上的机械移除或移位，或两者兼而有之。 |
| Cup washer | 杯形垫圈 |
A dished leather or neoprene washer fitted to the rod end in some piston-style pumps. 在某些活塞式泵中，安装在杆端的碟形皮革或氯丁橡胶垫圈。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度误差常数 |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 当控制系统的参考（需求）输入是抛物线时，输出信号在稳定状态下也将是抛物线。在这种情况下恒定的信号是加速度，因此对于抛物线输入，称为加速度误差常数的稳态误差是加速度中的误差。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切应变 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角变化的切线，作为对力的响应，在两条原本通过物体中的一个点相互垂直的线之间。也称为剪切应变。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性发生之前或（b）断裂之前能够承受的最大剪切应力。 |
| Bearing test | 轴承测试 |
A method of determining the response to stress (load) of metal products that are subjected to riveting, bolting, or a similar fastening procedure. The purpose of the test is to determine the bearing strength of the material and to measure the bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole created by a pin or rod of circular cross section that pierces the sheet perpendicular to the surface. 一种确定经受铆接、螺栓连接或类似紧固程序的金属产品对应力（载荷）的响应的方法。测试的目的是确定材料的承载强度，并测量承载应力与由垂直于表面刺穿板材的圆形横截面的销或杆产生的孔的变形。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接头 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速断开、快速连接）一种软管连接，允许快速组装或拆卸，包括插座和带有弹簧加载锁定机构的插头。 |
| Elastic constants | 弹性常数 |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 将材料的弹性位移与施加的力相关联的比例因子。 |
| Stress cracking | 应力开裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每种模式都涉及高应力和化学作用。该系列包括氢脆、应力腐蚀开裂、应力脆化和氢辅助应力腐蚀。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆时针旋转时前进的螺钉。 |
| Freezing range | 冻融范围 |
That temperature range between liquidus and solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist. 熔融和固体成分共存的液相线和固相线温度之间的温度范围。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸长力产生伸长的力或载荷。1.从两端拉出的杆、带、电缆、弹簧、线、线等的状态。2.（张力）（单位N）与张力相关的力。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系数 |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系数，表示设计人员对剪切接头强度估计的不确定性。用于载荷和阻力系数设计。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕销 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 从曲柄上伸出的一个螺柱，作为连接杆的附件。锻造合金最初铸造，然后通过挤压、锻造或轧制等工艺成形为最终形状的金属合金。 |
| Abrasion | 磨损 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通过硬质颗粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂纸、研磨清洁、研磨加工），也可以是操作的结果（磨损）。 |
| Turbocharging | 涡轮增压 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一种增压方法，其中活塞发动机的热废气用于驱动涡轮，涡轮为增压压缩机提供动力。涡轮增压器是涡轮/压缩机组合。压缩机通常为径向流出设计，而径向、轴向和混流式涡轮机都在使用。废气旁通阀是一种减少进入涡轮的废气流量以限制产生的增压或超速的阀。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度试验 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校准机器进行的一种压痕硬度试验，在规定条件下，将具有规定边缘角的菱形棱锥金刚石压头压入受试材料表面，并在移除荷载后测量长对角线。其中压头是一个细长的菱形棱锥，以平行四边形的形式给出压痕，其中较长的对角线约为较短的七倍。用于研究固体材料的各向异性。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Chilled castings | 冷铸件 |
Iron castings cooled at a rate that results in white iron (slow enough to avoid the formation of martensite, yet fast enough to prevent any silicon present from causing decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite). 铸铁件以产生白口铁的速度冷却（足够慢以避免形成马氏体，但足够快以防止任何存在的硅导致渗碳体分解成铁和石墨）。 |
| Impact loads | 冲击载荷 |
Especially severe shock loads such as those caused by instantaneous arrest of a falling mass, shock meeting of two parts (in a mechanical hammer, for example), or by explosive impact, in which there can be an exceptionally rapid build-up of stress. 特别严重的冲击载荷，例如由下落质量的瞬时停止、两部分的冲击碰撞（例如在机械锤中）或爆炸性冲击引起的冲击载荷，其中可能会出现异常快速的应力积聚。 |
| Gas compressor | 气体压缩机 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一种在低压下吸入气体并在高压下输送气体的机器，通常伴随着温度升高。压缩机设计包括轴流式、离心式、隔膜式、往复式和旋转式（包括叶片式压缩机）。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺纹 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺纹上相应点之间的间距相对较大的螺纹。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角连接两个管道端部的配件。2.示例关节机器人上的第三关节对应于人的肘部。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容积 |
(Unit m³) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （单位m³）活塞位于上止点时活塞上方的“死区”体积，包括气缸盖中的凹槽，在往复式压缩机或发动机中。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼装置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 机动车辆上的一种转向联动装置，在转向点附近两个车轮几乎不会打滑。这是通过使内短轴（在转弯曲线的内侧）比外短轴移动更大的角度来实现的。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨机 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一种用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨机，由装有松散钢球或陶瓷球的水平旋转滚筒组成。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）当量来定义的。 |
| Microhardness | 显微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通过在非常轻的载荷下将压头（如维氏或努氏压头）压入材料表面来确定的材料硬度；通常压痕很小，必须用显微镜测量。能够确定结构内不同微组分的硬度，或测量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Fastener testing | 紧固件测试 |
A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. 确定或验证紧固件符合其规范要求。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或动量，以其大小和方向来表示。用黑体印刷矢量量的惯例是由物理学家约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Compression wave | 压缩波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨胀波）在流体或固体中，压缩介质传播的行波或波前。 |
| Accelerated testing | 加速测试 |
A type of testing, for rates of wear, fatigue, corrosion etc., in which failure times are reduced by employing greater loads, more frequent power cycling, higher vibration levels, higher humidity, higher temperatures, greater potential differences etc. than would be encountered in normal operation. 一种测试类型，用于测试磨损率、疲劳率、腐蚀率等，通过采用比正常运行中更大的负载、更频繁的功率循环、更高的振动水平、更高湿度、更高温度、更大的电位差等，减少故障时间。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲线 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余压力或松弛压力随时间变化的曲线图。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片压缩机 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋转叶片压缩机，叶片压缩机）一种旋转式压缩机，当转子在圆柱形外壳内旋转时，偏置转子中的弹簧加载滑动叶片之间的空间减小，从而压缩气体。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（单位°）切削刀具的底部或侧面与加工表面之间的角度。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Erosion | 侵蚀 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固体表面与流体、多组分流体或撞击液体或固体颗粒之间的机械相互作用，原始材料从固体表面逐渐损失。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Cap | 帽 |
A cover, often in the form of a short cylinder, one end of which is closed. Typically used to close an orifice or pipe end, on to which it can be pushed, welded, screwed, or attached with fasteners. 一种盖子，通常为短圆柱体，一端封闭。通常用于封闭孔口或管端，可将其推入、焊接、拧紧或用紧固件连接到其上。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋转轴的方向上起作用或移动。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 时间分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 将控制问题分解为具有相对较短和较长时间常数的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火时效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1 (the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳钢的脆化是由于溶质碳在现有位错处的沉淀和铁素体在不同温度下的差异导致的钢沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由钢从略低于Ac1的温度（奥氏体开始形成的温度）快速冷却引起的，可以通过从较低温度淬火来最小化。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Bolt length | 螺栓长度 |
The bolt length shall be the distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the bearing surface of the head to the extreme end of the bolt including point. 螺栓长度应为平行于产品轴线测量的从头部的支承面到包括点在内的螺栓末端的距离。 |
| Absorptance | 吸收率 |
(absorptivity, absorption coefficient, α) The fraction of radiant flux incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. The term also applies to absorption of radiation by a volume of fluid. For a semi-transparent surface, α + ρ + τ = 1, where ρ is the reflectance and τ is the transmittance. （吸收率，吸收系数，α）入射到表面的辐射通量被表面吸收的部分。该术语也适用于一定体积的流体对辐射的吸收。对于半透明表面，α+ρ+τ=1，其中ρ是反射率，τ是透射率。 |
| Precipitation heat treatment | 沉淀热处理 |
Artificial aging in which a constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution. 成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀的人工时效。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Decarburization | 脱碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于与接触表面的介质中的一种或多种化学物质发生反应，含碳合金表面层的碳损失。 |
| Edge distance | 边距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，从轴承试样的边缘到孔中心的距离。 |
| Load ratio, R | 负载比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最小载荷与最大载荷的代数比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也称为应力比。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y记录仪 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一种绘制变量y和变量x的图形的设备，两者都以伏特数的形式。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Active accommodation | 主动适应能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用来自传感器的信息，例如在视觉系统中，允许机器人显示对环境的适应。 |
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