| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Threaded fastener | 螺纹紧固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各种螺柱、螺栓和螺钉，以及相关的螺母。 |
| Acoustic emission | 声发射 |
(stress-wave emission) Sound emitted by some materials when deformed under load. It arises from stress waves emitted by sudden dislocation motion in crystals, slip, crack growth, etc. （应力波发射）某些材料在负载下变形时发出的声音。它是由晶体中突然的位错运动、滑移、裂纹扩展等发出的应力波引起的。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷却曲线 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 显示材料冷却过程中时间和温度之间关系的曲线。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量损失（单位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 从能量守恒原理来看，这是一个常用的术语错误，但可以用于表示转换为过程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，从热机散发到周围环境的热能，或由机器中的摩擦或表面阻力产生的热能。 |
| Pressure gauge | 压力表 |
An instrument used to measure absolute or gauge pressure. The sensing element may be a tube which deflects when pressurized, as in a Bourdon gauge, a bellows as in an aneroid barometer, a piezoelectric crystal, a piezoresistive element, etc. 测量绝对压力或表压的仪器。传感元件可以是加压时会偏转的管，如波登压力表、无液气压计中的波纹管、压电晶体、压阻元件等。 |
| Ductile fracture | 韧性断裂 |
Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy. A fracture of a component or structure which is preceded by extensive ductile deformation so that the broken pieces cannot be re-fitted to regain the original size and shape of the component or structure. 以金属撕裂为特征的断裂，伴随着明显的总塑性变形和相当大的能量消耗。一种部件或结构的断裂，在断裂前会发生大范围的延性变形，从而使断裂的碎片无法重新装配以恢复部件或结构原来的尺寸和形状。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 应用热力学 |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程热力学、热力学）热、功和系统特性之间关系的科学，以及燃料中的热能可以转化为机械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源转换的各个方面的研究，包括发电、制冷、所涉及物质的相关特性以及它们之间的关系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本规律。 |
| Physical testing | 物理测试 |
Methods used to determine the entire range of physical properties of a material. In addition to density and thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, physical testing methods can be used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color, crystalline form, and melting point. 用于确定材料整个物理特性范围的方法。除了密度和热、电、磁特性外，物理测试方法还可用于评估简单的基本物理特性，如颜色、结晶形式和熔点。 |
| Butterfly valve | 蝶阀 |
A valve in which a disc rotates on a shaft at right angles to the axis of a pipe to regulate flow. When open, the disc is edge-on to the flow and offers limited resistance. When closed, the disc is pressed against a seat in the valve body. 阀瓣在与管道轴线成直角的轴上旋转以调节流量的阀门。当打开时，圆盘与水流边缘并提供有限的阻力。关闭时，阀瓣被压在阀体内的阀座上。 |
| Torque converter | 变矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的涡轮机，由叶轮、涡轮机和反作用构件组成。应用包括机动车变速器。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可锻铸铁 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口铸铁一种通过长时间退火制成的铸铁，脱碳，石墨化，或两者都发生，以消除部分或全部渗碳体。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脱碳是主要反应，产品将呈现出较轻的断裂表面，“白心可锻”。否则，断裂表面将变暗，“黑心可锻”。铁素体可锻性材料主要为铁素体基体；根据热处理和所需硬度，珠光体可锻材料可能包含珠光体、球状体或回火马氏体。 |
| Dead space | 死区 |
(dead volume) (Unit m³) That volume of a gas-filled thermometer in which the gas is not at the same temperature as that being measured. （死容）（单位m³）充气温度计的体积，其中气体的温度与被测温度不同。 |
| Blue annealing | 蓝色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在开放式炉中将热轧铁板加热到转变范围内的温度，然后在空气中冷却，以软化金属。在表面上形成蓝色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Subcritical annealing | 不完全退火 |
A process anneal performed on ferrous alloys at a temperature below Ac1. 在低于Ac1的温度下对铁合金进行的工艺退火。 |
| Semiguided bend | 半导弯曲 |
The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge, or is supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free bend. 通过将力直接施加于待弯曲部分中的试样而获得的弯曲。将试样固定在一端，并围绕销或圆边施力，或者在靠近端部的位置支撑试样，并通过施加在试样与支撑件相对的一侧以及两者中间的力进行弯曲。在某些情况下，折弯以此方式开始，然后以自由折弯的方式结束。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 试验机（负载测量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向试样施加载荷（力）的机械装置。 |
| Scratch hardness | 划痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一种材料（如金属、合金、塑料或矿物）对更硬的压头（如金刚石触针）划伤的抵抗力，在表面上缓慢移动。根据载荷和残余划痕的尺寸计算划痕硬度值。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2 or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一种使用激光快速加热表面的表面硬化工艺。进入零件内部的热传导将快速冷却表面，留下浅马氏体层。通过移动CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使钢硬化，激光束聚焦至直径几毫米。物体表面的一点迅速加热到奥氏体范围，然后迅速冷却，形成回火马氏体。 |
| Bend test | 弯曲试验 |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 确定待成形金属（通常为薄板、带材、板材或线材）的相对延展性或确定金属的坚固性和韧性（例如，焊接后）的试验。试样通常在规定的直径上重复弯曲一个规定的角度，然后在规定的循环次数内弯曲。弯曲试验有四种一般类型，根据施加在试样上的力进行弯曲的方式命名：自由弯曲、引导弯曲、半引导弯曲和环绕弯曲。 |
| Thermal stresses | 热应力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均匀温度分布引起的金属应力。 |
| Testing machine | 试验机 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向试件施加稳定或振荡或冲击载荷的机器。载荷可以是拉伸的、压缩的、剪切的、弯曲的或扭转的。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉积量计 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降计）在空气污染研究中使用的仪器，用于测量在给定条件下在给定时间内沉积在给定区域上的污染物量。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋转鼓风机 |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋转式压缩机）一种容积式气体压缩机，可以是叶片式、螺旋式、啮合凸角式（罗茨鼓风机）或滑动叶片式。 |
| Thermal analysis | 热分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一种通过记录发生热阻的温度来确定金属转变的方法。这些阻力表现为绘制或机械追踪的加热和冷却曲线斜率的变化。当这些数据在加热和冷却的近似平衡条件下得到保证时，该方法通常用于确定构建平衡图所需的某些临界温度。 |
| Transmissibility | 传递率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振动干扰的系统的传递力与干扰力之比。该比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度来定义。 |
| Delamination | 分层 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 复合材料的一种失效模式，包括子午线轮胎，其中层由于重复的循环载荷、冲击或弱粘合而分离。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪、雾、露水和颗粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。这些酸分别来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人为排放。酸烟灰由未燃烧的碳颗粒组成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大气中。这些颗粒是化石燃料燃烧不良造成的。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服务器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一种真空操作的伺服电机，用于机动车中，以提供大于驾驶员能力的制动力。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金属元素和合金的原子、晶体学、微观结构、机械和物理特性及其应用。 |
| Critical point | 临界点 |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶体结构、相或物理性质发生变化的温度或压力。与转变温度相同。（2） 在平衡图中，指组成、温度和压力或其组合的特定值，在该值下，多相体系的相处于平衡状态。 |
| Load factor (F) | 负载系数（F） |
The ratio between an increase in bolt tension and the external load which has caused the increase. Factors reflecting the probability of an increase in load in a shear joint. Used in load and resistant factor design. 螺栓张力增加与导致增加的外部载荷之间的比率。反映剪切接缝中荷载增加概率的系数。用于载荷和阻力系数设计。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸气循环 |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一种动力循环，它将相对低温的蒸汽循环（底部循环）与高温循环（顶部循环）相结合，其中使用了诸如汞、钠或钾之类的工作流体。 |
| Air compressor | 空气压缩机 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一种涡轮机，它吸入空气并以更高的压力、温度和密度输送空气。它可以是轴流式、风扇式、往复式或旋转式设计。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 废热回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 从烟道和废气中或从工业过程中加热的液体中回收热能。回收装置包括预热器、回热器、再生器和余热锅炉。 |
| Compression crease | 压缩折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在压缩具有高体积分数长丝的复合材料期间形成的折痕。这些复合材料通过形成与加载轴成一定角度的折痕而在压缩中失效。 |
| Allotropy | 同素异形体 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多态性的近义词。同素异形体通常仅限于描述元素、终端相和合金中的多晶型行为，其行为与主要组成元素的行为非常相似。 |
| Heat treatment | 热处理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （热处理）材料，特别是金属的机械性能的改变，通过不同的加热顺序、温度保持和不同速率的冷却。加热和冷却固体金属或合金，以获得所需的条件或性能。仅用于热加工的加热不属于本定义的含义。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一种齿轮扳手，可增加输入扭矩并提供输出扭矩读数。实际上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的组合。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 对于稳定流动的流体（液体或气体），压力、每单位体积的动能和每单位体积的势能之和在流体中的任何点都是恒定的。使用这种关系，可以通过在两个点测量流体的压力来测量流体的速度，就像使用压力计或皮托管一样。 |
| Homogenizing | 均质化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高温以消除或减少扩散引起的化学偏析。 |
| Hot working | 热加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金属通过轧制、拉拔、锻造等在高于其再结晶温度（在商业合金中高于其熔点的40%的开尔文）的温度下发生塑性变形，导致永久的形状变化，但不会增加强度或失去延展性。 |
| Checks | 检查 |
Numerous, very fine cracks in a coating or at the surface of a metal part. Checks may appear during processing or during service and are most often associated with thermal treatment or thermal cycling. 涂层中或金属零件表面的许多非常细微的裂纹。在加工或服务期间可能会出现检查，并且通常与热处理或热循环有关。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蚀电池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 当两种具有不同电势的金属（阳极和阴极）在液体（电解质）存在下连接在一起时形成的天然“电池”。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪应力（单位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪应力，切向应力，τ）（1）当金属晶体中的平行平面彼此滑动时存在的应力。（2）与力作用平面相切的应力分量。也称为切向应力。1.平行于固体材料内任何平面的应力。它可能是由于施加在身体上的弯矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.对应于流动粘性流体内的速度梯度的应力。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白渗氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮气的情况下模拟氮化操作。这通常通过使用惰性材料代替氮化剂或通过在铁合金上施加合适的保护涂层来实现。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 热电动势 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 当一个结处于不同于另一个结的温度时，在含有两种不同金属的电路中产生的电动势。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一种形式，带有内脊钢套筒，用于安装螺母或螺栓或螺钉的头部。 |
| Angle of contact | 接触角 |
(Unit °) The angle subtended at the centre of a pulley or sprocket wheel by the circumferential contact of a belt or chain. （单位°）皮带或链条的圆周接触在皮带轮或链轮的中心所对的角度。 |
| Bearing test | 轴承测试 |
A method of determining the response to stress (load) of metal products that are subjected to riveting, bolting, or a similar fastening procedure. The purpose of the test is to determine the bearing strength of the material and to measure the bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole created by a pin or rod of circular cross section that pierces the sheet perpendicular to the surface. 一种确定经受铆接、螺栓连接或类似紧固程序的金属产品对应力（载荷）的响应的方法。测试的目的是确定材料的承载强度，并测量承载应力与由垂直于表面刺穿板材的圆形横截面的销或杆产生的孔的变形。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 热疲劳 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于温度梯度的存在而产生的疲劳，温度梯度随时间变化，从而在结构中产生循环应力。 |
| Cold die quenching | 冷模淬火 |
A quench utilizing cold, flat, or shaped dies to extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive, and is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas. 利用冷、平或成型模具从零件中提取热量的淬火。冷模淬火速度慢、成本高，并且仅限于表面积较大的较小零件。 |
| Dislocation density | 位错密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每单位体积的位错线的总长度，或穿过单位横截面积的位错线的数量。 |
| Precipitation hardening | 沉淀硬化 |
Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution. 因成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀而导致的硬化。 |
| Elastic limit | 弹性极限 |
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全释放应力时能够承受的最大应力，且不会留下任何永久应变（变形）。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于从容器中排出空气和不凝性气体以保持在亚大气压的泵。皮拉尼和热导率计是用于测量真空系统内绝对压力（真空水平）的真空计，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金属中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每单位面积或体积的晶粒数、平均直径或从面积测量得出的晶粒尺寸数来报告。 |
| Decompression chamber | 减压舱 |
A chamber in which ambient-air pressure can be increased to levels found in deep-sea diving. It is used to gradually acclimatize divers back to normal conditions and avoid ‘the bends’. 环境气压可以提高到深海潜水水平的腔室。它用于逐渐使潜水员适应正常条件，避免“弯曲”。 |
| Stress–strain curve | 应力-应变曲线 |
(stress–strain diagram) A plot of stress vs strain for a solid material obtained from a test in which a specimen is loaded in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof. Diagrams of true stress vs true strain deviate from those of nominal stress vs nominal strain only at large strains where appreciable changes in cross section of testpieces occur. （应力-应变图）从试验中获得的固体材料的应力与应变图，其中试样在拉伸、压缩、剪切或其组合中加载。只有在试件横截面发生明显变化的大应变下，真实应力与真实应变图与标称应力与标称应变图不同。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微动腐蚀 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于两个表面之间的腐蚀和轻微振荡运动，接触表面之间的界面加速劣化。（2）一种以化学反应为主的微动磨损形式。微动腐蚀通常以颗粒的去除和随后形成的氧化物为特征，这些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此会增加磨损。微动腐蚀可能涉及其他化学反应产物，这些化学反应产物可能不是磨料。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺杆位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 刚体绕轴旋转，同时刚体沿同一轴平移。 |
| Multiple threaded screw | 多螺纹螺钉 |
A screw with two or more threads cut around the periphery of the workpiece to provide an increased lead with a specified pitch. 一种螺钉，具有围绕工件周边切割的两个或多个螺纹，以提供具有指定螺距的增加的导程。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨胀 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部载荷、压缩、温度变化、化学作用等引起的体积变化。 |
| Tension, bolt | 螺栓张力 |
Tension (tensile stress) created in the bolt by assembly preloads and=or such things as thermal expansion, service loads, etc. 由组件预载和=或热膨胀、工作载荷等因素在螺栓中产生的张力（拉伸应力）。 |
| Plane strain | 平面应变 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中的应力条件，其中在垂直于施加拉应力轴和裂纹扩展方向（即平行于裂纹前沿）的方向上存在零应变；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加载厚板。在平面应变条件下，断裂失稳平面垂直于主拉应力轴。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 净重（单位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其内容物）的毛重与空容器皮重之间的差值。 |
| Case | 包盖 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 铁合金的一部分，从表面向内延伸，其成分已经改变，可以进行表面硬化。通常被认为是合金的一部分，（a）其成分与原始成分发生了可测量的变化，（b）在蚀刻横截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于规定值。与核心形成对比。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| Vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, DHN, VHN, VPN) (Unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now Pa) Indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. The mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which VPN = 0.927(2W/d2) where W is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，DHN，VHN，VPN）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为Pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中VPN=0.927（2W/d2），其中W是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 应力范围（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr = Smax – Smin 一个循环中最大和最小应力之间的代数差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Slip line | 滑移线 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑动平面在观察表面上的轨迹；只有在变形前对表面进行抛光，才能观察到痕迹。通常对金属晶体的观察（在光学显微镜下）是一组称为滑移带的滑移线。 |
| Valve plug | 阀塞 |
A conical or cylindrical plug, in which there are transverse holes, in a valve, such as a plug valve. Flow through the holes occurs when the plug is rotated. 阀门中的圆锥形或圆柱形阀塞，其中有横向孔，如旋塞阀。旋转阀塞时，会发生通过孔的流动 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式对铁合金进行退火。 |
| Compressible flow | 可压缩流动 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 马赫数M高到足以使气体密度发生显着变化的气流。对于空气，这是当M>0.3时。 |
| Celsius | 摄氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0ºC) and the boiling point of water (100ºC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰点（0ºC）和水的沸点（100ºC）的温标。这些点之间的间隔被划分为100度。这个比例是由安德斯·摄氏设计的。 |
| Combined carbon | 复合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中除游离碳外的部分。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在热处理中，将硬化钢或硬化铸铁重新加热到共析温度以下的温度，以降低硬度和增加韧性。该工艺有时也适用于正火钢。（2）在工具钢中，有时使用回火来表示碳含量，但这是不恰当的。（3）在非铁合金和一些铁合金（不能通过热处理硬化的钢）中，通过机械或热处理或两者产生的硬度和强度，其特征是在冷加工过程中具有一定的结构、机械性能或面积减小。 |
| Steel-wire rope | 钢丝绳 |
A rope or cable made up of many steel strands wrapped helically about an axis, each strand being made of metal wires twisted together like a helix. 一种绳索或缆绳，由许多绕轴螺旋缠绕的钢绞线组成，每根钢绞线由金属丝缠绕在一起形成螺旋。 |
| Cap | 帽 |
A cover, often in the form of a short cylinder, one end of which is closed. Typically used to close an orifice or pipe end, on to which it can be pushed, welded, screwed, or attached with fasteners. 一种盖子，通常为短圆柱体，一端封闭。通常用于封闭孔口或管端，可将其推入、焊接、拧紧或用紧固件连接到其上。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Vernier | 游标 |
A short auxiliary scale that slides along the main instrument scale to permit more accurate fractional reading of the least main division of the main scale. 一种短辅助刻度，沿主仪表刻度滑动，以便更准确地读取主刻度的最小主刻度。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趋势。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于从奥氏体化温度以低于特定钢临界冷却速度的速度淬火而导致钢的不完全硬化，导致除马氏体外还形成一种或多种相变产物。 |
| Dead centre | 止点 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄机构中，活塞连杆和曲柄都在一条线上，因此不会有驱动力矩。 |
| Diagonal pitch (Unit m) | 对角线间距（单位米） |
The distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. The term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 当部件中的零部件交错时，一行或一列中零部件的位置与下一行或下一列中相应零部件的位置之间的距离。该术语适用于铆钉、叶栅中的涡轮或压缩机叶片、机翼表面的涡流发生器等。 |
| Springback | 回弹 |
The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金属在经历成形操作后趋于恢复其原始形状或轮廓的程度。 |
| Austenite stabilization | 奥氏体稳定化 |
Decrease, in comparison to a continuous cooling, in the amount of martensite occurring from austenite when cooling is interrupted at a temperature between Ms and Mf. This can be explained by the relaxation of stresses induced in the austenite by martensite crystals occurring before the interruption. The relaxation, in turn, leads to the dislocation rearrangement and their interaction with martensite/austenite interfaces, which makes the interfaces immobile. 与连续冷却相比，当在Ms和Mf之间的温度中断冷却时，从奥氏体中产生的马氏体的量减少。这可以通过中断前发生的马氏体晶体在奥氏体中引起的应力松弛来解释。反过来，松弛导致位错重排及其与马氏体/奥氏体界面的相互作用，这使得界面无法移动。 |
| Thermal compressor | 热压缩机 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（热压缩机）用于提升低压废蒸汽或排气压力的喷射压缩机。2.一种由吸收器、发电机、泵和节流装置组成的装置，用于替代吸收冷却制冷系统中的机械蒸汽压缩机。 |
| Hydraulic air compressor | 液压空气压缩机 |
1. A compressor powered by a hydraulic motor. 2. A device in which air is compressed as a result of being entrained in water flowing in a downcomer pipe. The compressed air is released in a chamber at the bottom of the pipe. 1. 由液压马达驱动的压缩机。2.一种装置，其中空气由于夹带在降液管中流动的水中而被压缩。压缩空气在管道底部的腔室中释放。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤顶 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一种起重装置（千斤顶），由螺母和方形螺纹轴组成，其顶部为承重垫。螺母的旋转可升高或降低衬垫。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 临界温度范围 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 与转换范围同义，这是首选术语。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Izod test | 悬臂梁试验 |
A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一种冲击试验，其中垂直安装的V形切口试样受到摆臂末端重量的突然冲击。断开自由端所需的能量是材料冲击强度或韧性的量度。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 横向（侧向）应变与相应轴向应变之比的绝对值，该比值由低于材料比例极限的均匀分布的轴向应力产生。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋转关节 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在机器人技术中，一种单自由度关节，其中受控变量为关节角度。 |
| Absolute expansion | 绝对扩张 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考虑到容纳液体的容器的任何膨胀后，液体随温度的真实体积膨胀。 |
| Strain | 拉紧 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物体的大小或形状因力而变化的单位。也称为标称应变。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Form of thread | 螺纹形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一个螺距长度的螺纹在轴向平面中的轮廓。 |
| Half hard | 半硬化回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about mid-way between that of dead soft and full hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于完全软回火和完全硬回火之间。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 热机械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一个通用术语，涵盖结合受控热处理和变形处理以获得特定性能的各种工艺。与热机械处理相同。 |
| Process annealing | 中间退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一个不精确的术语，表示用于改善可加工性的各种处理方法。为了使术语有意义，必须说明材料的条件和使用的时间-温度循环。 |
| Set screw | 紧定螺钉（平头螺钉、紧定螺栓） |
Usually a hardened steel screw having either no head or a square head and with various degrees of points or ends to lock or tighten adjustable machine parts in position on a shaft. A short, headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screwdriver or key, the other end being pointed, square, or otherwise shaped. Typically used to secure a pulley, gear, or other component on a shaft. 通常是一种硬化钢螺钉，无头或方头，具有不同程度的点或端部，用于将可调机械部件锁定或拧紧在轴上的适当位置。一端有凹槽，用来装螺丝刀或钥匙，另一端是尖的、方形的或其他形状的。通常用于将皮带轮、齿轮或其他部件固定在轴上。 |
| Permanent set | 永久变形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 释放荷载后，先前受力物体中剩余的变形或应变。 |
| Stress relieving | 应力消除 |
Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. 加热到合适的温度，保持足够长的时间以减少残余应力，然后缓慢冷却以尽量减少新残余应力的产生。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽压力曲线 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 对于纯物质，绘制了饱和压力与饱和温度的曲线。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 临界负荷（单位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.导致已知长度的现有裂纹扩展并因此导致部件或结构断裂的施加荷载。2.导致具有给定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷载。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Shear test | 剪切试验 |
Any of several tests to obtain shear strength of a metal. Common tests used on mill products include the double-shear test, single-shear test, the blanking shear test (also known as the punching shear test) and the torsion test. 获得金属剪切强度的几种测试中的任何一种。轧机产品上常用的试验包括双剪试验、单剪试验、落料剪切试验（也称为冲切试验）和扭转试验。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在应力集中点易发生脆性断裂。例如，在缺口拉伸试验中，如果缺口强度小于无缺口试样的抗拉强度，则称材料为缺口脆性材料。否则，称其为缺口韧性。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 盐浴热处理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融盐浴中进行的热处理。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓断裂或螺纹脱落的术语。原因可能有很多种。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一种形成关节的可拆卸机构。关节的两个组件的连接器。1.连接两个或多个轴或机构部件的任何机械紧固件，以传递动力。2.连接两辆车的装置。 |
| Blank carburizing | 毛坯渗碳 |
Simulating the carburizing operation without introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入碳的情况下模拟渗碳操作。这通常通过使用惰性材料代替渗碳剂或通过在铁合金上施加合适的保护涂层来实现。 |
| Torque monitor | 扭矩监测器 |
A torque tool control system which monitors the amount of torque being developed by the tool during use, but does not control the tool or the torque produced. 一种扭矩工具控制系统，监控工具在使用过程中产生的扭矩量，但不控制工具或产生的扭矩。 |
| Fillet radius | 圆角半径 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在紧固件的两个相交表面处的凹形接合处。通常用于描述螺纹紧固件的头部和柄部之间的连接处（头部圆角下方）。 |
| Bearing strength | 承载强度 |
The maximum bearing stress that a material is capable of sustaining. 材料能够承受的最大承载应力。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接头 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Spring constant | 弹簧常数 |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在弹簧（或螺栓）上的力与其挠度之间的比率。具有每单位长度变化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也称为刚度。 |
| Mohs scale | 莫氏硬度 |
A scale of scratch hardness originally developed for minerals. 最初为矿物开发的划痕硬度标尺。 |
| Atmosphere | 大气 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一种已被淘汰的（非SI）压力单位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大约等于在平均海平面测量的大气压力（大气压）。 |
| Compressometer | 压力计 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的压缩试验。 |
| Beta annealing | β退火 |
Producing a beta phase by heating certain titanium alloys in the temperature range of which this phase forms followed by cooling at an appropriate rate to prevent its decomposition. 通过在形成β相的温度范围内加热某些钛合金，然后以适当的速率冷却以防止其分解，从而产生β相。 |
| Anisotropy | 各向异性 |
The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. 相对于材料中的固定参考系统，在不同方向上表现出不同属性值的特性。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 国际单位制能量单位。一焦耳是一牛顿的力在一米的距离上所做的功。符号为J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Lathe | 车床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一种机床，其中夹持在主轴箱中的工件靠着切削工具旋转，以生产车削、钻孔、端面或螺纹部件。 |
| Angle of thread | 螺纹角度 |
The included angle between the sides forming the groove of the screw thread. 形成螺纹凹槽的边之间的夹角。 |
| Offset yield strength | 条件屈服强度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 应变超过应力-应变曲线初始比例部分延伸规定量（偏移）的应力。以每单位面积的力表示。 |
| Abrasion | 磨损 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通过硬质颗粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂纸、研磨清洁、研磨加工），也可以是操作的结果（磨损）。 |
| Prying | 撬动 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 当外部荷载为偏心拉伸荷载时，通过伪杠杆作用放大外部荷载。 |
| Scoring | 划痕 |
In tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the direction of sliding. 在摩擦学中，一种严重的磨损形式，其特征是在滑动方向上形成大面积的凹槽和划痕。 |
| Selective heating | 局部加热 |
Intentionally heating only certain portions of a workpiece. 有意仅加热工件的某些部分。 |
| Ultrasonic extensometer | 超声波伸长计 |
An electronic instrument which measures the change in length of a fastener ultrasonically as, or before and after, the fastener is tightened. 一种电子仪器，可在紧固件拧紧时或前后通过超声波测量紧固件长度的变化。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺钉 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一个5毫米或更大的螺钉，其螺纹一直延伸到头部，并与相邻构件的螺纹孔或外加螺母啮合,用于将两个部件固定在一起，方法是将螺钉穿过一个部分的间隙孔，然后拧入另一个部分的螺纹孔。头部可以是六角形、圆形、扁平形、圆角形或套筒形。 |
| Double tempering | 双回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一种处理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金属经过两个完整的回火循环，通常在基本相同的温度下，以确保完成回火反应并提高所得微观结构的稳定性。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 转向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 气流通过斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨胀风机时所经历的方向变化。 |
| Pressure snubber | 压力缓冲器 |
(pressure-pulse snubber) A device used for filtering, dampening, and the protection of transducers, pressure gauges, and switches, from pressure surges, pressure spikes, and water hammer. A typical design uses a fixed mesh or porous metal disc installed in an inline body. In a piston-type pressure-gauge snubber, a piston is forced against an orifice leading to the gauge. （压力脉冲缓冲器）一种用于过滤、阻尼和保护传感器、压力表和开关免受压力浪涌、压力尖峰和水锤影响的装置。典型的设计使用安装在内联阀体中的固定网格或多孔金属盘。在活塞式压力表缓冲器中，活塞被压靠在通向压力表的孔口上。 |
| Standardization | 标准化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.关于设计、制造、材料、性能、惯例、要求、强度等的国家和国际协议，确保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能产生共同结果。2.部件的制造，以便在装配新部件或维修旧部件时，无需“装配”即可实现部件的互换性。 |
| Pin expansion test | 插头膨胀试验 |
A test for determining the ability of a tube to be expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other longitudinal weaknesses in it, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of the tube, similar to flare test. 通过将锥形销压入管道开口端来确定管道膨胀能力或揭示其存在裂纹或其他纵向缺陷的试验，类似于扩口试验。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里温度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性转变温度，低于此温度金属或合金为铁磁性，高于此温度则为顺磁性。 |
| Effective length of a bolt | 螺栓的有效长度 |
The grip length plus some portion of the bolt (often one-half of the thickness of the nuts) which lies within the nut(s) plus some portion (often one-half the thickness) of the head. 握持长度加上位于螺母内的螺栓的某些部分（通常是螺母厚度的二分之一）加上头部的某些部分（通常是厚度的二分之一）。 |
| Spring materials | 弹簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金属，包括普通碳钢和耐腐蚀钢、磷青铜、弹簧黄铜、铍铜和镍合金，所有这些金属在其加工硬化状态下都允许大的可逆弹性应变而不会产生永久变形。 |
| Positive-displacement flow meter | 容积式流量计 |
An instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一种高精度仪器，通过将流动的流体分成连续的固定体积并测量其通过流量计的时间来确定体积流量。 |
| Cup washer | 杯形垫圈 |
A dished leather or neoprene washer fitted to the rod end in some piston-style pumps. 在某些活塞式泵中，安装在杆端的碟形皮革或氯丁橡胶垫圈。 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （时间频率，f）（单位Hz）振荡中每秒的周期数或循环过程的重复率。 |
| Partial annealing | 不完全退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote a treatment given cold-worked material to reduce the strength to a controlled level or to effect stress relief. To be meaningful, the type of material, the degree of cold work, and the time-temperature schedule must be stated. 一个不精确的术语，用于表示冷加工材料的处理，以将强度降低到受控水平或消除应力。为了有意义，必须说明材料类型、冷加工程度和时间-温度计划。 |
| Actuating system | 驱动系统 |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一种系统，其中提供给执行器的电气、气动或液压输入通常以受控方式产生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩诺硬度试验 |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一种已被淘汰的方法，通过测量将球形侵彻体压入金属至规定深度所需的载荷来确定压痕硬度。 |
| Standard | 标准 |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （标准规范）为实现一致性、效率和特定质量而制定的一套组件、机器、材料或工艺规范。在英国，英国标准协会（BSI）发布的标准现在基本上是国际标准化组织（ISO）的标准。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| Ventilation | 通风系统 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房间、建筑物、乘用车或其他封闭空间中循环新鲜空气的系统。 |
| Volumetric efficiency | 容积效率 |
For a piston engine, the ratio of the volume of the induced charge per induction stroke, determined at a reference pressure and temperature, to the swept volume. 对于活塞式发动机，在参考压力和温度下确定的每个进气冲程的进气体积与扫掠体积之比。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（单位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身体或结构的末端之间测量的尺寸，如机翼尖端或桥梁支架之间。 |
| Captive nut | 松脱螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脱地或刚性地连接到薄板构件上的螺母，该螺母太薄而无法拧入，并与带帽螺钉接合。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窝材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大类材料具有海绵状结构，包含许多小的封闭或开放（互连）孔或细胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、软木、海绵和木材，有许多众所周知的用途。使用发泡剂或发泡剂（如空气、碳酸铵、碳酸氢钠等）生产各种泡沫塑料，以在热塑性或热固性聚合物加工过程中产生孔隙。硬质泡沫具有中等抗压强度，可模制和机加工。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Nonlinear behavior | 非线性行为 |
A fastener or joint system is said to exhibit nonlinear behavior when the relationship between the External load on the joint and deformation of the parts is nonlinear, or when the relationship between increasing Preload and deformation is nonlinear. 当接头上的外部载荷与零件变形之间的关系是非线性的，或者当增加的预载荷与变形之间的联系是非线性的时，可以说紧固件或接头系统表现出非线性行为。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳钢在油浴中的硬化。分为常规、快速、马氏体淬火或热淬火。 |
| Gear ratio | 传动比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 对于接触的两个齿轮，主动齿轮上的齿数与从动齿轮上的齿数之比。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 压力贮存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （压力容器）密闭容器：在大气压以上的压力下储存气体或挥发性液体，如液化气体的密闭容器。此类贮存器通常为圆柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Abrasive wear | 磨料磨损 |
The removal or displacement of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. Contrast with adhesive wear. 当硬质颗粒在压力下在表面上滑动或滚动时，材料从表面上的去除或位移。颗粒可能是松散的或可能是与被磨损表面接触的另一个表面的一部分。与粘着磨损形成对比。 |
| Sawing | 锯切 |
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. Each of these methods is used in cutoff operations (cutting pieces to a required length), although band sawing also provides a method of cutting contours. 锯切是用带锯、钢锯和圆锯切割工件的过程。这些方法中的每一种都用于切割操作（将工件切割到所需长度），尽管带锯也提供了一种切割轮廓的方法。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 两端有螺纹并弯曲成U形的杆。用于夹紧。一种外螺纹紧固件，弯曲成字母U的形状，两端带有螺纹。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 热膨胀系数 |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 单位长度（或体积）随温度单位变化的变化。（2） 给定材料每上升一度的线性或体积膨胀，在任意基础温度下表示，或作为适用于宽范围的更复杂方程表示。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Recrystallization temperature | 再结晶温度 |
The approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold-worked metal occurs within a specified time. 冷加工金属在规定时间内发生完全再结晶的近似最低温度。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一种相对长而薄的物体，其横截面设计用于在相对于流体运动时产生升力。主要应用于飞机和高性能机动车辆。 |
| Butt joint | 对接接头 |
The end-to-end joining of two plates either by welding or by overlapping plates that are bolted or riveted. 通过焊接或通过螺栓或铆接的重叠板将两块板端对端连接。 |
| Die | 模具 |
1. A tool having an appropriately-shaped hole through which material may be extruded or drawn. 2. A tool employed in forging. 3. A block having the male or female shape employed in stamping operations. 4. A thick circular disc, driven by a die wrench, with internally-threaded cutting edges for producing a screw thread. A die wrench (die stock) holds a screw-cutting die and has two projecting arms for applying the torque necessary to cut the thread. A die having a hexagonal or square shape (die nut), driven by a spanner, is used in confined spaces where a die wrench cannot be rotated through a full circle. 1.一种具有适当形状的孔的工具，通过该孔可以挤压或拉伸材料。2.一种用于锻造的工具。3.一种用于冲压操作的具有阳或阴形状的块体。4.一种由模具扳手驱动的厚圆盘，具有用于产生螺纹的内螺纹切削刃。冲模扳手（冲模）装有一个螺旋切割模，并有两个突出臂，用于施加切割螺纹所需的扭矩。由扳手驱动的六边形或方形模具（模具螺母）用于模具扳手无法旋转一整圈的受限空间。 |
| Brittle fracture | 脆性断裂 |
The fracture of a component or structure in the globally-elastic range of loading, so that the broken pieces may be refitted to regain the original article. Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. 部件或结构在全局弹性载荷范围内的断裂，以便可以将破碎的碎片重新装配以恢复原始物品。固体的分离伴随着很少或没有宏观塑性变形。通常，脆性断裂通过快速裂纹扩展发生，能量消耗比韧性断裂少。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 弹性应变能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物体弹性变形所消耗的能量。本质上，弹性变形过程中所做的所有功都以弹性能的形式存储，并且在释放所施加的力时恢复该能量。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在车床裙板上并由杠杆操作的机械装置，杠杆打开和关闭纵向分开的螺母，以便在切割螺纹时，螺母的两半可以在丝杠上闭合。也称为剖分螺母。 |
| Abradant | 研磨剂 |
The differently sized grits of hard materials such as emery employed for grinding, polishing, etc. The abrasive grade is determined by the grit size (grit number) originally related to the hole sizes in wire sieves. 用于研磨、抛光等的硬质材料（例如金刚砂）的不同尺寸粒度。磨料等级由最初与金属丝筛孔尺寸相关的粒度（粒度数）决定。 |
| Aspect ratio | 纵横比 |
The ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a shape or object e.g. the chord-to-thickness ratio of an aerofoil or the span-to-chord ratio of a wing. 形状或物体的最长与最短尺寸之比，例如机翼的弦厚比或机翼的翼展弦比。 |
| Bearing area | 承载面积 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m²) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 轴承测试中销（或孔）直径和试样厚度的乘积。（承载面）（单位m²）承载横向载荷的孔（例如铆钉孔）的投影面积。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或动量，以其大小和方向来表示。用黑体印刷矢量量的惯例是由物理学家约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 额定压力（单位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 压力容器、锅炉、储罐、管道等设计用于安全运行的内部压力。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 弹性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金属的刚度或刚度的量度；低于比例极限的应力与相应应变之比。根据应力应变图，弹性模量是应力应变曲线在应力应变线性比例范围内的斜率。 |
| Slug wrench | 缓动扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有铁砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通过用大锤敲击铁砧产生的。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非热变化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在没有热波动的情况下进行的反应；也就是说，不需要热激活。相反，在恒温下发生的反应是等温转变。在这种情况下，热活化是必要的，并且反应作为时间的函数进行。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷处理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后进行的处理，以将残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，包括冷却和保持在低于环境温度的温度。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| Acoustic power | 声功率 |
(sound power) (Unit W) The rate of flow of acoustic energy across a specified surface. （声功率）（单位W）声能流过指定表面的速率。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中间退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造过程中和最终处理之前的一个或多个阶段对锻造金属进行退火。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋给料机 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一种用于处理散装物料的机构，其中旋转的螺旋螺杆使物料轴向向前移动。类似于螺旋输送机，但需要以受控速率非常精确地排出物料。它在螺杆完全充满的情况下运行。 |
| Blade compressor | 叶片式压缩机 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一种无油双作用旋转式压缩机，其中连接到旋转外壳内表面的倾斜叶片穿过圆盘上的槽，该槽绕垂直于外壳的轴旋转，但偏离外壳。空气通过壳体中的孔进入，并通过壳体的端口离开。 |
| Electrolyte | 电解质 |
The liquid with which the Electrodes of a battery or Corrosion cell are wetted. 润湿电池或腐蚀电池电极的液体。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 离心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一种泵，液体通过泵壳的眼轴向进入，然后通过叶轮加速，从而在输送到环形扩散器（蜗壳）之前增加其动能和压力，从而进一步增加液体压力并从中流出树叶。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口强度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸试样上的最大载荷除以最小横截面积（缺口根部的面积）。也称为缺口抗拉强度。 |
| Mean stress (Unit Pa) | 平均应力（单位 Pa） |
The average of the maximum and minimum stresses for a material subjected to a stress cycle, as in a fatigue test. 承受应力循环的材料的最大和最小应力的平均值，如在疲劳试验中。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡试验筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一种闭路循环水隧洞，其中静压可降至足够低的水平，以便进行气蚀研究。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接头 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 两块板之间的铆接、焊接或粘结连接，通过将一块板重叠在另一块板上而形成。对接接头上方和下方具有板的搭接接头避免了与简单搭接接头相关的弯矩。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| Assembly drawing | 装配图纸 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 显示零件如何组装以生产组件或整机的工程图。它可能包括显示内部特征、对装配至关重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件编号的部分。 |
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加应力或释放残余应力而发生的与原始尺寸、形状或轮廓的任何偏差。 |
| Lead angle | 导角 |
The angle of the helix of a screw thread or worm thread. It is the measure of the inclination of a screw thread from a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. 螺纹或蜗杆螺纹的螺旋角。它是螺纹从垂直于螺钉轴线的平面的倾斜度的量度。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力测试 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 为计算剪切模量、扭转断裂模量和剪切屈服强度而设计的试验。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 应力腐蚀开裂阈值应力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 实验确定的临界总截面应力，低于该应力，在规定的试验条件下不会发生应力腐蚀开裂。 |
| Wrist | 腕关节 |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 机器人上的最后三个关节，模拟人类手腕提供的旋转，从而允许其通过手腕插座连接到的末端执行器的方向。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 J/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到SI的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102J/m²。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振动松动、垫圈蠕变、热膨胀差等原因，螺栓和接头中的张力损失，因此夹紧力损失。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 变形（单位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于压力、热变化、水分变化或其他原因导致的身体形态变化。在固体力学中，由外部或内部载荷引起的身体各部分或整个身体的形状或大小的任何可逆（弹性）或永久（塑性）变化。它包括拉伸、压缩、弯曲和扭曲。物体中相同的变形状态可以表现为伸长和剪切的不同组合。为了说明总应变中有多少是剪切，将其分为膨胀分量和偏差分量，前者改变体积但不改变形状，后者改变形状但不改变体积。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭杆 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 当施加扭矩时用作弹性弹簧的金属棒。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂纹尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂纹塑性变形的影响，物理裂纹尺寸增大。有时，根据物理裂纹尺寸的测量值加上塑性区调整的计算值来计算有效裂纹尺寸。计算有效裂纹尺寸的首选方法是将载荷-挠度轨迹正割的柔度与试样类型校准的弹性柔度进行比较。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺纹杆 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺钉的主体，其直径介于螺纹大径的最小和最大限制之间。 |
| Sample variance (s²) | 样本方差（s²） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每个观测值与样本平均值之差的平方和除以样本大小减1。它是总体方差的点估计。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：盐水淬火、碱淬火、冷模淬火、强制空气淬火、强淬火、油淬火、压力淬火、喷射淬火、直接淬火、雾淬火、热淬火、间断淬火、选择性淬火、时间淬火和水淬火。1.通过将物体放入水、油、盐、熔融金属或其他介质的浴中快速冷却的过程。这是一种热处理方法，特别用于形成回火钢前的马氏体。浴温度是淬火温度。2.燃烧的抑制。3.在活塞式发动机中，燃烧过程中一部分气体的冷却，通常通过减小活塞顶和气缸盖之间的间隙来实现。 |
| Bucket | 吊桶 |
1. A cup-shaped vane with a central dividing ridge attached to the periphery of the runner of an impulse water turbine such as a Pelton turbine. 2. A rotor blade in a compressor or turbine. 1.一种杯形叶片，所述杯形叶片具有附接到冲击式水轮机（例如冲击式水轮机台）的转轮的外围的中央分隔脊。2.压缩机或涡轮机中的转子叶片。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接头 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一种螺纹管件，允许连接和拆卸两个管道，而无需旋转任何一个管道，且不会损坏管道端部。 |
| Circular pitch | 齿距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在节线上测量的从一个轮齿中心到下一个轮齿中心的距离。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一种压缩机，其中工作气体轴向进入机器，并在通过叶轮径向流出时被压缩。 |
| Dew point analyzer | 露点分析仪 |
An atmosphere monitoring device that measures the partial pressure of water vapor in an atmosphere. 一种大气监测装置，用于测量大气中水蒸气的分压。 |
| Temper color | 回火颜色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一种薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮，当钢在低温或短时间内在空气或轻度氧化气氛中回火时形成。颜色范围从稻草色到蓝色，取决于氧化皮的厚度，随回火时间和温度而变化。 |
| Free ferrite | 游离铁氧体 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷却过程中亚共析奥氏体分解直接形成的铁素体，没有同时形成渗碳体。也是先共析铁氧体。 |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想气体定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 与理想（完美）气体的压力、温度和体积相关的定律pV=mRT，其中R是气体常数。该定律意味着在恒定温度T下，压力p和体积V的乘积是恒定的（波义耳定律），而在恒定压力下，体积与温度成正比（查尔斯定律）。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 机械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通过固结（例如热压或挤压）从粉末生产合金，然后进行热和/或冷加工和最终退火。用这种方法可以制造弥散强化合金、高温铝合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡胶）的一种测量方法，用于测量受拉构件的拉伸或法向应变，定义为给定载荷下的最终长度l与初始或标距长度l0之比，其中坐标轴为主应变轴。它与工程应变e的关系为λ=1+e。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 终端温差（单位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 热交换器入口或出口处两种流体流之间的温差。 |
| Ion carburizing | 离子渗碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一种表面硬化方法，利用高压电能将碳离子在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子渗碳或辉光放电渗碳同义。 |
| Air conditioning | 空调 |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房间、建筑物、飞机、客运车辆等的温度和湿度的过程。更一般地说，它包括控制灰尘、辐射热水平等。 |
| Working fluid | 工作流体 |
In thermodynamics, the fluid contained within the boundary of a system that experiences changes in its properties during any fluid dynamic or thermodynamic process. 在热力学中，包含在系统边界内的流体，在任何流体动力学或热力学过程中其性质发生变化。 |
| Freezing range | 冻融范围 |
That temperature range between liquidus and solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist. 熔融和固体成分共存的液相线和固相线温度之间的温度范围。 |
| Workspace (Unit m³) | 工作空间（单位m³） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空间体积）机器人基架周围的体积，由机器人的可达范围定义。因此，机器人只能执行该体积内的任务。 |
| Socket head | 凹头 |
Screw head having a hexagonal or other form of recessed socket in the head so that the screw can be turned with a wrench or key, as a hexagon key. 螺钉头上有六角或其他形式的凹座，可以用扳手或钥匙（如六角钥匙）转动螺钉。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通过适当的处理增加硬度，通常包括加热和冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：时效硬化、火焰硬化、感应硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Kiln | 窑 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃烧、烘烤或干燥的工业烤箱。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 设定压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全阀或安全阀开启时的压力，对应于适用于受保护压力容器的相关规范或标准。 |
| Spray quenching | 喷雾淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用喷嘴将水或其他液体喷射到零件上的淬火过程。淬火速率由每单位撞击时间内每单位面积的液体速度和体积控制。 |
| Allowable stress design | 许用应力设计 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为AISC制定的设计程序。故意低估螺栓和接头材料的强度，以便在结构钢接头的设计中引入安全系数。它是最近定义的荷载和阻力系数设计程序的替代方法。 |
| Total carbon | 总碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 铁合金中游离碳和结合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的总和。 |
| Compression member | 压缩构件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一种结构部件，其上的主要载荷是压缩的。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 应力强度校准 |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于经验或分析结果的数学表达式，该表达式将特定试样平面几何形状的应力强度因子与载荷和裂纹长度联系起来。也称为K校准。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Rated load (Unit N) | 额定负荷（单位：N） |
The maximum load that a structure or component has been designed to carry. 结构或部件设计承受的最大荷载。 |
| Transition metals | 过渡金属 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3组至第12组（列）中的金属元素。它们包括重要的金属，如钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨和贵金属。它们在室温下具有体心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶体结构，并具有广泛的机械和物理性能。 |
| SI system | SI国际单位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的缩写，即国际单位计量系统——一种基于旧公制的国际公认计量单位系统。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接头 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速断开、快速连接）一种软管连接，允许快速组装或拆卸，包括插座和带有弹簧加载锁定机构的插头。 |
| Nominal stress | 名义应力 |
The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 通过简单弹性理论在净截面上计算的点处的应力，不考虑孔、槽、圆角等应力提升器产生的应力影响。 |
| Nominal size | 公称尺寸 |
The intended size of a component. The actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 组件的预期尺寸。实际尺寸取决于制造公差。 |
| Granular fracture | 粒状断裂 |
A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken that is characterized by a rough, grainlike appearance, rather than a smooth or fibrous one. It can be subclassified as transgranular or intergranular. 金属破碎时产生的一种不规则表面，其特征是粗糙的颗粒状外观，而不是光滑或纤维状的外观。它可以细分为穿晶或晶间。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字联轴节 |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （双滑块联轴器）一种连接一对未对准平行轴的装置，在每个平行轴的端部有法兰，法兰具有直径榫（舌），与中间盘中间隔90°的匹配槽接合。当联轴器旋转时，圆盘通过依次沿每个榫头滑动来补偿轴偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，阀盘通常由聚合物制成。另一种布置方式是法兰上的槽和阀盘上的榫头。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 开尔文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0ºC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100ºC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10−23 when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m²/(s²K). 国际单位制中热力学温度的基本单位。开尔文温度标度在绝对零度和与摄氏度大小相同的度间隔（开尔文）处有一个零点。水的冰点为273K（0ºC），沸点为373K（100ºC）。它先前被定义为水三相点热力学温度的分数1/273.16。从2019年5月20日起，通过将玻尔兹曼常数kB的固定数值取为1.380649×10来定义−当以等于kg·m²/（s²K）的单位J/K表示时。 |
| Impact | 撞击 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物体或部件的突然加载，如车辆碰撞或锤击。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均匀渗碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用渗碳工艺将低碳铁合金转化为整个截面中碳含量均匀且较高的合金。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防冻液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一种物质，如乙二醇，添加到水冷发动机的冷却系统中，以降低冷却水的冰点，并抑制生锈和其他沉积物的形成。 |
| Hot hardness | 热硬度 |
The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高温下的硬度，常用来对刀具的性能进行排名。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例极限内，材料的延伸与所施加的力成比例。近似地说，它是弹性材料拉伸时应力和应变之间的关系。该定律指出，应力（单位面积的力）与应变（尺寸变化）成比例。该定律仅适用于有限的范围，由罗伯特·胡克于1676年发现。 |
| Pressure chamber | 压力室 |
A chamber in which components or devices can be subjected to high or low fluid (liquid or gas) pressure. 部件或装置可承受高或低流体（液体或气体）压力的腔室。 |
| Eutectic melting | 共晶熔化 |
Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微观区域的熔化，其成分对应于系统中的共晶成分。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 压力恢复（单位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通过发散喷嘴或扩散器的未分离流的静压逐渐增加。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中退火以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 涡轮叶片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃气、蒸汽或水力涡轮机的转子和定子的翼型叶片。2.冲击轮的杯形叶片。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸稳定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或铸造时的精确形状的能力。 |
| Alternating stress | 交替应力 |
(Unit Pa) Originally, stresses of changing sign (tension-tocompression-to-tension, etc.) in a component produced by alternating forces acting in opposite directions, but now generally used to describe stresses that vary but may keep the same sign, as produced by periodic, out-of–balance, or vibrational loads. （单位Pa）最初，构件中由相反方向的交变力产生的符号变化的应力（张力到压缩到张力等），但现在通常用于描述变化但可能保持相同符号的应力，如由周期性、失衡或振动载荷产生的应力。 |
| Turbocharging | 涡轮增压 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一种增压方法，其中活塞发动机的热废气用于驱动涡轮，涡轮为增压压缩机提供动力。涡轮增压器是涡轮/压缩机组合。压缩机通常为径向流出设计，而径向、轴向和混流式涡轮机都在使用。废气旁通阀是一种减少进入涡轮的废气流量以限制产生的增压或超速的阀。 |
| Creep | 蠕变 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物体在重载荷下缓慢的塑性变形，随时间变化的可塑性，材料在恒定载荷或应力下随时间变化的永久变形。应变随时间以随温度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕变可能导致大应变和最终失效，从而限制部件在高温下承受载荷的寿命。当同源温度超过约0.4℃时，金属蠕变变得显著，例如钨为1200℃，钛为504℃，铁为450℃，铝为100℃。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 国际度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，国际计量局）政府间组织，其任务是为可追溯到国际单位制的单一、一致的计量系统提供基础。 |
| Compression wave | 压缩波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨胀波）在流体或固体中，压缩介质传播的行波或波前。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺纹 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺纹加工是一种通过使用实心或自开模具在圆柱形或锥形表面上切削外螺纹的加工工艺。模具螺纹加工是一种比滚丝加工更慢的外螺纹加工方法，但它比车床中的单点螺纹加工要快。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式湿度计 |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通过吸收到吸湿介质中来确定大气中水蒸气含量的仪器。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 没有重力的情况（即失重）。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Clearance | 间距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （单位m或μm）1.装配体中配合组件之间的距离（如果有）。2.机器中两个运动部件之间的距离，或运动部件和静止部件之间的距离（例如活塞和气缸盖之间的间隙）。3.带螺纹时，主要间隙是内螺纹根部的设计形状与其配合的外螺纹牙顶之间的距离；小间隙是内螺纹牙顶和外螺纹牙根之间的对应尺寸。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 临界冷却速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的转变所需的连续冷却速率。对于钢，它是奥氏体必须持续冷却以抑制Ms温度以上的转变的最小速率。 |
| Stead’s brittleness | 斯特德脆性 |
A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about 705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling. 一种脆性状态，导致粗晶结构中发生穿晶断裂，这是由于之前在低于约705°C（1300°F）的温度下轧制的低碳钢薄板经过长时间退火造成的。断裂通常发生在与轧制方向约45°处。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 热电材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一种热电现象特别强烈的材料，如珀尔帖效应、塞贝克效应和汤姆森效应。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许使用压力（单位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何压力系统可运行的最高压力，通常比最大允许工作压力低10%至20%。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一种表面硬化工艺，将含铁材料在含氰化物的熔融盐中加热至低于较低转变范围，使其表面同时吸收碳和氮，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。淬火硬化完成该过程。 |
| Brake fluid | 制动液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于将力传递到盘式制动器中的活塞或鼓式制动器中的轮缸的液压油。要求包括高沸点和低吸湿性。 |
| Burning | 燃烧化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通过加热导致初期熔化或晶间氧化而永久损坏金属或合金。参见过热、晶界液化。（2）在磨削过程中，使工件热到足以引起变色或通过回火或硬化改变微观结构。 |
| Starting taper | 起始锥度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 铰刀或丝锥端部的锥度，有助于开始切割。 |
| Fin neck carriage bolt | 翼颈圆头方颈螺栓 |
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一种普通的圆形椭圆头螺栓，有两个相对的翼片以防止旋转。 |
| Rotary piston flow meter | 旋转活塞流量计 |
A rotary liquid flow meter in which a cylindrical rotor, eccentrically mounted within a cylindrical casing, the axes of the two cylinders being parallel, is caused to rotate by the liquid flow. The flow rate is determined from the number of rotations of the rotor in a given time. 一种旋转式液体流量计，其中偏心安装在圆柱形外壳内的圆柱形转子，两个圆柱体的轴线平行，由液体流引起旋转。流量由转子在给定时间内的转数确定。 |
| Gage length | 标距 |
The original length of the portion of a specimen over which strain, change of length, or other characteristics are determined. 确定应变、长度变化或其他特性的试样部分的原始长度。 |
| Counter sink | 台面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物体上切割或塑造一个凹陷，使螺钉的头部可以齐平或低于表面。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Cementite | 渗碳体 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化铁一种铁和碳的化合物，化学上称为碳化铁，化学式近似为Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶体结构。当它在钢中以相形式出现时，锰和其他碳化物形成元素的存在将改变其化学成分。 |
| Initial strain | 初始应变 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕变试验中（蠕变发生之前）达到给定载荷条件后，试样立即产生的应变。有时称为瞬时应变。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片压缩机 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋转叶片压缩机，叶片压缩机）一种旋转式压缩机，当转子在圆柱形外壳内旋转时，偏置转子中的弹簧加载滑动叶片之间的空间减小，从而压缩气体。 |
| DTI | DTI |
Direct tension indicator. A fastener used primarily in the structural steel industry, designed to indicate that a certain minimum amount of tension has been developed in the fastener during assembly. 直接张力指示器。一种主要用于结构钢行业的紧固件，旨在表明在装配过程中紧固件中产生了一定的最小张力。 |
| Length of engagement | 啮合长度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺纹和内螺纹具有理论接触的轴向测量。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力计 |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于进行拉伸和压缩试验的台式装置。 |
| Available resource | 可用资源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （总资源）（单位J）理论上可从可再生能源（例如海浪、风或总入射太阳能）获得的年度总能量。 |
| Shear fracture | 剪切断裂 |
A ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. Contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切应力作用下，晶体（或多晶块）通过滑动或撕裂而分离的韧性断裂。与解理断裂形成对比。 |
| Furnace | 炉 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一种燃烧室，其中燃烧固体、液体或气体燃料以向锅炉或其他工艺设备供应热气。示例包括燃烧室、锅炉炉（蒸汽发生炉）、热风炉、燃油炉、上升气流炉和水冷炉。2.用于加热和熔化材料的腔室，有时具有受控气氛或真空（真空炉）。例如高炉、直接和间接电弧炉、感应炉（高频炉）、马弗炉、反射炉和太阳能炉。 |
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