| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Prying | 撬动 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 当外部荷载为偏心拉伸荷载时，通过伪杠杆作用放大外部荷载。 |
| Single thread | 单头螺纹 |
A screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一种螺纹，在一个圆柱体上切割而成，具有一个单一的起点，在这个起点上，导程等于螺距。 |
| Cementation | 胶结 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高温下通过扩散将一种或多种元素引入金属物体的外部。 |
| Cone clutch | 锥形离合器 |
A friction clutch in which an internal cone moves axially in or out of engagement with an external cone. One or both surfaces is lined with high-friction material. 一种摩擦离合器，其中内锥与外锥轴向啮合或脱离啮合。一个或两个表面衬有高摩擦材料。 |
| Machine tool | 机床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一种动力机器，如钻孔机、磨床、车床、铣床或刨床，用于切割和成形金属、塑料、复合材料等（机加工）。加工中心是围绕多个轴工作的CNC机床，具有刀具库存和自动换刀能力，能够在自动化控制下进行各种加工操作。 |
| Time quenching | 时间淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的术语，其中被淬火零件的冷却速率必须在冷却循环的某个时间突然改变。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 连续沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanstätten structure. 来自过饱和固溶体的沉淀，其中沉淀颗粒通过长程扩散生长而无需基质再结晶。连续析出物从在整个基体中或多或少均匀分布的核生长而来。它们通常是随机取向的，但可能形成魏氏结构。 |
| Butt joint | 对接接头 |
The end-to-end joining of two plates either by welding or by overlapping plates that are bolted or riveted. 通过焊接或通过螺栓或铆接的重叠板将两块板端对端连接。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟踪问题 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一种控制问题，其中设定值随时间变化，因此设备输出必须遵循变化的设定值。与调节器问题相反。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| Combustion | 燃烧氧化 |
An exothermic chemical reaction in which a fuel and an oxidant, typically air, react together to release a significant quantity of thermal energy in the presence of a flame. In the case of fluid fuels, ignition may be from an electric spark or compression of the 一种放热化学反应，其中燃料和氧化剂（通常是空气）一起反应，在火焰存在的情况下释放大量热能。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脱碳，具有足够的碳损失，以在金相检查下仅显示清晰定义的铁素体晶粒。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英热单位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103 J. 一种已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量单位，定义为将68°F的一磅纯水的温度升高1°F所需的能量。转换为SI为1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| Generator | 发电机 |
1. A machine for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. 2. (generatrix) A point, line, or surface regarded as moving and so forming a line, a surface, or a volume, respectively. 1.将机械能转化为电能的机器。2.（母线）被认为是运动的点、线或面，因此分别形成一条线、一个面或一个体积。 |
| Stator | 定子 |
A ring of non-rotating blades or nozzles in a compressor, turbine, or other turbomachine, which directs fluid flow into an adjacent rotor. 涡轮压缩机、涡轮或其他涡轮机械中的一圈不旋转的叶片或喷嘴，将流体引导到相邻的转子中。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在断裂前发生塑性变形的能力。通过拉伸试验中的伸长率或面积减少量、杯突试验中的杯突高度或弯曲试验中的弯曲半径或角度来测量。 |
| Transgranular | 穿晶 |
Through or across crystals or grains. Also known as intracrystalline or transcrystalline. 穿过或横穿晶体或颗粒。也称为晶内或晶间。 |
| Transmissibility | 传递率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振动干扰的系统的传递力与干扰力之比。该比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度来定义。 |
| Proof stress | 弹性极限应力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起规定的小永久变形的应力。（2）施加在构件或结构上的规定应力，以表明其承受工作荷载的能力。 |
| Air compressor | 空气压缩机 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一种涡轮机，它吸入空气并以更高的压力、温度和密度输送空气。它可以是轴流式、风扇式、往复式或旋转式设计。 |
| Relative density | 相对密度 |
(specific gravity) The ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference substance, such as water for liquids and solids, and dry air for gases. （比重）物质密度与参考物质密度之比，如液体和固体为水，气体为干燥空气。 |
| Sample average | 样本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真应力（σ）（单位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通过将给定时刻施加在构件上的荷载除以其作用的横截面积而获得的值。与工程应力相比。施加在试样上的荷载除以其作用的当前横截面积。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷载除以其作用的原始横截面面积得出的工程应力，ε是真实应变。 |
| Rated power (Unit kW or hp) | 额定功率（单位：千瓦或马力） |
(rated capacity, rated horsepower) The maximum power output that can be sustained continuously for any power-producing machine or system, such as an engine or a power plant. （额定容量、额定马力）任何发电机器或系统（如发动机或发电厂）可连续维持的最大功率输出。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 将冷加工的有色金属合金软化到规定的硬度或抗拉强度水平的最终局部退火。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 断裂负荷（单位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某个点施加到导致断裂的部件或结构的载荷。断裂应力（断裂强度）是构件断裂时的平均应力，由断裂载荷除以其作用的面积给出。 |
| Electroplating | 电镀 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用电解将一种金属沉积到另一种金属上。待镀金属形成电解池中的阴极，待沉积金属形成阳极。 |
| High-tensile bolt | 高强度螺栓 |
(high-tension bolt) A bolt manufactured from an alloy steel that has a high tensile strength of about 1 GPa. （高压螺栓）由合金钢制成的螺栓，具有约1GPa的高抗拉强度。 |
| Allotropy | 同素异形体 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多态性的近义词。同素异形体通常仅限于描述元素、终端相和合金中的多晶型行为，其行为与主要组成元素的行为非常相似。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全阀（安全泄压阀） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根据法律安装在所有压力容器（如蒸汽锅炉）上的机械阀，其打开以防止内部压力超过该容器的最大设计值。一旦压力降至安全水平，阀门将再次关闭。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s² for any unsupported body. 物体被拉向地球中心或其他天体的吸引力，行星或其他天体表面的引力。它的强度是通过产生的加速度来衡量的，对于任何无支撑的物体，地球的重力都会产生大约9.8m/s²的加速度。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Mode of failure | 故障模式 |
The various ways in which a material can fail when subjected to loading, surface damage, chemical attack, heating, cooling, or radiation, in either isolation or combination. The failure modes include fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion, erosion, and embrittlement. 材料在受到载荷、表面损伤、化学侵蚀、加热、冷却或辐射时，可能发生失效的各种方式，无论是单独还是组合。失效模式包括断裂、疲劳、蠕变、腐蚀、侵蚀和脆化。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蚀失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或结构在腐蚀后失效，使承重面积减少到无法支撑的程度。2.由于腐蚀产物阻止关节处的自由运动，导致机构无法运行的情况。 |
| Ferrite | 铁素体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一种或多种元素在体心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（例如，铁酸铬），否则通常假定溶质为碳。在一些平衡图上，有两个铁素体区域被一个奥氏体区域隔开。下部区域为α铁素体；上部，δ铁氧体。如果没有指定，则假定为 α 铁氧体。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窝材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大类材料具有海绵状结构，包含许多小的封闭或开放（互连）孔或细胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、软木、海绵和木材，有许多众所周知的用途。使用发泡剂或发泡剂（如空气、碳酸铵、碳酸氢钠等）生产各种泡沫塑料，以在热塑性或热固性聚合物加工过程中产生孔隙。硬质泡沫具有中等抗压强度，可模制和机加工。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夹 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夹，开口销）大致与字母R形状相同的线夹。线夹的直线部分穿过钻在轴或杆上的孔，从而将车轮固定在轴上，或防止轴轴向移动。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪、雾、露水和颗粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。这些酸分别来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人为排放。酸烟灰由未燃烧的碳颗粒组成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大气中。这些颗粒是化石燃料燃烧不良造成的。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量损失（单位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 从能量守恒原理来看，这是一个常用的术语错误，但可以用于表示转换为过程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，从热机散发到周围环境的热能，或由机器中的摩擦或表面阻力产生的热能。 |
| Screw pump | 螺杆泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一种容积式泵，使用一个或多个在外壳内旋转的螺旋转子输送液体或泥浆。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Age hardening | 时效硬化 |
Raising the strength and hardness of an alloy by heating a supersaturated solid solution at a relatively low temperature to induce precipitation of a finely dispersed second phase. Also known as aging or precipitation hardening. Hardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working. 通过在相对较低的温度下加热过饱和固溶体以诱导细分散的第二相沉淀来提高合金的强度和硬度。也称为时效或沉淀硬化。通常在快速冷却或冷加工后。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例极限内，材料的延伸与所施加的力成比例。近似地说，它是弹性材料拉伸时应力和应变之间的关系。该定律指出，应力（单位面积的力）与应变（尺寸变化）成比例。该定律仅适用于有限的范围，由罗伯特·胡克于1676年发现。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的压力。大约等于9.81Pa。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳钢在油浴中的硬化。分为常规、快速、马氏体淬火或热淬火。 |
| Diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| Furnace | 炉 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一种燃烧室，其中燃烧固体、液体或气体燃料以向锅炉或其他工艺设备供应热气。示例包括燃烧室、锅炉炉（蒸汽发生炉）、热风炉、燃油炉、上升气流炉和水冷炉。2.用于加热和熔化材料的腔室，有时具有受控气氛或真空（真空炉）。例如高炉、直接和间接电弧炉、感应炉（高频炉）、马弗炉、反射炉和太阳能炉。 |
| Case | 包盖 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 铁合金的一部分，从表面向内延伸，其成分已经改变，可以进行表面硬化。通常被认为是合金的一部分，（a）其成分与原始成分发生了可测量的变化，（b）在蚀刻横截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于规定值。与核心形成对比。 |
| Verification | 检验 |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 检查或测试仪器以确保符合规范。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一种用于硬化可硬化铁合金表面的工艺，其中使用强烈的火焰将表面层加热到转变温度上限以上，然后立即对工件进行淬火。 |
| Transverse direction | 横向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 从字面上看，“横穿”方向，通常表示与工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在轧制钢板或薄板中，横跨宽度的方向通常称为长横向，穿过厚度的方向称为短横向。 |
| Minute (min) | 分钟（min） |
A non-SI unit of time. The conversion to SI is 1 min = 60 s. 非SI时间单位。转换为1分钟=60秒。 |
| Assembly line | 流水线 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一种大规模生产系统，其中工作逐渐从一个操作转移到另一个操作，最终得到完整产品。 |
| Forging | 锻造处理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 将生钢制成特定形状的过程。锻造产品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夹和障碍销。 1. 一种通过手工或机器锤击金属（落锻、压力机）制造部件的方法。2.通过锻造工艺制成的零件。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 记录系统随时间变化的振动的仪器。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波摆动 |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一种用于潮汐能发电的机器，由两个同心的充气水下气缸组成。内部下部圆柱体系在海底，而顶部封闭的上部浮子单元由于波浪运动引起的静水压力变化而上下移动。两个气缸的相对运动用于发电，其中直线运动取代了电磁发电机更常见的旋转运动。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 结构完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷载条件下，评估部件和结构因屈曲、断裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Freezing point | 冰点 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物质从液态变为固态的温度。大多数物质的冰点随着压力的增加而增加。从固体到液体的逆过程是熔化；熔点与凝固点相同。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 热容率（c）（单位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁC where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁC其中C是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（CP）。 |
| Breaks | 断裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超过屈服点的老化材料中出现折痕或隆起。根据断裂的起源，它可能被称为交叉断裂、线圈断裂、边缘断裂或贴纸断裂。 |
| Hydrogen embrittlement | 氢脆 |
A condition of low toughness, low ductility or cracking in metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen. A common and troublesome form of Stress cracking. Several theories have been proposed to explain hydrogen embrittlement, but, at present, the exact mechanism is still unknown. What is known, however, is the fact that if hydrogen is trapped in a bolt by poor electroplating practices, it can encourage stress cracking. Bolts can fail, suddenly and unexpectedly, under normal loads. Premature crack growth over time under tensile stress leading to unexpected failure in certain metals, caused by small amounts of hydrogen in the microstructure. Hydrogen may enter steels during melting or heat treating, or during processes such as electroplating. 因吸收氢而导致金属韧性低、延展性低或开裂的情况，是一种常见且麻烦的应力开裂形式。在拉伸应力下，裂纹随时间过早扩展，导致某些金属发生意外失效，这是由微观结构中的少量氢引起的。在熔化或热处理过程中，或在电镀等过程中，氢可能进入钢中。已经提出了几种理论来解释氢脆，但目前，确切的机理仍然未知。已知的事实是，如果氢因电镀不当而被困在螺栓中，则会导致应力开裂。在正常载荷下，螺栓可能突然意外失效。 |
| Final annealing | 最终退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一个不精确的术语，用于表示有色金属合金在装运前的最后一次退火。 |
| Radiation pressure (Unit μPa) | 辐射压力（单位：μPa） |
The pressure exerted on a surface exposed to any form of electromagnetic radiation. If the radiation is absorbed, it is equal to the power-flux density divided by the speed of light. 施加在暴露于任何形式电磁辐射的表面上的压力。如果辐射被吸收，它等于功率通量密度除以光速。 |
| Coefficient of cubic expansion | 立方膨胀系数 |
The fractional increase in volume per unit temperature rise. 每单位温度升高的体积增加分数。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水头（单位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力发电系统中，水轮机入口上方供水水库中水位垂直高度之间的差减去由于通向涡轮机的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水头损失。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| Combined carbon | 复合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中除游离碳外的部分。 |
| Residual preload | 残余预载荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加载螺栓连接中保持的张力。 |
| Standard hole | 标准孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，钻孔至规定公差，其中与轴的间隙通过轴上的余量来实现。标准轴加工至规定公差，其中与孔的间隙通过孔上的公差实现。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓头的底面应与螺纹或柄轴完全垂直。例如，如果面和轴之间的角度为868或948，则称紧固件的角度为48（有时称为垂直度）。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 离心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一种泵，液体通过泵壳的眼轴向进入，然后通过叶轮加速，从而在输送到环形扩散器（蜗壳）之前增加其动能和压力，从而进一步增加液体压力并从中流出树叶。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可锻铸铁 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口铸铁一种通过长时间退火制成的铸铁，脱碳，石墨化，或两者都发生，以消除部分或全部渗碳体。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脱碳是主要反应，产品将呈现出较轻的断裂表面，“白心可锻”。否则，断裂表面将变暗，“黑心可锻”。铁素体可锻性材料主要为铁素体基体；根据热处理和所需硬度，珠光体可锻材料可能包含珠光体、球状体或回火马氏体。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通过含有磨料颗粒的高速水射流切割岩石等材料。 |
| Fracture toughness | 断裂韧性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂纹扩展阻力测量的通用术语。该术语有时仅限于断裂力学试验的结果，这些结果直接适用于断裂控制。该术语通常包括非基于断裂力学分析的切口或预裂纹试样的简单试验结果。基于使用经验或与断裂力学试验的经验相关性，后一类试验的结果通常有助于断裂控制。 |
| mechanical engineering | 机械工业 |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 与能量转换、应力分析、振动、动力学和运动学有关的工程分支，尤其适用于设计（机器设计、机械工程设计）。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 热平衡（热预算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 仅涉及跨系统边界的热传递和存储能量的能量平衡。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋转阀 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一种圆柱形或锥形塞，其中有一个横向孔，当该孔与相邻管道对齐时，流体可通过该孔流动。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性变形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加应力下的永久（非弹性）变形，使材料应变超过其弹性极限。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效应 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金属件的尺寸对其机械和其他性能以及对制造变量（如锻造、压下和热处理）的影响。一般来说，尺寸越大，机械性能越低。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一种环形合成橡胶环，位于加工成平面或圆柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Gasket m-factor | 垫片m系数 |
For a gasketed joint of area A in which the clamping force is F, the factor m is defined by F ≥ mpA where p is the pressure that would separate the two halves of the joint and m > 1. 对于面积为A且夹紧力为F的垫片接头，系数m由F≥mpA定义，其中p是分离接头两半的压力，m>1。 |
| Profiling machine | 仿形机 |
(profile milling machine) A milling machine in which the cutter is guided by the contour of a pattern having the required shape. （仿形铣床）铣刀由具有所需形状的图案轮廓引导的铣床。 |
| Clutch | 离合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一种用于连接和断开旋转轴的装置，例如在发动机和变速箱之间。 |
| Bond strength (Unit Pa) | 结合强度（单位Pa） |
The tensile, compressive or shear stress at which joints fail, e.g. by fracture or excessive deformation. 接头失效的拉伸、压缩或剪切应力，例如断裂或过度变形。 |
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流体渗透多孔固体或气体被液体溶解的过程。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Strain rate | 应变率 |
The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain rate are reciprocal time. 通常拉伸试验的应变时间速率。直接在试样标距上测量的应变用于确定应变率。因为应变是无因次的，所以应变率的单位是倒数时间。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大致对应于冷加工状态，超过该状态，材料就不能再通过弯曲形成。在规范中，完全硬质回火通常定义为与完全退火后的特定冷压下率百分比相对应的最小硬度或最小抗拉强度（或者，硬度或强度范围）。对于铝来说，完全硬回火相当于从极软状态减少75%；对于奥氏体不锈钢，减少约50%至55%。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 两个连杆连接在一起形成运动副，其中接触面为螺纹，因此它们的相对运动包括旋转和滑动。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM编号，反映了油的氧化和成泥趋势。 |
| Liquid nitriding | 液体氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which molten nitrogen-bearing, fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and cyanates are exposed to parts at subcritical temperatures. 一种表面硬化方法，其中含有氰化物和氰酸盐的熔融含氮熔盐浴在亚临界温度下暴露于零件。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒啮合齿轮箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一种齿轮箱，其中提供不同速比的齿轮对始终啮合，通过将相关齿轮连接或断开驱动轴获得不同的速比。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Spanner (wrench) | 扳手 |
A tool for applying torque to tighten or loosen a nut, bolt, or screw. Grip is applied by a serrated ring or an open U-shape at the end of the tool. On imperial-size spanners, the BSW and BSF marking refers to the diameter of the screw thread; similarly for BA spanners. Spanners for unified and metric threads are marked with the distance across the flats (‘A/F’) of the nut or head of the bolt. 拧紧或松开螺母、螺栓或螺丝的工具。通过工具端部的锯齿环或开口U形应用夹持。在英制扳手上，BSW和BSF标记是指螺纹的直径；类似于BA扳手。用于统一螺纹和公制螺纹的扳手在螺母或螺栓头的平面（'A/F'）上标记距离。 |
| Stead’s brittleness | 斯特德脆性 |
A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about 705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling. 一种脆性状态，导致粗晶结构中发生穿晶断裂，这是由于之前在低于约705°C（1300°F）的温度下轧制的低碳钢薄板经过长时间退火造成的。断裂通常发生在与轧制方向约45°处。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一种形成关节的可拆卸机构。关节的两个组件的连接器。1.连接两个或多个轴或机构部件的任何机械紧固件，以传递动力。2.连接两辆车的装置。 |
| Caterpillar | 毛虫式履带 |
(crawler vehicle) A vehicle that ‘lays its own road’ by running on endless belts, driven by toothed wheels, on each side. Used on soft ground where spreading of the load reduces contact stress. （履带式车辆）通过在每一侧由齿轮驱动的环形皮带运行来“铺设自己的道路”的车辆。用于负载分散可减少接触应力的松软地面。 |
| Load range, P | 负载范围P |
In fatigue, the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum loads in a fatigue cycle. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最大和最小载荷之间的代数差。 |
| Thermal reactor | 热反应器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一种扩大的排气歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式发动机的气缸盖上，其中一氧化碳和未燃烧碳氢化合物的氧化作用增强。 |
| Acoustics | 声学 |
The science and engineering of sound; its production, propagation, control, interaction with materials, etc. 声音科学与工程；它的产生、传播、控制、与材料的相互作用等。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| Scratch hardness test | 划痕硬度测试 |
A form of hardness test in which a sharp-pointed stylus or corner of a mineral specimen is traversed along a surface so as to determine the resistance of that surface to cutting or abrasion. 硬度测试的一种形式，用尖头笔或矿物样品的一角沿一个表面移动，以确定该表面的抗切割或耐磨性。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奥尔森杯测试 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一种杯突试验，其中一块金属板，除了中心以外，被一个标准钢球变形，直到发生断裂。断裂时杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Thread milling | 螺纹铣削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺纹铣削是在螺纹铣刀中用铣刀切削螺纹的一种方法。螺纹铣刀为单形或多形，用于传统或行星式螺纹铣刀。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一种研磨工具，由柔性背衬材料（例如编织布、纸或硫化纤维）、粘合材料（例如胶水或合成树脂）和砂砾组成。 |
| Elasticity | 弹性 |
The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一种材料的特性，通过这种特性，由应力引起的变形在去除应力后消失。完全弹性体在应力释放后完全恢复其原始形状和尺寸。 |
| Helical spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spring manufactured by forming elastic wire into a helix which may be cylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped, or hourglass in overall form. Closed-coiled springs are used in tension; open-coiled in both tension and compression. 一种弹簧，通过将弹性线材制成螺旋形而制成，螺旋形的整体形状可以是圆柱形、圆锥形、桶形或沙漏形。拉力采用闭合盘簧；在拉伸和压缩中都开卷。 |
| Total carbon | 总碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 铁合金中游离碳和结合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的总和。 |
| Forging cracks | 锻造裂纹 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 这可能发生在紧固件制造过程中的切削或锻造操作中，并且位于头部的顶部或带锯齿的头部螺栓的凸起周边上。 |
| Taper | 变尖 |
A gradual, often linear, reduction in cross section or shape. A shaft or hole that gets gradually smaller toward one end. 横截面或形状的逐渐减小，通常是线性的。一端逐渐变小的轴或孔。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 从向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性种子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗气蚀诱导剂 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的轴流泵，通过增加进口压头防止主泵出现气穴。 |
| Impact | 撞击 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物体或部件的突然加载，如车辆碰撞或锤击。 |
| Induction heating | 感应加热 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通过将金属置于承载交流电的线圈周围的变化磁场中而引起的电阻和磁滞损耗的组合加热。 |
| Guided bend | 导向弯曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通过使用柱塞将试样压入模具中获得的弯曲，以产生试样外表面和内表面所需的轮廓。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Friction | 摩擦 |
The resistance that a body encounters when sliding over another body, or experiences when a viscous fluid flows over its surface. 一个物体在另一个物体上滑动时遇到的阻力，或者当粘性流体流过其表面时所经历的阻力。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨胀 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部载荷、压缩、温度变化、化学作用等引起的体积变化。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 雾化加湿器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一种加湿器，通过将细小的水滴喷射到气流中来发挥作用。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 国际单位制能量单位。一焦耳是一牛顿的力在一米的距离上所做的功。符号为J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一种已被淘汰的（即非国际单位制）能量单位，等于1000卡。 |
| Failure of the joint | 连接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓连接未达到设计者的预期性能。故障可能由螺栓断裂或丢失引起或伴随而来，但也可能意味着即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接头滑动或垫圈接头泄漏。接头故障的常见原因包括振动松动、装配不当、设计不当、意外的工作负载或条件等。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，简写形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一个经验公式，将施加在螺栓上的扭矩与螺栓中产生的预载荷联系起来，主要取决于一个称为螺母系数的实验得出的系数。 |
| Maximum continuous load | 最大连续负载 |
(maximum continuous rating) (Unit kg/s) The maximum rate of steam output that a boiler can supply for a specified period, usually 24 hours. （最大连续额定功率）（单位为kg/s）锅炉在规定时间内（通常为24小时）可供应的最大蒸汽输出率。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或产生或消耗能量的速度。功率单位为瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Stress relieving | 应力消除 |
Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. 加热到合适的温度，保持足够长的时间以减少残余应力，然后缓慢冷却以尽量减少新残余应力的产生。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 风冷发动机 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一种由气流直接冷却的内燃机，而不是通过流经发动机缸体的水被散热器冷却。 |
| Permanent set | 永久变形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 释放荷载后，先前受力物体中剩余的变形或应变。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中异辛烷的体积百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Permissible variation | 允许偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 对于试验机，所示数量值的最大允许误差。用误差百分比表示允许偏差是很方便的。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Die | 模具 |
1. A tool having an appropriately-shaped hole through which material may be extruded or drawn. 2. A tool employed in forging. 3. A block having the male or female shape employed in stamping operations. 4. A thick circular disc, driven by a die wrench, with internally-threaded cutting edges for producing a screw thread. A die wrench (die stock) holds a screw-cutting die and has two projecting arms for applying the torque necessary to cut the thread. A die having a hexagonal or square shape (die nut), driven by a spanner, is used in confined spaces where a die wrench cannot be rotated through a full circle. 1.一种具有适当形状的孔的工具，通过该孔可以挤压或拉伸材料。2.一种用于锻造的工具。3.一种用于冲压操作的具有阳或阴形状的块体。4.一种由模具扳手驱动的厚圆盘，具有用于产生螺纹的内螺纹切削刃。冲模扳手（冲模）装有一个螺旋切割模，并有两个突出臂，用于施加切割螺纹所需的扭矩。由扳手驱动的六边形或方形模具（模具螺母）用于模具扳手无法旋转一整圈的受限空间。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱状结构 |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由单向生长形成的平行细长晶粒的粗略结构，最常见于铸件中，但有时也出现在伴随固态转变的扩散生长产生的结构中。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭杆 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 当施加扭矩时用作弹性弹簧的金属棒。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在涡扇发动机中，旁通流的质量流量与通过发动机核心的质量流量之比。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷却曲线 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 显示材料冷却过程中时间和温度之间关系的曲线。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重载紧固件中的局部塑性变形允许一个零件陷入较软或更重载的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺纹嵌入螺母螺纹等。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 设计应力（单位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作条件下不会导致失效的部件或结构中的最大许用应力。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毁坏荷载（单位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足够的塑性铰链以发生坍塌，结构成为机制的施加载荷。 |
| Elastic recovery | 弹性恢复 |
Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在释放施加的载荷时，受应力弹性材料的尺寸恢复到其原始（无应力）尺寸的量。在硬度测试中，当释放所施加的载荷时，压痕的原始尺寸缩短。 |
| Condensing boiler | 冷凝锅炉 |
A relatively small industrial or domestic boiler that burns sulfur-free natural gas so that the products of combustion do not contain sulfuric acid and can be allowed to condense on heat-transfer surfaces without danger of corrosion. 一种相对较小的工业或家用锅炉，燃烧无硫天然气，因此燃烧产物不含硫酸，并且可以在传热表面上冷凝而没有腐蚀的危险。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表观接触面积 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦学中，两个固体表面之间的接触区域由其宏观界面的边界定义。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 铁素体脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脱碳，碳损失充分，导致回火马氏体颜色较浅，硬度明显低于相邻母材，金相检查时存在铁素体晶粒或晶界网络。 |
| Absolute pressure | 绝对压力 |
1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. 1.相对于零压力（真空）测量的压力。2.表压加上大气压力的单位相同。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 转向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 气流通过斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨胀风机时所经历的方向变化。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦损失（单位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于机器、机构、连杆等内部的摩擦而将机械能转化为热能。 |
| Fahrenheit | 华氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32ºF) and the boiling point of water (212ºF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 温标基于水的冰点（32ºF）和水的沸点（212ºF）。这些点之间的间隔被分成180等份。尽管被摄氏刻度所取代，华氏刻度有时仍用于非科学测量。 |
| Vibration | 振动 |
1. A periodic change with time of the displacements of elements making up a component or structure. 2. The study of the oscillatory motion of bodies and systems and the frequencies, amplitudes, and forces associated with them. 1.组成部件或结构的元件位移随时间的周期性变化。2.研究物体和系统的振荡运动以及与之相关的频率、振幅和力的学科。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 热效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 对于热机或热力循环，净功输出与系统净热输入的比率。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 离心风机 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一种带有转子的机器，转子由安装在轮毂周围的许多叶片组成，用于移动空气或其他气体。气体轴向进入转子并在增加的压力下径向排出。 |
| Preheating | 预热 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在进一步热处理或机械处理之前加热。对于工具钢，在最终奥氏体化之前立即加热至中间温度。对于一些非铁合金，在工作前长时间加热到高温，以使结构均匀化。在焊接和相关工艺中，在焊接、钎焊、钎焊、切割或热喷涂之前，立即加热到中间温度。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗弯强度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 断裂或断裂时刻外层纤维的最大应力。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金属元素和合金的原子、晶体学、微观结构、机械和物理特性及其应用。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微动疲劳 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在发生微动的表面区域开始的疲劳断裂。由微动引起的对固体表面的渐进性损坏。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公称直径 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 紧固件的“目录直径”。通常大致等于主体的直径或螺纹的外径。 |
| Observed value | 观测值 |
The particular value of a characteristic determined as a result of a test or measurement. 作为测试或测量结果确定的特性的特定值。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 计算机辅助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，计算机集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用计算机，不仅可以控制制造和组装的机器和机器人，还可以进行工艺规划，以及在生产过程中监控材料和组件的进度等。 |
| Pressure control valve | 压力控制阀 |
A valve used to set the pressure level in a pressure vessel or piping system. 用于设置压力容器或管道系统中压力水平的阀门。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系数（μ） |
(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （动摩擦系数、滑动摩擦系数、摩擦系数，μ）两个接触表面之间摩擦力F与法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。静摩擦是指没有相对滑动时；有摩擦时的动摩擦。对于相互滑动的结构部件，摩擦系数是引起滑动的力与垂直于滑动部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系数是无量纲的，其值介于0和1之间。代表一种材料沿另一种材料的表面滑动或滚动所需的力的数字。如果一个物体的重量为N并且摩擦系数为μ，那么在没有加速度的情况下沿水平表面移动它所需的力F为F=μN。静摩擦系数决定了启动运动所需的力；动摩擦系数决定了保持运动所需的力。动摩擦通常小于静摩擦。两个物体之间的力（F）与将这些物体压在一起的法向力（N）的无量纲比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Square thread | 方螺纹 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺纹的一种形式，螺纹的横截面形成正方形，使螺纹的宽度等于螺纹之间的间距。 |
| Atomic volume | 原子体积 |
Volume of unit cell per atom. 每个原子的晶胞体积。 |
| Thermal compressor | 热压缩机 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（热压缩机）用于提升低压废蒸汽或排气压力的喷射压缩机。2.一种由吸收器、发电机、泵和节流装置组成的装置，用于替代吸收冷却制冷系统中的机械蒸汽压缩机。 |
| Fracture strength | 断裂强度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （断裂应力）（单位Pa）材料断裂时的应力。对于给定的材料，它不是绝对的，因为它取决于断裂力学定律，并且取决于尺寸。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段时效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分为两个或两个以上的温度时效，按顺序并在每个步骤后冷却至室温。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纤维 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 当紧固件应无腐蚀性、低导电性或对电磁波透明时，玻璃纤维用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Dynamic coupling | 动态耦合 |
In vibrations, the existence of inertial terms depending on mass in the governing equations, so that there is only a force if there is a corresponding acceleration. 在振动中，惯性项的存在取决于控制方程中的质量，因此只有当有相应的加速度时才有力。 |
| Vice | 老虎钳 |
A workshop tool used to hold a workpiece and consisting of two jaws, one fixed and the other moved by turning a screw. 一种用于夹持工件的车间工具，由两个钳口组成，一个固定，另一个通过转动螺钉移动。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| Plane strain | 平面应变 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中的应力条件，其中在垂直于施加拉应力轴和裂纹扩展方向（即平行于裂纹前沿）的方向上存在零应变；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加载厚板。在平面应变条件下，断裂失稳平面垂直于主拉应力轴。 |
| Homogenizing | 均质化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高温以消除或减少扩散引起的化学偏析。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| True strain | 真应变 |
(1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. Compare with engineering strain. （1）给定载荷增量导致的尺寸变化与施加载荷增量之前尺寸大小的比率。（2）在承受轴向力的物体中，观察时刻标距与原始标距之比的自然对数。也称为自然应变。与工程应变相比。 |
| Elastic resilience | 弹性回弹 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加应力直至弹性极限所吸收的能量；或者当应力从弹性极限释放时可以恢复的能量值。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Temperature factor | 温度系数 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓应力或应变超声波测量的校准常数。说明了热膨胀和温度引起的声速变化的影响。 |
| Cup washer | 杯形垫圈 |
A dished leather or neoprene washer fitted to the rod end in some piston-style pumps. 在某些活塞式泵中，安装在杆端的碟形皮革或氯丁橡胶垫圈。 |
| Compression spring | 压缩弹簧 |
A spring that resists compression forces, usually in the form of a helix with separated coils (giving a linear axial stiffness) or a cone with separated coils (giving a non-linear axial stiffness). 一种抵抗压缩力的弹簧，通常采用带有分离线圈的螺旋形式（提供线性轴向刚度）或带有分离线圈的锥形（提供非线性轴向刚度）。 |
| Computer vision | 计算机视觉 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通过计算机对光学图像/图案进行数字化和处理，以在制造过程中识别零件、方向等。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接头 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 两个结构通过粘合剂粘合在一起的点或区域。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 声压（单位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 声波传播引起的压力与环境压力的瞬时偏差，可通过空气中的麦克风和水中的水听器测量。 |
| Shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通过活塞的往复运动、叶片的旋转或叶轮的旋转而使液体、气体、蒸汽或泥浆流动的机器。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭转应力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭转作用在横截面上产生的剪切应力。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（单位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 产生负推力的变桨距螺旋桨的桨距。 |
| Effective discharge area (Unit m²) | 有效排放面积（单位m²） |
A nominal area for flow through a pressure relief valve used to determine the valve’s flow capacity given the pressure difference across it, the fluid density and correction factors to allow for compressibility, the back pressure and the coefficient of discharge. 流经泄压阀的标称面积，用于确定阀门的流量，给定压力差、流体密度和允许可压缩性的校正因子、背压和排放系数。 |
| Recrystallization annealing | 再结晶退火 |
Annealing cold-worked metal to produce a new grain structure without phase change. 退火冷加工金属以产生新的晶粒结构而不发生相变。 |
| Rupture stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Vane engine (vane motor) | 叶片发动机（叶片马达） |
A rotary engine in which high-pressure hydraulic fluid in the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor acts on the vanes, causing the rotor to revolve within a cylinder. The design is much like a sliding-vane compressor, as is that of a vane pump, used to pump liquids. 一种旋转式发动机，其中偏置转子中装有弹簧的滑动叶片之间的高压液压流体作用在叶片上，使转子在气缸内旋转。这种设计很像滑动叶片压缩机，就像用于泵送液体的叶片泵一样。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| Thread form | 螺纹形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺纹的横截面形状，定义螺纹角度、齿根和齿冠轮廓等。螺纹长度：紧固件中包含全深度切割或轧制螺纹的部分的长度。 |
| Countersinking | 埋头孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 从钻孔的边缘向外张开以形成截锥形凹陷，以容纳具有锥形头的螺钉，从而提供齐平的配件。 |
| Normalizing | 正火 |
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. 将铁合金加热至高于转变范围的合适温度，然后在空气中冷却至基本低于转变范围的温度。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 拨动（拨动夹） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由两个销杆组成的装置，在同一平面的两个端点之间几乎成一条直线。将杠杆对齐会在端部之间产生较大的力。用于获得较大的机械优势或用作锁定机构。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氢损伤 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 当氢存在于某些金属中时可能发生的脆化、开裂、起泡和氢化物形成的总称。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| Cathode | 阴极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 电池或腐蚀电池中吸引电子的电极。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一种方形、六角形或其他形状的金属紧固件，具有内螺纹，可拧在螺栓、螺柱或心轴上。与外螺纹螺栓一起使用的内螺纹紧固件。通常为六边形，但也有许多其他几何形状，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夹持工具。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 对于稳定流动的流体（液体或气体），压力、每单位体积的动能和每单位体积的势能之和在流体中的任何点都是恒定的。使用这种关系，可以通过在两个点测量流体的压力来测量流体的速度，就像使用压力计或皮托管一样。 |
| Radiator | 散热器 |
A heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another for heating or cooling purposes. Despite the name, the principal mode of heat transfer is convection rather than radiation. In motor vehicles, water circulated through the engine block is cooled as it flows through the tubes of an air-cooled heat exchanger. In domestic radiators, hot water from a boiler is circulated through a heat exchanger with a large surface area which transfers heat to the surrounding air. 一种热交换器，用于将热能从一种流体传递到另一种流体，用于加热或冷却。尽管有这个名字，但热传递的主要方式是对流而不是辐射。在机动车辆中，通过发动机缸体循环的水在流经风冷热交换器的管道时被冷却。在家用散热器中，来自锅炉的热水通过具有大表面积的热交换器循环，该热交换器将热量传递给周围的空气。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松动 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（单位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑块机构的曲柄与曲轴中心线到活塞轴线的直线之间的角度。 |
| Planar anisotropy | 平面异向性 |
A variation in physical and/or mechanical properties with respect to direction within the plane of material in sheet form. 在片状材料平面内，物理和/或机械性能相对于方向的变化。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于软态和半硬态之间。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸气循环 |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一种动力循环，它将相对低温的蒸汽循环（底部循环）与高温循环（顶部循环）相结合，其中使用了诸如汞、钠或钾之类的工作流体。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲线 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余压力或松弛压力随时间变化的曲线图。 |
| Fracture | 断裂 |
(rupture) The separation of materials, components, or structures into two or more parts by the propagation of one or more cracks. Cracking may be globally elastic (brittle) or accompanied by varying degrees of plasticity (ductile). （断裂）通过一个或多个裂纹的扩展将材料、部件或结构分离成两个或更多部分。裂纹可能是整体弹性（脆性）或伴有不同程度的塑性（延性）。 |
| Strain energy | 应变能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通过测量应力-应变图下的面积确定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）当量来定义的。 |
| Torsional angle (ϕ) | 扭转角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （单位为°或rad）受扭矩作用的直杆上两个位置之间的角偏转。 |
| Workspace (Unit m³) | 工作空间（单位m³） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空间体积）机器人基架周围的体积，由机器人的可达范围定义。因此，机器人只能执行该体积内的任务。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量转移和转换过程中的不可逆性，将能量转换为低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| Radius of bend | 弯曲半径 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在弯曲过程中与弯曲内表面接触的销或心轴的圆柱面半径。对于使用垫片或垫块的180°自由弯曲或半导向弯曲，弯曲半径为垫片或垫板厚度的一半。 |
| Grain | 晶粒 |
1. An individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. Most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) A non-SI unit of mass. The conversion to SI is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10−5 kg. 1.多晶固体中的单个晶体。大多数工程材料，如金属和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非国际单位制的质量单位。转换为SI为1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美国国家标准协会的缩写。 |
| Atmometer | 气压计 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) An instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （湿度计，蒸发计）测量水从表面蒸发到大气中的速率的仪器。 |
| Screw area (Unit m²) | 螺丝面积（单位m²） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋桨尖端所描述的圆的面积。 |
| Pressure loss (Unit Pa) | 压力损失（单位Pa） |
The loss in stagnation pressure in internal flow due to wall friction and minor losses in fittings. 壁面摩擦引起的内部流动停滞压力损失和配件的微小损失。 |
| Compression crease | 压缩折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在压缩具有高体积分数长丝的复合材料期间形成的折痕。这些复合材料通过形成与加载轴成一定角度的折痕而在压缩中失效。 |
| End-quench hardenability test | 端淬淬透性试验 |
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end. 测定钢或其他铁合金淬透性的实验室程序。淬透性是通过将标准试样加热到高于上临界温度，将热试样放置在夹具中，使冷水流冲击一端，并在冷却至室温后，沿试样长度以规则间隔测量试样表面附近的硬度来确定的。数据通常绘制为硬度与距淬火端距离的关系。 |
| Rivet | 铆钉 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一种一端有头的短杆，插入待连接板上对齐的孔中，然后通过锤击或成型在突出的杆身上制作第二个头。最常见的头部形状是扁平、圆顶和倒锥形。在阵列中，铆钉间距是相邻铆钉中心之间的距离。故障可能由不同的机制或模式发生。一种一体式紧固件，由头部和主体组成，用于将两个或多个部件紧固在一起，方法是将主体穿过每个部件上的孔，然后在主体端部形成第二个头部。除非取下头部，否则无法移除。 |
| Extra spring | 额外弹簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大约对应于高于全硬的冷加工状态，超过该状态进一步冷加工将不会显着增加强度和硬度。 |
| Celsius | 摄氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0ºC) and the boiling point of water (100ºC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰点（0ºC）和水的沸点（100ºC）的温标。这些点之间的间隔被划分为100度。这个比例是由安德斯·摄氏设计的。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Fit | 装配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用术语，用于表示配合零件设计中公差和公差的特定组合可能导致的紧密性范围。 |
| Archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
A machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. If water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical Archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一种机器，它在紧密的管子内包含一个旋转的螺旋叶片，可用于泵送液体、泥浆（如污水）、颗粒材料等。如果水流入倾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺杆的顶部，螺杆将旋转，可用于驱动发电机。 |
| Creep | 蠕变 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物体在重载荷下缓慢的塑性变形，随时间变化的可塑性，材料在恒定载荷或应力下随时间变化的永久变形。应变随时间以随温度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕变可能导致大应变和最终失效，从而限制部件在高温下承受载荷的寿命。当同源温度超过约0.4℃时，金属蠕变变得显著，例如钨为1200℃，钛为504℃，铁为450℃，铝为100℃。 |
| Freezing range | 冻融范围 |
That temperature range between liquidus and solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist. 熔融和固体成分共存的液相线和固相线温度之间的温度范围。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里温度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性转变温度，低于此温度金属或合金为铁磁性，高于此温度则为顺磁性。 |
| Heat (q, Q) (Unit J) | 热量（q, Q）（单位J） |
A form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at one temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between them. Heat can be identified only as it crosses the boundary. A body can never be said to contain heat which is thus a transient phenomenon. 一种能量形式，由于它们之间的温差在一个温度下通过系统边界传递到另一个温度不同的系统（或环境）。只有当热量穿过边界时才能识别。一个物体不能说永远含有热量，这是一种瞬态现象。 |
| Dynamic hardness | 动态硬度 |
(rebound hardness) The resistance of a material to local indentation by a rapidly-moving rigid indenter. In most practical methods the indenter is allowed to fall under gravity on to the surface of the material when the rebound height is a measure of the dynamic hardness. （回弹硬度）材料对快速移动的刚性压头局部压痕的阻力。在大多数实际方法中，当回弹高度是动态硬度的测量值时，允许压头在重力作用下落在材料表面上。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Slot | 狭槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允许热膨胀，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安装或滑动。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全损耗润滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 内燃机润滑油与燃料一起燃烧的系统。 |
| Q-factor | 品质因素 |
(quality factor, sharpness of resonance) A non-dimensional parameter that describes, for a given resonant mode, the sharpness of the peak in the frequency response of a lightly-damped linear oscillator: Q = ωRES/Δω where ωRES is the resonance frequency and Δω is the half-power bandwidth of the resonance. It is inversely related to the damping such that a broad peak corresponds to high damping and a narrow peak to low damping. （品质因数，共振尖锐度）一个无量纲参数，用于描述给定共振模式下，轻阻尼线性振荡器频率响应峰值的尖锐度：Q=ωRES/Δω，其中ωRES是共振频率，Δω是共振的半功率带宽。它与阻尼成反比，因此宽峰值对应于高阻尼，窄峰值对应于低阻尼。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏压（单位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由压力差控制的流体装置中，该差值的大小。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡图 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡条件下，合金系统中相场的温度、压力和成分极限的图形表示。在金属系统中，压力通常被认为是恒定的。 |
| Thermal stresses | 热应力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均匀温度分布引起的金属应力。 |
| Plane stress | 平面应力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 线弹性断裂力学中厚度方向上的应力为零的应力条件；在沿着平行于薄片表面的方向加载非常薄的薄片时最接近。在平面应力条件下，断裂失稳平面与主拉应力轴倾斜45°。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸线 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程图上的一条线，上面有一个数字，表示特征的长度，通常以毫米为单位。 |
| SI system | SI国际单位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的缩写，即国际单位计量系统——一种基于旧公制的国际公认计量单位系统。 |
| Fracture test | 断裂试验 |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一种试验，其中试样被破坏并用肉眼或低倍显微镜检查其断裂表面，以确定成分、晶粒尺寸、表层深度或内部不连续性等因素。1.记录单调加载试样的载荷偏转（或应力-应变），直到其在拉伸、压缩、剪切或扭转中断裂。2.在疲劳技术中，确定试样在不同重复载荷模式下的断裂循环次数。3.测定断裂韧性的实验。 |
| Shoulder | 轴肩 |
The portion of a shaft, stepped component, or flanged component, where a change in diameter or other dimension occurs. Even for a nominal step change, in practice there will be a radius where shoulder and shaft meet in order to avoid too severe a stress concentration. 轴、阶梯部件或法兰部件的直径或其他尺寸发生变化的部分。即使是名义阶跃变化，在实践中，肩部和轴相交处也会有一个半径，以避免出现过严重的应力集中。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Barometer | 气压计 |
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. There are two main types – the mercury barometer, and the aneroid barometer. 用于测量大气压力的仪器。有两种主要类型——水银气压计和无液气压计。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在热处理中，将硬化钢或硬化铸铁重新加热到共析温度以下的温度，以降低硬度和增加韧性。该工艺有时也适用于正火钢。（2）在工具钢中，有时使用回火来表示碳含量，但这是不恰当的。（3）在非铁合金和一些铁合金（不能通过热处理硬化的钢）中，通过机械或热处理或两者产生的硬度和强度，其特征是在冷加工过程中具有一定的结构、机械性能或面积减小。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
| Effective length of a bolt | 螺栓的有效长度 |
The grip length plus some portion of the bolt (often one-half of the thickness of the nuts) which lies within the nut(s) plus some portion (often one-half the thickness) of the head. 握持长度加上位于螺母内的螺栓的某些部分（通常是螺母厚度的二分之一）加上头部的某些部分（通常是厚度的二分之一）。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 冲击强度1.（单位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高应变率条件下导致失效（通过屈服或断裂）的应力。2.（单位J）有时用于描述在夏比或悬臂梁式冲击试验中使样品断裂所需的能量，即使单位不是强度单位。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流体运动的特点是无序、旋转（即旋涡）三维速度波动，覆盖广泛的频率和长度尺度。压力、温度和其他流体特性也会波动，热、质量和动量的扩散会大大增强。与层流和过渡流一样，牛顿流体的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，该方程原则上可以通过直接数值模拟（DNS）求解，在直接数值模拟中，波动运动的所有时间和长度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆时针旋转时前进的螺钉。 |
| Volume flow rate | 体积流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m³/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （体积流量）（单位m³/s）单位时间内流经表面或管道或其他管道的材料体积，通常为流体或粉末。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蚀磨损 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 与环境发生显着化学或电化学反应的磨损。 |
| Bar | 巴（气压单位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105 Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0ºC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4ºC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一种广泛使用的（非SI）压力单位，大约等于海平面上的正常大气压。转换为SI为1bar=105Pa。压力单位——0ºC时75.006厘米高的水银柱或4ºC时约33.45英尺水柱产生的压力。它等于105帕斯卡。标准大气压（海平面）为1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Lead screw | 丝杠 |
The master screw running along the length of the bed of a lathe from which all screws threads on that machine are cut. Master screw used for cutting a screw thread in a lathe. 沿车床床身长度方向运行的主螺钉，该机床上的所有螺钉和螺纹都从主螺钉上切割下来。用于在车床上切削螺纹的主螺钉。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 热电动势 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 当一个结处于不同于另一个结的温度时，在含有两种不同金属的电路中产生的电动势。 |
| Blueing | 发蓝 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 应用蓝色染料（“工程师蓝”）来识别接触表面上的高点，或用于标记。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接头 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Machine | 机器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在执行有用任务时传递能量的机制。一个地方有一台以上的连接或执行单独的功能，称为机器。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺纹的最高点。 |
| Yield stress | 屈服应力 |
The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as structural steels, at which large strains take place without further increase in stress. 高韧性材料（如结构钢）的应力水平，在该应力水平下发生大应变而不会进一步增加。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 声学高温计 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一种非侵入式高温计，其原理是气体中的声速与其绝对温度的平方根成正比。 |
| Tangent screw | 微动螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于调整六分仪和游标卡尺等测量仪器的蜗杆。 |
| Liquid carburizing | 液体渗碳 |
Surface hardening of steel by immersion into a molten bath consisting of cyanides and other salts. 通过浸入由氰化物和其他盐组成的熔池中对钢进行表面硬化。 |
| Absolute humidity | 绝对湿度 |
The weight of water vapor in a gadwater vapor mixture per unit volume of space occupied, expressed, for example, in grains or pounds per cubic foot. 单位体积空间占用的水蒸气混合物中水蒸气的重量，例如，以谷物或磅/立方英尺表示。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化剂 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一种引起氧化从而自身被还原的化合物。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕变时间关系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定应力下蠕变应变与时间之间的代数或数值关系。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂纹尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 从基准面到观察到的裂纹前沿的距离。该距离可以表示沿裂纹前沿的若干测量的平均值。基准面取决于试样形状，通常视为边界或包含试样或板的载重线或中心线的平面。 |
| Volumetric efficiency | 容积效率 |
For a piston engine, the ratio of the volume of the induced charge per induction stroke, determined at a reference pressure and temperature, to the swept volume. 对于活塞式发动机，在参考压力和温度下确定的每个进气冲程的进气体积与扫掠体积之比。 |
| Impact wrench | 冲击扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一种气动或电动扳手，使用小锤子多次敲击来产生输出扭矩以拧紧紧固件，用于通过在一系列快速脉冲中施加扭矩来拧紧或松开螺母。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 盐速计 |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一种体积流量计，通过测量电导率或辐射水平来检测流量中少量盐或放射性同位素的渡越时间。 |
| Flat head | 平头 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平顶表面和锥形轴承表面。 |
| Counter sink | 台面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物体上切割或塑造一个凹陷，使螺钉的头部可以齐平或低于表面。 |
| Graphitization | 石墨化 |
Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where graphite is formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called primary graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment, secondary graphitization. 在铁或钢中形成石墨。在凝固过程中形成石墨的现象称为一次石墨化；后来通过热处理，形成二次石墨化。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 风能（单位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 风能转换系统（WECS）可通过暴露于风中的转子（如多叶片螺旋桨）将与风相关的动能转换为电能或机械能。如果空气密度为ρ，风速为V，则动能通量为ρV3/2。可由截获风a横截面的风力涡轮机提取的实际风功率为CPρAV3/2，其中CP是称为功率系数的经验效率因子。风能分布是根据给定位置处的风速频率分布每年可产生的计算风力的直方图。风车产生机械功率，而风力涡轮机（风力发电机）产生电功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大风力涡轮机的额定功率为9.5MW，转子直径为164m，轮毂高度为105m（最高风力涡轮机的高度为190m）。风电场是一系列风力涡轮机，通常为十到几百台，位于单一位置，无论是陆上还是海上。风能是可持续能源发电的主要贡献者。最大的海上风电场位于爱尔兰海，拥有87台涡轮机，总发电容量为659MW。最大的陆上风电场位于加利福尼亚州克恩县，拥有约586台涡轮机，总容量为1550兆瓦。 |
| Stress amplitude | 应力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重复变化应力的一个循环中最大和最小应力之间代数差的一半。 |
| Engine | 引擎 |
A machine that converts energy, including the chemical energy in a fuel and electrical energy, into mechanical energy, usually to produce power delivered through a rotating shaft or thrust. Examples include internal-combustion engines, gas and steam turbines, rocket engines, electric, hydraulic and pneumatic motors. 一种将能量（包括燃料中的化学能和电能）转换为机械能的机器，通常通过旋转轴或推力产生动力。例子包括内燃机、燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机、火箭发动机、电动、液压和气动马达。 |
| Brake lining | 制动衬片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| Thermochemical treatment | 热化学处理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of the object by exchange with the medium. 在适当选择的介质中进行热处理，以通过与介质交换产生物体化学成分的变化。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Residual stress (Unit Pa) | 残余应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses that remain within a body as the result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. (internal stress) An internal-stress system found in components that have experienced elastic unloading from non-uniform plastic-strain fields during manufacture. 由于热处理或机械处理或两者兼而有之而留在物体内的应力。（内应力）在制造期间从非均匀塑性应变场经历弹性卸载的部件中发现的内应力系统。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：盐水淬火、碱淬火、冷模淬火、强制空气淬火、强淬火、油淬火、压力淬火、喷射淬火、直接淬火、雾淬火、热淬火、间断淬火、选择性淬火、时间淬火和水淬火。1.通过将物体放入水、油、盐、熔融金属或其他介质的浴中快速冷却的过程。这是一种热处理方法，特别用于形成回火钢前的马氏体。浴温度是淬火温度。2.燃烧的抑制。3.在活塞式发动机中，燃烧过程中一部分气体的冷却，通常通过减小活塞顶和气缸盖之间的间隙来实现。 |
| Translational joint | 平移铰 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制变量为直线运动的机器人关节。 |
| Nipple | 喷嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一种包含止回阀的装置，该止回阀拧入润滑点，通过该润滑点可以将润滑脂引入，例如轴承中。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 锐缺口强度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半径非常小（接近加工能力极限）的试样测量的缺口抗拉强度；锐缺口强度值通常取决于缺口根部半径。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨机 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一种用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨机，由装有松散钢球或陶瓷球的水平旋转滚筒组成。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 为改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影响非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范围，或导致新相的出现，或两者兼而有之。此外，合金元素强烈影响相变动力学，从而影响合金材料的微观结构形成。 |
| Fillet radius | 圆角半径 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在紧固件的两个相交表面处的凹形接合处。通常用于描述螺纹紧固件的头部和柄部之间的连接处（头部圆角下方）。 |
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