| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Condensation shock | 冷凝冲击 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 对于通过发散喷嘴的湿气体超音速流动，在温度降至饱和温度的点下游的某个点处，冷凝以自发成核的形式发生。凝结过程进行得很快，导致相当厚的不连续性，称为凝结激波。 |
| Bulk velocity | 体积速度 |
(average velocity, V) (Unit m/s) For fluid flow in a pipe or duct, the average flow velocity, given by V = ṁ/ρA where ṁ is the mass flow rate, ρ is the fluid density, and A is the duct cross-sectional area. （平均速度，V）（单位m/s）对于管道或管道中的流体流动，平均流速，由V=ṁ/ρA给出，其中ṁ是质量流量，ρ是流体密度，A是管道截面积。 |
| Overaging | 过时效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在时间和温度条件下的时效大于获得某一特性最大变化所需的时间和温度，从而使该特性沿初始值的方向发生变化。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Quench cracking | 淬火开裂 |
Fracture of a metal during quenching from elevated temperature. Most frequently observed in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. Cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, corners, or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the volume changes accompanying transformation to martensite. 高温淬火时金属断裂。在高硬度和低韧性的硬化碳钢、合金钢或工具钢零件中最常见。裂纹通常来自圆角、孔、角部或其他应力集中区，并由伴随马氏体转变的体积变化引起的高应力引起。 |
| Cold die quenching | 冷模淬火 |
A quench utilizing cold, flat, or shaped dies to extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive, and is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas. 利用冷、平或成型模具从零件中提取热量的淬火。冷模淬火速度慢、成本高，并且仅限于表面积较大的较小零件。 |
| Metric ton (tonne, t) | 公制吨（吨，t） |
An SI-accepted, but non-SI, unit of mass defined as 1 t = 103 kg. SI系统可接受但非国际单位制的质量单位，定义为1t=103kg。 |
| Zero time | 零时 |
The time when the given loading or constraint conditions are initially obtained in creep or stressrelaxation tests, respectively. 分别在蠕变或应力松弛试验中初始获得给定载荷或约束条件的时间。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直径（单位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋弹簧或空心圆柱体或球体的内径和外径的平均值 |
| Fracture stress | 断裂应力 |
The true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 断裂开始时最小横截面积上的真实正应力。该术语通常适用于无缺口试样的拉伸试验。 |
| Nut thickness | 螺母厚度 |
The nut thickness shall be the overall distance measured parallel to the axis of nut, from the top of the nut to the bearing surface, and shall include the thickness of the washer face where provided. 螺母厚度应为平行于螺母轴线测量的从螺母顶部到轴承表面的总距离，还应包括垫圈表面的厚度。 |
| Mass flow rate (ṁ) (Unit kg/s) | 质量流量（ṁ）（单位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (ṁ″), with unit kg/s.m², is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ṁ″ = ṁ/A or ṁ″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 单位时间内流过表面或通过管道或其他管道的材料质量，通常是流体或粉末。相应的质量通量（ṁ″），单位为kg/s.m²，是通过真实表面或通过管道的质量流量除以表面或横截面积A，即ṁ″=ṁ/A或ṁ″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Preload adjustments | 预载调整 |
Preloads may be applied directly by axial loading or indirectly by turning of the nut or bolt. When preload is applied by turning of nuts or bolts, a torsion load component is added to the desired axial bolt load. 预载荷可通过轴向载荷直接施加，或通过转动螺母或螺栓间接施加。当通过转动螺母或螺栓施加预载荷时，扭转载荷分量被添加到所需的轴向螺栓载荷中。 |
| Vapour static pressure | 蒸汽静压 |
(Unit Pa or bar) A pressure analogous to hydrostatic pressure, where the fluid is a vapour such as steam. A term used in geothermal applications. （单位Pa或bar）类似于静水压力的压力，其中流体是蒸汽，如蒸汽。地热应用中使用的术语。 |
| Nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作应力（单位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的应力。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 仅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接从渗碳作业中淬火渗碳零件。（2） 也用于直接从可锻操作淬火珠光体可锻零件。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起动扭矩（单位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 电机在零转速下产生的扭矩，以启动所施加负载的旋转。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Prying | 撬动 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 当外部荷载为偏心拉伸荷载时，通过伪杠杆作用放大外部荷载。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 风冷发动机 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一种由气流直接冷却的内燃机，而不是通过流经发动机缸体的水被散热器冷却。 |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓头的底面应与螺纹或柄轴完全垂直。例如，如果面和轴之间的角度为868或948，则称紧固件的角度为48（有时称为垂直度）。 |
| Flange | 法兰 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法兰是指螺栓的头部样式，其中头部下方有一个圆形“法兰”，其作用类似于垫圈以分配载荷。凸缘是凸出的平轮辋或凸缘。1.管道（法兰管）或轴端部的环形边缘，通过这些边缘，可以使用穿过法兰孔的螺栓（法兰联轴器、法兰接头）或通过周边的肘节夹将管道连接在一起。2.车轮上的延伸轮辋，将其横向定位在轨道上。通常用于铁路车辆。3.工字梁的顶部和底部。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果仅将紧固件与环境隔离，则据说紧固件上的涂层可提供屏障保护。例如，油漆提供屏障保护。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 盐速计 |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一种体积流量计，通过测量电导率或辐射水平来检测流量中少量盐或放射性同位素的渡越时间。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 断裂负荷（单位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某个点施加到导致断裂的部件或结构的载荷。断裂应力（断裂强度）是构件断裂时的平均应力，由断裂载荷除以其作用的面积给出。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服强度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body. Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 该应力水平将在物体中产生0.2%或0.5%的永久变形，或其他一些小的、预先选定的量。近似等于材料的弹性和比例极限；略高于螺栓的强度。材料表现出与应力和应变比例的特定偏差的应力。许多金属使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Butterfly valve | 蝶阀 |
A valve in which a disc rotates on a shaft at right angles to the axis of a pipe to regulate flow. When open, the disc is edge-on to the flow and offers limited resistance. When closed, the disc is pressed against a seat in the valve body. 阀瓣在与管道轴线成直角的轴上旋转以调节流量的阀门。当打开时，圆盘与水流边缘并提供有限的阻力。关闭时，阀瓣被压在阀体内的阀座上。 |
| Mechanical metallurgy | 机械冶金 |
The science and technology dealing with the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces. 处理金属在外力作用下的行为的科学技术。 |
| Tensiometer | 张力计 |
An instrument used to measure surface tension. 用来测量表面张力的仪器。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 临界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火处理，包括加热至并保持在上临界温度和下临界温度之间的温度，以获得部分奥氏体化，然后缓慢冷却或保持在低于下临界温度的温度。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 临界温度范围 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 与转换范围同义，这是首选术语。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s²) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s². （自由落体加速度，重力加速度，g）（单位m/s²）自由落体在真空中的加速度，在海平面处的平均值约为9.81m/s²。 |
| Natural aging | 自然时效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反跃式硬度试验 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校准仪器的动态压痕硬度测试，该仪器将金刚石锤从固定高度落在被测材料表面上。锤的回弹高度是材料硬度的一种度量。也称为肖氏硬度测试。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺纹 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 顺时针或向右转动时进入配合部件的螺纹。 |
| Shear | 扭剪 |
The type of force that causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the same body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. 导致或倾向于导致同一物体的两个相邻部分在平行于其接触面的方向上相对滑动的力的类型。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水过滤器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽设备中的过滤器，用于在将冷凝水添加到给水中之前去除冷凝水中的颗粒物。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蚀失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或结构在腐蚀后失效，使承重面积减少到无法支撑的程度。2.由于腐蚀产物阻止关节处的自由运动，导致机构无法运行的情况。 |
| Structural analysis | 结构分析 |
The determination of the forces, displacements, stresses, and strains in a given structure. 确定给定结构中的力、位移、应力和应变。 |
| Assembly line | 流水线 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一种大规模生产系统，其中工作逐渐从一个操作转移到另一个操作，最终得到完整产品。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通过含有磨料颗粒的高速水射流切割岩石等材料。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m³) | 比重（γ）（单位：N/m³） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物质单位体积的重量：W是物质体积的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Screw pump | 螺杆泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一种容积式泵，使用一个或多个在外壳内旋转的螺旋转子输送液体或泥浆。 |
| Pascal (Pa) | 帕斯卡（Pa） |
The SI unit of pressure, 1 Pa = 1 N/m². 压力的国际单位制，1Pa=1N/m²。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2 or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一种使用激光快速加热表面的表面硬化工艺。进入零件内部的热传导将快速冷却表面，留下浅马氏体层。通过移动CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使钢硬化，激光束聚焦至直径几毫米。物体表面的一点迅速加热到奥氏体范围，然后迅速冷却，形成回火马氏体。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接头 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 两个结构通过粘合剂粘合在一起的点或区域。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Zirconia-toughened alumina composites | 氧化锆增韧氧化铝复合材料 |
(ZTA composites) Ceramic composites based on aluminium oxide to which zirconium oxide is added, resulting in improved fracture toughness. （ZTA复合材料）基于氧化铝的陶瓷复合材料，其中添加了氧化锆，从而提高了断裂韧性。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一种相对长而薄的物体，其横截面设计用于在相对于流体运动时产生升力。主要应用于飞机和高性能机动车辆。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英国标准协会（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 负责为制成品及其设计、制造和测试制定和发布标准规范（英国标准）的英国机构。 |
| Torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
A gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a Torque wrench). The output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. There is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一种齿轮箱，用于增加小手动扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）产生的扭矩。倍增器的输出以比输入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驱动螺母或螺栓。倍增器上没有扭矩计或读数。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毁坏荷载（单位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足够的塑性铰链以发生坍塌，结构成为机制的施加载荷。 |
| Rosette | 玫瑰形的结 |
Strain gages arranged to indicate, at a single position, strain in three different directions. 应变计布置成在单个位置指示三个不同方向的应变。 |
| Stress cycle | 应力循环 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重复的应力时间函数的最小段。 |
| Vehicle | 车辆 |
A means of conveyance for transporting goods and people, generally with wheels powered by a petrol, diesel, or steam engine, or by an electric motor, or by a hybrid combination of an electric motor and a diesel or petrol engine. 一种运输货物和人员的交通工具，通常由汽油机、柴油机或蒸汽机、电动机或电动机与柴油机或汽油机的混合动力驱动。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公称直径 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 紧固件的“目录直径”。通常大致等于主体的直径或螺纹的外径。 |
| Compressed liquid | 压缩液体 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于与其温度对应的饱和压力的压力的液体。 |
| Machine | 机器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在执行有用任务时传递能量的机制。一个地方有一台以上的连接或执行单独的功能，称为机器。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔辐射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加热室，近似于黑体辐射的辐射通过该小孔传递出去。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德罗数，NA）一个固定数值为6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常数−摩尔正好包含这个数量的基本实体。对阿伏伽德罗常数值的微小调整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 热电结 |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 两根不同金属线的末端之间的焊接、锡焊或绞合连接，如热电偶。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道尔顿定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道尔顿附加压力定律的扩展，包括以下陈述：气体混合物的内能、焓和熵等于各个成分单独存在时的内能、焓和熵之和。相同的温度和体积。吉布斯定律是与熵有关的定律的一部分。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 径向负荷（单位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| Fitted bolt | 装配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一种螺栓，其头部正下方有一个普通的无螺纹部分。 |
| Roughness | 粗糙度 |
The deviations from the wavy surface itself, caused by geometry of the cutting tool and its wear, machining conditions, microstructure of the workpiece, vibrations in the system, and so on. Surface roughness changes as a surface goes through the wearing-in process, but may then stabilize. 由刀具的几何形状及其磨损、加工条件、工件的微观结构、系统中的振动等引起的与波状表面本身的偏差。表面粗糙度随着表面经过磨合过程而变化，但随后可能会稳定下来。 |
| Minimum stress (Smin) | 最小应力（Smin） |
In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲劳中，循环中代数值最低的应力，拉应力被视为正应力，压应力为负应力。 |
| Vernier | 游标 |
A short auxiliary scale that slides along the main instrument scale to permit more accurate fractional reading of the least main division of the main scale. 一种短辅助刻度，沿主仪表刻度滑动，以便更准确地读取主刻度的最小主刻度。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孪晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重结晶过程中晶体中的孪晶形式。 |
| Heat tinting | 热着色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通过加热氧化使金属表面着色，以揭示微观结构的细节。 |
| Thermocouple | 热电偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一种测量温度的装置，由两种不同的金属或合金组成，一端电连接，另一端与电压测量仪相连。当一个结比另一个结更热时，产生的热电动势大致与热结和冷结之间的温差成比例。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 传动测功机 |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一种测功机，其中轴传递的功率由其转速和扭矩的乘积获得，扭矩由沿轴测得的剪切应变确定。 |
| Verified loading range | 验证加载范围 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 对于试验机，试验机在规定允许偏差范围内给出结果的指示载荷范围。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小负载（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲劳中，循环中施加载荷的最小代数值。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等温退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 将铁合金奥氏体化，然后冷却至奥氏体转变为相对软的铁素体碳化物集合体的温度并保持该温度。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 动态应变时效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金属的一种特点，其中溶质原子具有足够的移动能力，能够向位错移动并与位错相互作用，会导致在特定的高温和应变速率范围内强化。 |
| Archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
A machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. If water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical Archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一种机器，它在紧密的管子内包含一个旋转的螺旋叶片，可用于泵送液体、泥浆（如污水）、颗粒材料等。如果水流入倾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺杆的顶部，螺杆将旋转，可用于驱动发电机。 |
| Radial wave equation | 径向波动方程 |
A differential equation describing the transmission of a wave in a system with radial symmetry. 描述波在径向对称系统中传输的微分方程。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范围（单位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或组件的成品形状所需的特征的直径、长度、宽度等的指定值。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作为距固定参考点（通常距表面）的距离的函数。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨铸铁 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一种铸铁，在熔融时用镁或铈等元素进行处理，以诱导游离石墨形成为球粒或球晶，从而赋予铸造金属可测量的延展性。又称球墨铸铁、球晶石墨铸铁和SG铸铁。 |
| V-belt | 三角带 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一种具有梯形横截面的传动带，在带V形槽的皮带轮中运行。与平皮带相比，可以传递更高的扭矩。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸试验（拉力试验） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一种试验，在这种试验中，精密加工的拉伸试样（拉伸试件）的横截面通常为圆形或矩形，具有在试验机中夹紧的大端部，受到越来越大的拉伸载荷，通常达到断裂点，以产生应力-应变曲线，从中可以看出弹性模量、比例极限等材料特性，可以确定验证应力、屈服点和极限拉伸应力。相关标准为ISO 6892-1。 |
| Stress distribution | 应力分布 |
The manner in which tensile, compressive, and shear stresses are distributed within a loaded body, indicated by loci of constant stress. 拉应力、压应力和剪应力在受载物体内的分布方式，由恒定应力轨迹表示。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| Push rod | 推杆 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在顶置气门活塞发动机中，通过气门摇臂打开和关闭气门的杆。连杆由曲轴箱中的凸轮轴驱动。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉胀材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比为负的人造材料，其横截面在受到纵向拉应力时会膨胀，在受到纵向压应力时会收缩。 |
| Angle of thread | 螺纹角度 |
The included angle between the sides forming the groove of the screw thread. 形成螺纹凹槽的边之间的夹角。 |
| Length of engagement | 啮合长度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺纹和内螺纹具有理论接触的轴向测量。 |
| Crack length (depth) (a) | 裂纹长度（深度）（a） |
In fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity factor. For the compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load application. For the center-cracked-tension specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. 在疲劳和应力腐蚀裂纹中，用于确定裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子的物理裂纹尺寸。对于紧凑型试样，裂纹长度从连接载荷施加点的线开始测量。对于中心裂纹拉伸试样，从中心裂纹的垂直平分线测量裂纹长度。 |
| Threading machine | 螺纹机 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割杆、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺纹或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的内螺纹的机器。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松动 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| Air cleaner | 空气净化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一种设备，例如过滤器、水力旋流器或静电除尘器，用于从气流中去除颗粒和气溶胶。 |
| Compression pressure (Unit Pa) | 压缩压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure produced in a cylinder of a piston engine by compression of air in the absence of fuel. 在没有燃料的情况下通过压缩空气在活塞发动机的气缸中产生的压力。 |
| Allowable stress | 许用应力 |
The maximum stress a designer can assume that the parts will stand. It is always less than the minimum strength of the material. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code typically specifies an allowable stress that is one-quarter of the service temperature yield strength of the material. This introduces a four-to-one safety factor into the design process and is intended to compensate for uncertainties in estimates of strength, service loads, etc. 设计师可以假设零件能够承受的最大应力。它总是小于材料的最小强度。例如，ASME锅炉和压力容器规范通常指定允许应力为材料使用温度屈服强度的四分之一。这在设计过程中引入了四比一的安全系数，旨在补偿强度、服务载荷等估计的不确定性。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨损疲劳 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因与另一个物体摩擦而损坏的表面引起的疲劳损坏。 |
| Verification | 检验 |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 检查或测试仪器以确保符合规范。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷载（单位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋转力施加在物体上的载荷分量，如齿轮，倾向于引起或阻止旋转。 |
| Auxiliary power unit (APU) | 辅助动力装置（APU） |
In aircraft–gas–turbine applications, a small gas turbine used to provide start-up power, electrical and hydraulic power, and compressed air for cabin ventilation. In other applications, an APU may be a gas turbine or internal-combustion engine used to provide emergency power. 在飞机-燃气轮机应用中，小型燃气轮机用于提供启动动力、电力和液压动力以及用于机舱通风的压缩空气。在其他应用中，APU可以是用于提供应急动力的燃气轮机或内燃机。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（单位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身体或结构的末端之间测量的尺寸，如机翼尖端或桥梁支架之间。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Yield stress | 屈服应力 |
The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as structural steels, at which large strains take place without further increase in stress. 高韧性材料（如结构钢）的应力水平，在该应力水平下发生大应变而不会进一步增加。 |
| Modulus of resilience | 回弹系数 |
The amount of energy stored in a material when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. 当加载到其弹性极限时，材料中储存的能量量。通过测量应力-应变曲线下直至弹性极限的面积来确定。 |
| Torsional angle (ϕ) | 扭转角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （单位为°或rad）受扭矩作用的直杆上两个位置之间的角偏转。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白渗氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮气的情况下模拟氮化操作。这通常通过使用惰性材料代替氮化剂或通过在铁合金上施加合适的保护涂层来实现。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金钢 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有铬、镍、钼、锰、硅、钨和钒等合金元素的钢。添加这些是为了提高与普通碳钢相比的淬透性、韧性、强度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等性能。低合金钢的总合金含量（包括碳）小于约8%。它们是可硬化的，强度比普通碳钢高出30%。高合金钢含有相当多的合金含量，并针对特定性能而开发，例如卓越的耐腐蚀性和耐化学性。 |
| Tightness, acceptable | 密封性，可接受的 |
Wholly leak-free joints are impossible, at least if the contained fluid is a gas, so it has been proposed that the design of a gasketed joint should start with the selection of an ‘‘acceptable’’ leak rate. The designer would dimension bolts and joint members so that the actual leak rate would never exceed this. Three standard levels of tightness have been proposed as well. 至少在所含流体为气体的情况下，完全无泄漏的接头是不可能的，因此有人建议，垫圈接头的设计应从选择“可接受”的泄漏率开始。设计师将确定螺栓和接头构件的尺寸，以便实际泄漏率永远不会超过此值。还提出了三种标准的密封性等级。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亚共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Water column | 水柱 |
Water in a tube, which may be vertical or inclined. If the tube is open to the atmosphere, the vertical height h from a datum level to the water surface is a measure of the water static pressure p at the datum level given by p − B = ρgh where B is the barometric pressure, ρ denotes the water density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 管道中的水，可以是垂直的或倾斜的。如果管道向大气开放，则从基准面到水面的垂直高度h是基准面处水静压p的量度，由p给出−B=ρgh，其中B是大气压力，ρ表示水密度，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Mechanical properties of solid materials | 固体材料的力学性能 |
The strength and stiffness properties of solid materials such as fracture toughness, the moduli of elasticity, percent elongation, 固体材料的强度和刚度特性，例如断裂韧性、弹性模量、伸长率、 |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程应力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一个术语，有时用于常规应力，以区别于真实应力。在拉伸试验中，通过将施加在试样上的断裂载荷除以试样的原始横截面积来计算。 |
| Erosion | 侵蚀 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固体表面与流体、多组分流体或撞击液体或固体颗粒之间的机械相互作用，原始材料从固体表面逐渐损失。 |
| Strength of materials | 材料强度 |
A confusing name for what is really stress analysis, reflecting older engineering design based upon elasticity and ‘theories of strength’ for different materials, without regard to cracks. 对于真正的应力分析，这是一个具有迷惑性的名称，反映了基于弹性和不同材料的“强度理论”的旧工程设计，而不考虑断裂。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕销 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 从曲柄上伸出的一个螺柱，作为连接杆的附件。锻造合金最初铸造，然后通过挤压、锻造或轧制等工艺成形为最终形状的金属合金。 |
| Critical temperature | 临界温度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果压力恒定，则与临界点同义。（2） 高于该温度时，气相不能通过压力升高而冷凝为液体。 |
| Computer control | 电脑控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通过预编程计算机或反馈控制对工程设备或系统进行控制。 |
| Thermal shock | 热冲击 |
The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a structure. 在结构内形成陡峭的温度梯度和伴随的高应力。 |
| Cylinder head | 气缸盖 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式发动机缸体上方的机械铸件，通常由铝合金或铸铁制成，用于封闭气缸。它通常包括燃烧室的一部分以及阀门和火花塞的孔。 |
| Belt furnace | 带式炉 |
A continuous-type furnace which uses a mesh-type or cast-link belt to carry parts through the furnace. 一种连续式炉，它使用网状或铸造链带将零件运送通过炉子。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Vertical engine | 立式发动机 |
A piston engine having the cylinders above the crankshaft. 气缸位于曲轴上方的活塞发动机。 |
| Conduit | 导管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金属、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物体，与其横向尺寸相比相对较长，并且有流体流过。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Pressure tap | 测压口 |
A small hole in the wall of a pipe or pressure vessel to which is attached a tube, the other end of which is connected to one side of a pressure transducer. 管子或压力容器壁上的小孔，与管子相连，管子的另一端与压力传感器的一侧相连。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止动垫圈（锁紧垫圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一种垫圈，具有一个或多个突出凸耳，可弯曲以防止螺母或螺栓头松动。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通过固溶热处理然后快速淬火对奥氏体铁合金进行退火。 |
| Turning | 车削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 车削是一种机械加工过程，通常在车床上，通过刀具对旋转工件的作用产生旋转外表面。在车床中，工件靠着刀具旋转，以生产具有圆形横截面的部件。 |
| Endurance | 耐力 |
The capacity of a material to withstand repeated application of stress. 材料承受反复施加应力的能力。 |
| Form of thread | 螺纹形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一个螺距长度的螺纹在轴向平面中的轮廓。 |
| Vapour | 蒸气 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 温度低于临界点的物质的类气相。蒸汽可以通过增加压力或降低温度冷凝成液体或固体。 |
| Dowel | 销钉 |
A headless cylindrical pin that fits into corresponding holes in mating components, thus ensuring relative location. A round metal or wooden pin. A pin, usually of circular shape like a cylinder, used to pin or fasten something in position temporarily or permanently. 一种圆头金属或木制圆柱销，可插入配合组件的相应孔中，从而确保相对位置，用于暂时或永久地将某物固定或固定到位。 |
| Raised-face flange | 凸面法兰 |
A flange which contacts its mating joint member only in the region in which the gasket is located. The flanges do not contact each other at the bolt circle. 仅在垫圈所在区域接触其配合接头构件的法兰。法兰在螺栓圆处不相互接触。 |
| Widmanstätten structure | 魏氏组织 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一种结构，其特征是沿母体固溶体的某些晶体学平面形成新相而形成的几何图案。新相中晶格的取向在晶体学上与母相中晶格的定向相关。通过适当的热处理，在许多合金中容易产生这种结构。 |
| Sample variance (s²) | 样本方差（s²） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每个观测值与样本平均值之差的平方和除以样本大小减1。它是总体方差的点估计。 |
| Alternating stress | 交替应力 |
(Unit Pa) Originally, stresses of changing sign (tension-tocompression-to-tension, etc.) in a component produced by alternating forces acting in opposite directions, but now generally used to describe stresses that vary but may keep the same sign, as produced by periodic, out-of–balance, or vibrational loads. （单位Pa）最初，构件中由相反方向的交变力产生的符号变化的应力（张力到压缩到张力等），但现在通常用于描述变化但可能保持相同符号的应力，如由周期性、失衡或振动载荷产生的应力。 |
| Single-shear test | 单剪试验 |
(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一种剪切试验，类似于用于圆棒试样的双剪切试验，但仅使用一个固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板试样的剪切试验。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳势 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的环境在规定条件下改变或保持钢的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定环境中，所达到的碳含量将取决于温度、时间和钢成分等因素。 |
| Crack | 裂缝 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或结构中的细裂缝状缺陷，材料连续性丧失并降低了身体的强度。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 压力容器（如锅炉）设计用于在正常条件下运行的压力。 |
| Valve | 阀门 |
Any of various manual or automatic devices that are able to initiate, regulate, or stop the flow of a fluid through a conduit or from a closed container. 任何一种手动或自动装置，能够启动、调节或停止通过导管或封闭容器的流体流动。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 热电动势 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 当一个结处于不同于另一个结的温度时，在含有两种不同金属的电路中产生的电动势。 |
| Anisotropy | 各向异性 |
The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. 相对于材料中的固定参考系统，在不同方向上表现出不同属性值的特性。 |
| Taper key | 楔键 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 边平行但横截面沿其长度逐渐变细的键。 |
| Composite property | 复合属性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在热力学中，根据封闭系统及其周围环境的性质定义的性质，例如非流动火用函数。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 两个连杆连接在一起形成运动副，其中接触面为螺纹，因此它们的相对运动包括旋转和滑动。 |
| Vibrometer | 测振仪 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一种用于测量振动表面运动的装置，通常使用非接触激光技术。 |
| Guided-bend test | 导向弯曲试验 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用冲头（心轴）和底块将试样弯曲成一定形状的试验。 |
| Volume flow rate | 体积流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m³/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （体积流量）（单位m³/s）单位时间内流经表面或管道或其他管道的材料体积，通常为流体或粉末。 |
| Valve spring | 气门弹簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在阀门打开后将其恢复到关闭位置的弹簧，也用于防止阀门反弹。 |
| Sigma phase | σ相 |
A hard, brittle, nonmagnetic intermediate phase with a tetragonal crystal structure, containing 30 atoms per unit cell, space group P42/mnm, occurring in many binary and ternary alloys of the transition elements. The composition of this phase in the various systems is not the same, and the phase usually exhibits a wide range in homogeneity. Alloying with a third transition element usually enlarges the field of homogeneity and extends it deep into the ternary section. 一种硬、脆、非磁性中间相，具有四方晶体结构，每单位晶胞含有30个原子，空间群P42/mnm，存在于许多过渡元素的二元和三元合金中。该相在各种系统中的组成不尽相同，并且该相通常表现出宽范围的均匀性。与第三过渡元素的合金化通常会扩大均匀性范围，并将其延伸到三元区。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡胶硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 测量负载下压痕深度的橡胶类材料的压痕硬度。这是对弹性模量的测量，而不是对韧性材料的屈服应力，因为卸载橡胶材料时几乎没有（如果有的话）永久压痕。 |
| Spinner | 旋转器 |
A co-axial streamlined fairing enclosing the hub of a propeller and rotating with it. 一种同轴流线型整流罩，包围螺旋桨毂并随其旋转。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一种淬火工艺，将奥氏体化铁质工件淬火到适当的介质中，该介质的温度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在该介质中直到其温度在整个过程中均匀，但不足以形成贝氏体，然后在空气中冷却。处理后经常进行回火。（2） 当该工艺应用于渗碳材料时，控制Ms温度与实际情况相同。这个过程的变化经常被称为淬火。 |
| Depth gauge | 深度计 |
1. A precision instrument, typically consisting of a machine-divided steel rule passing through a hardened-steel cross head, used to measure the depths of slots, holes, shoulders, projections, etc. 2. A device used by divers to indicate the water depth. 1. 一种精密仪器，通常由穿过硬化钢十字头的机器分割钢尺组成，用于测量槽、孔、肩部、突起等的深度。 2. 潜水员用来指示深度的装置水深。 |
| Stress relaxation | 应力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定挠曲条件下，零件（如螺栓）内的应力水平缓慢降低，该零件承受重荷载。蠕变的“表亲”，是在恒定应力条件下几何结构的缓慢变化。在恒定温度下，由于蠕变，固体在恒定应变下的应力随时间变化的减小。金属的应力松弛行为通常显示在应力松弛曲线中。 |
| Transverse direction | 横向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 从字面上看，“横穿”方向，通常表示与工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在轧制钢板或薄板中，横跨宽度的方向通常称为长横向，穿过厚度的方向称为短横向。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 两端都有螺纹的杆。无头螺纹紧固件，两端有螺纹，中间部分有无螺纹主体，或从一端到另一端有螺纹。与两个螺母或一个螺母和一个螺纹孔一起使用。一种普通的圆柱形部件，其两端具有适当长度的螺纹部分，或在整个长度上具有连续螺纹。一端拧入机器或工件，然后将第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 临界负荷（单位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.导致已知长度的现有裂纹扩展并因此导致部件或结构断裂的施加荷载。2.导致具有给定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷载。 |
| Anode | 阳极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 电池或腐蚀电池中产生电子的电极。被破坏（腐蚀）的是电极。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 维氏硬度测试 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金刚石棱锥压头（维氏硬度计）和可变载荷的压痕硬度测试，能够对从极软铅到碳化钨的所有硬度范围使用一个硬度标度。也称为钻石金字塔硬度测试。 |
| Spring materials | 弹簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金属，包括普通碳钢和耐腐蚀钢、磷青铜、弹簧黄铜、铍铜和镍合金，所有这些金属在其加工硬化状态下都允许大的可逆弹性应变而不会产生永久变形。 |
| Impact strength | 冲击强度 |
The resiliency or toughness of a solid as measured by impact energy. 用冲击能量测量的固体的弹性或韧性。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸计 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一种用于测量在给定标距上由施加或移除力引起的长度变化，在零件加载时测量零件长度变化的仪器。常用于金属试样的拉力试验。 |
| Spring temper | 弹簧回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非铁合金和一些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度和硬度约为全硬回火到超弹性回火的三分之二。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺纹 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺纹加工是一种通过使用实心或自开模具在圆柱形或锥形表面上切削外螺纹的加工工艺。模具螺纹加工是一种比滚丝加工更慢的外螺纹加工方法，但它比车床中的单点螺纹加工要快。 |
| Shear lip | 剪切唇 |
A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface. The term sometimes also denotes a narrow, often crescent-shaped, fibrous region at the edge of a fracture that is otherwise of the cleavage type, even though this fibrous region is in the same plane as the rest of the fracture surface. 沿断裂面边缘的狭窄倾斜脊。该术语有时还表示断裂边缘处的狭窄、通常为新月形的纤维区域，否则为解理型，即使该纤维区域与断裂表面的其余部分位于同一平面内。 |
| Elasticity | 弹性 |
The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一种材料的特性，通过这种特性，由应力引起的变形在去除应力后消失。完全弹性体在应力释放后完全恢复其原始形状和尺寸。 |
| Graham’s laws | 格雷厄姆定律 |
The laws stating that the rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are inversely proportional to the square root of its density. 规定气体的扩散和渗出速率与其密度的平方根成反比的定律。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 铁素体脱碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脱碳，碳损失充分，导致回火马氏体颜色较浅，硬度明显低于相邻母材，金相检查时存在铁素体晶粒或晶界网络。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 锐缺口强度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半径非常小（接近加工能力极限）的试样测量的缺口抗拉强度；锐缺口强度值通常取决于缺口根部半径。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 热效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 对于热机或热力循环，净功输出与系统净热输入的比率。 |
| Standard gauge | 标准量规 |
A highly-accurate reference gauge against which to check working gauges. 一种高精度的基准量规，用于检查工作量规。 |
| Maximum load (Pmax) | 最大负载（Pmax） |
(1) The load having the highest algebraic value in the load cycle. Tensile loads are considered positive and compressive loads negative. (2)Used to determine the strength of a structural member; the load that can be borne before failure is apparent. （1）负载循环中具有最高代数值的负载。拉伸荷载视为正荷载，压缩荷载视为负荷载。（2）用于确定结构构件的强度；失效前可承受的载荷是明显的。 |
| Uniform strain | 均匀应变 |
The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test. 在应变局部化（颈缩）开始之前发生的应变；拉伸试验中最大载荷的应变。 |
| Two-stroke engine | 二冲程发动机 |
(two-cycle engine) A petrol or diesel engine in which an air/fuel charge is introduced through an induction port, compressed and burned, expanded and then exhausted through an exhaust port. The two ports in the cylinder wall are opened and closed by the piston. There are two strokes in each revolution of the crankshaft. In total-loss lubrication petrol engines, the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. （双循环发动机）一种汽油或柴油发动机，其中空气/燃料通过进气口引入，压缩和燃烧，膨胀，然后通过排气口排出。气缸壁上的两个口由活塞打开和关闭。曲轴每转一圈有两个冲程。在全失润滑汽油发动机中，润滑油与燃油混合。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例极限内，材料的延伸与所施加的力成比例。近似地说，它是弹性材料拉伸时应力和应变之间的关系。该定律指出，应力（单位面积的力）与应变（尺寸变化）成比例。该定律仅适用于有限的范围，由罗伯特·胡克于1676年发现。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 冲击强度1.（单位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高应变率条件下导致失效（通过屈服或断裂）的应力。2.（单位J）有时用于描述在夏比或悬臂梁式冲击试验中使样品断裂所需的能量，即使单位不是强度单位。 |
| Waste heat | 废热 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.内燃机、燃气轮机、发电机、电气设备和工业过程产生的热量，这些热量不是直接使用的，而是通过热烟气或废气排放到环境中。2.废物产生的热量 |
| Radiator | 散热器 |
A heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another for heating or cooling purposes. Despite the name, the principal mode of heat transfer is convection rather than radiation. In motor vehicles, water circulated through the engine block is cooled as it flows through the tubes of an air-cooled heat exchanger. In domestic radiators, hot water from a boiler is circulated through a heat exchanger with a large surface area which transfers heat to the surrounding air. 一种热交换器，用于将热能从一种流体传递到另一种流体，用于加热或冷却。尽管有这个名字，但热传递的主要方式是对流而不是辐射。在机动车辆中，通过发动机缸体循环的水在流经风冷热交换器的管道时被冷却。在家用散热器中，来自锅炉的热水通过具有大表面积的热交换器循环，该热交换器将热量传递给周围的空气。 |
| Punch | 冲床 |
1. A hand tool with a sharp point, used to mark the position of a hole centre in a workpiece prior to drilling. 2. A flat-ended tool with sharp edges, used to shear out a hole in a plate that is supported underneath on a die having a slightly larger same-shaped orifice. 1.一种带有尖头的手动工具，用于在钻孔前标记工件中孔中心的位置。2.一种具有锐边的平头工具，用于剪切板上的孔，该板支撑在具有稍大相同形状孔口的模具下方。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| Pitting | 点蚀 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦学中的一种磨损，其特征是存在由疲劳、局部粘附、磨损、腐蚀或空穴等过程形成的小而尖锐的表面空穴。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 机械能（单位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物体或机械系统的动能和势能之和，包括储存在弹簧等中的能量。 |
| Socket head | 凹头 |
Screw head having a hexagonal or other form of recessed socket in the head so that the screw can be turned with a wrench or key, as a hexagon key. 螺钉头上有六角或其他形式的凹座，可以用扳手或钥匙（如六角钥匙）转动螺钉。 |
| Scale height (Unit m) | 刻度高度（单位：m） |
The altitude H at which the atmospheric pressure has decreased to a certain fraction of its value at sea level B. It depends on the model adopted for the atmosphere: for an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure decreases exponentially with altitude. If H is taken as the altitude at which the pressure has fallen to B/e, then H = RT/g where R is the gas constant for air, T is the absolute temperature T, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 大气压力降低到其在海平面B处数值的某一部分的高度H。它取决于大气采用的模型：对于等温大气，压力随高度呈指数下降。如果取H作为压力下降到B/e的高度，则H=RT/g，其中R是空气的气体常数，T是绝对温度T，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| V-block | V型块 |
A block having a 90° V-shaped recess; used in a workshop to hold round workpieces. 具有90°V形凹槽的块体；在车间里用来装圆形工件。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 应力松弛曲线 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 应力松弛试验中剩余应力或松弛应力随时间变化的曲线图。松弛应力等于初始应力减去剩余应力。也称为应力-时间曲线。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒变大。 |
| Materials science | 材料科学 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金属、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、复合材料、生物材料和半导体等固体物质的特性、行为和应用，涵盖从原子到宏观的所有范围。起源于冶金学。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| Expansion bolt | 膨胀螺栓 |
When a through bolt cannot be used for attaching a pipe hanger, bracket, or other part, to a wall or ceiling of brick or concrete, what are known as expansion bolts are often used. The body of an expansion bolt is divided and the arrangement is such that, when the head of the bolt is turned, the sections forming the body of the bolt are forced outward and against the wall of the hole which has been drilled into the brick, concrete, or stone, as the case may be. Bolts of this type are made in quite a variety of designs. The nominal size represents the diameter of the bolt proper and not the diameter of the casing or expansion member. 当不能使用贯穿螺栓将管道吊架、支架或其他部件连接到砖块或混凝土的墙壁或天花板时，通常使用所谓的膨胀螺栓。膨胀螺栓的主体是分开的，其布置方式是，当螺栓头转动时，形成螺栓主体的部分被强制向外并靠在已钻入砖、混凝土或石头中的孔壁上，视情况而定。这种类型的螺栓有多种设计。标称尺寸代表螺栓本身的直径，而不是套管或膨胀构件的直径。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 万向节（胡克接头） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一种双枢轴连接，允许动力和扭矩以一定角度在两个轴之间传递。对于输入磁轭的恒定驱动角速度，输出磁轭的角速度根据轴的相交角度波动。当插入中间轴时，驱动轴和从动轴的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接头），中间轴的两端都有万向节。主动轴和从动轴必须与中间轴倾斜相等，中间轴的两个叉必须位于同一平面内。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在气缸中往复运动的一种容积泵。在吸入冲程，流体通过入口阀吸入腔室，然后在出口阀关闭时打开。在输送冲程中，流体通过出口阀被迫流出腔室，然后出口阀打开，同时入口阀关闭。轴向和径向配置都很常见。 |
| Magnetic materials | 磁性材料 |
Materials in which the magnetic moment of adjacent atoms can adopt either parallel or antiparallel alignment. Ferromagnetism occurs when the magnetic moments adopt parallel alignment. When adjacent magnetic moments cancel due to antiparallel alignment, the material exhibits antiferromagnetism and has no overall magnetic moment. Examples of the latter include ferrous oxide and manganese oxide. The phenomenon of ferrimagnetism occurs when adjacent magnetic moments adopt antiparallel alignment but have unequal magnitude. The region of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material in which the magnetic moments are aligned is known as a magnetic domain and adjacent regions are separated by domain walls. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit weak forms of magnetism that results from independent (uncoupled) alignment of magnetic atomic dipoles induced by an applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials can acquire high degrees of magnetization in relatively weak magnetic fields. They have different hysteresis characteristics and are classified as either hard magnets or soft magnets. Hard magnets retain large magnetization in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are used as permanent magnets. Conventional materials include magnet steels alloyed with tungsten or cobalt. Rare-earth magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements produce significantly stronger magnetic fields. The most common of these are samarium-cobalt and neodymiumiron-boron permanent magnets. Their strength allows them to be small and used in numerous applications, including cordless tools, disk drives, headphones, toys, and motors for automotive components such as wipers, fans, washers, and windows. Soft magnets may be magnetized and demagnetized relatively easily. When subjected to an alternating magnetic field the energy loss due to hysteresis is small. Common materials include iron-silicon alloys (known as electrical steels), nickel-iron alloys (permalloy), soft ferrites, and amorphous nanocrystalline alloys, the last of which can be produced in the form of tape by meltspinning. Soft magnets are used to enhance the magnetic flux produced by an electric current. 相邻原子的磁矩可以采用平行或反平行排列的材料。当磁矩采用平行排列时，会产生铁磁性。当相邻磁矩因反平行排列而抵消时，材料表现出反铁磁性，没有总磁矩。后者的实例包括氧化亚铁和氧化锰。当相邻磁矩采用反平行排列但大小不等时，就会出现铁磁现象。磁矩对齐的铁磁或铁磁材料区域称为磁畴，相邻区域由磁畴壁分隔。抗磁和顺磁材料表现出弱磁性形式，这是由外加磁场诱导的磁原子偶极子的独立（非耦合）排列引起的。铁磁性和铁磁性材料可以在相对弱的磁场中获得高磁化度。它们具有不同的磁滞特性，分为硬磁铁和软磁铁。硬磁铁在没有外加磁场的情况下保持较大的磁化强度，用作永磁体。常规材料包括与钨或钴合金化的磁钢。由稀土元素合金制成的稀土磁体产生明显更强的磁场。其中最常见的是钐钴和钕硼永磁体。它们的强度使其体积小，可用于多种应用，包括无绳工具、磁盘驱动器、耳机、玩具和汽车部件（如雨刷、风扇、洗衣机和车窗）的电机。软磁体可以相对容易地磁化和退磁。当受到交变磁场时，由于磁滞引起的能量损失很小。常见材料包括铁硅合金（称为电工钢）、镍铁合金（坡莫合金）、软铁氧体和非晶纳米晶合金，最后一种可以通过熔钉以胶带的形式生产。软磁铁用于增强电流产生的磁通量。 |
| Coining | 压印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一种锻造操作，采用紧密配合的凸模和模具，不允许金属逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面图案印在坯料上。 |
| Bolt | 螺栓 |
(machine bolt) A fastener in the form of an externally-threaded cylinder with a head on one end that is inserted through holes in assembled parts that are then held together by a nut tightened on to the thread. A bolt has an unthreaded region below the head so that when located in a hole, transverse loads are borne by two plain cylindrical surfaces in contact. In contrast, use of a machine screw, that has threads all along its length, results in threads bearing against the plain surface of a hole. Officially, a threaded fastener designed to be used with a nut. （机械螺栓）外螺纹圆柱状紧固件：一端有头的紧固件，通过装配零件上的孔插入，然后通过拧紧到螺纹上的螺母固定在一起。螺栓头部下方有一个无螺纹区域，因此当位于孔中时，横向载荷由两个接触的平面圆柱面承担。相反，使用沿其长度具有螺纹的机器螺钉，会导致螺纹支撑在孔的平面上。正式情况下，螺纹紧固件设计用于与螺母一起使用。 |
| Gear pump | 齿轮泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in which fluid is pumped by meshing gears, one driven and the other an idler gear, on parallel axes within a closed casing. 一种容积式泵，其中流体由啮合齿轮泵送，在封闭外壳内的平行轴上一个驱动，另一个为空套齿轮。 |
| Double-shear test | 双剪试验 |
A shear test having two stationary, shear blades and one moving one and that uses solid round bars as test specimens. 一种剪切试验，具有两个固定的剪切刀片和一个移动的刀片，并使用实心圆棒作为试样。 |
| Impact energy (Unit J) | 冲击能量（单位J） |
The amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod test or Charpy test.The type of specimen and test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified. 1. The sum of the kinetic energies of all the bodies involved at the instant of collision of two or more moving bodies. 2. The energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test. 使材料断裂所需的能量，通常通过悬臂梁式试验或夏比试验测量。试样类型和试验条件会影响数值，因此应加以说明。1.两个或多个运动物体碰撞瞬间所有物体的动能之和。2.夏比或悬臂冲击试验中断裂试样所需的能量。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 临界冷却速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的转变所需的连续冷却速率。对于钢，它是奥氏体必须持续冷却以抑制Ms温度以上的转变的最小速率。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Nominal power (Unit kW) | 公称功率（单位kW） |
1. For an internal combustion engine, the average power output of a typical production engine under normal working conditions measured according to SAE standard J 1349/ISO 1585. 2. For an electric motor, the rated equivalent mechanical power output. 1.对于内燃机，根据SAE标准J 1349/ISO 1585测量的正常工作条件下典型生产发动机的平均功率输出。2.对于电动机，额定等效机械功率输出。 |
| Dynamic load (Unit N) | 动态负载（单位N） |
1. Loading of a component or structure by a moving object whose point of application changes with time, e.g. the live load of a train passing over a bridge. 2. A load applied to a particular part of a component or structure in a short time interval. 1. 应用点随时间变化的移动物体对部件或结构的加载，例如通过桥梁的火车的活荷载。2. 在短时间内施加到部件或结构的特定部分的载荷。 |
| Austenite finish temperature (Af) | 奥氏体完成温度（Af） |
Temperature at which the transformation of martensite into austenite completes upon heating. The same designation is also applied to nonferrous alloys in which martensite transforms into some parent phase. 加热时马氏体转变为奥氏体的温度。相同的名称也适用于马氏体转变为某些母相的有色合金。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 将有机物质转化为元素碳。 |
| Scuffing | 擦伤 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| Artificial aging | 人工时效 |
Aging above room temperature. 在室温以上的时效。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量规 |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于测量螺栓应力或应变的超声波仪器。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Oil-cooled | 油冷却 |
A term for a machine that uses circulating oil to remove heat. 使用循环油散热的机器的术语。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 临界裂纹长度（单位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物体上的给定应力将导致裂纹扩展和断裂的裂纹长度。 |
| Pressure difference (Unit Pa) | 压差（单位Pa） |
(pressure differential, Δp) The difference between two pressures, one of which may be a reference pressure such as barometric pressure. In many flow processes, the pressure difference is more important than the absolute pressure level. （压差，Δp）两个压力之间的差值，其中一个压力可以是参考压力，如大气压力。在许多流动过程中，压差比绝对压力水平更重要。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 弹簧载荷（单位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通过弯曲、压缩、延伸或扭转连接的弹簧而施加在部件上的载荷。如果部件上的任何约束被移除，则可以释放弹簧中存储的机械能。 |
| Semi-rotary pump | 半回转泵 |
A form of self-priming pump, often hand-operated, suitable for pumping water and light oils such as diesel oil and petrol. As shown in the diagram, liquid is sucked into one side of the pump through flap valves and simultaneously ejected from the other side on one stroke. The sequence is reversed on each successive stroke. 一种自吸泵，通常是手动的，适用于泵送水和轻油，如柴油和汽油。液体通过翻板阀吸入泵的一侧，同时在一个冲程中从另一侧排出。在每个连续冲程上，顺序颠倒。 |
| Pitch-circle diameter (Unit m) | 节圆直径（单位：m） |
The diameter of the circle (the pitch circle) centred on a component’s axis, around which holes or bolts are equally spaced. 以部件轴为中心的圆（节圆）的直径，孔或螺栓围绕其等距分布。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 离心力（单位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 惯性反作用力对向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Structural engineering | 结构工程 |
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design of buildings, dams, bridges, and other large structures. 土木工程的一个分支，涉及建筑物、水坝、桥梁和其他大型结构的设计。 |
| Tension, bolt | 螺栓张力 |
Tension (tensile stress) created in the bolt by assembly preloads and=or such things as thermal expansion, service loads, etc. 由组件预载和=或热膨胀、工作载荷等因素在螺栓中产生的张力（拉伸应力）。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺纹磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一种使用异形砂轮生产或精加工非常精密螺纹的方法。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲劳裂纹扩展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲劳荷载引起的裂纹扩展速率，以每次荷载施加循环的裂纹扩展表示。 |
| Vibration isolation | 隔振 |
The prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to another part of the same system, such as a building or other structure. Isolation may be achieved using dampers (vibration damping) or by active feedback-control methods. Mechanical vibration is often attenuated by means of components immersed in oil such as in dashpots (viscous damping). Vibration suppression can be achieved (a) using dampers and absorbers tuned to a particular frequency to suppress vibratory forces in structures and other systems (passive suppression) or (b) by the measurement of vibration at key locations in a structure and the application of cancellation forces (active suppression). 防止振动从系统的一个部件传递到同一系统的另一部分，如建筑物或其他结构。可以使用阻尼器（减振）或主动反馈控制方法实现隔离。机械振动通常通过浸入油中的部件来衰减，例如缓冲罐（粘性阻尼）。可以通过（a）使用调谐到特定频率的阻尼器和吸收器来抑制结构和其他系统中的振动力（被动抑制），或（b）通过测量结构中关键位置的振动并施加抵消力（主动抑制），实现振动抑制。 |
| External load | 外部负载 |
Forces exerted on fastener and=or joint members by such external factors as weight, wind, inertia, vibration, temperature expansion, pressure, etc. Does not equal the Working load in the fastener. 由重量、风、惯性、振动、温度膨胀、压力等外部因素施加在紧固件和/或接头构件上的力。不等于紧固件中的工作负载。 |
| Imperial system | 英制单位体系 |
The units of measurement developed in the UK. Formerly known as the fps system, which is an abbreviation for the ‘foot-pound-second system of units. 英国开发的计量单位。以前称为fps系统，是“英尺-磅-秒（foot-pound-second）单位制”的缩写。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 过共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Rated power (Unit kW or hp) | 额定功率（单位：千瓦或马力） |
(rated capacity, rated horsepower) The maximum power output that can be sustained continuously for any power-producing machine or system, such as an engine or a power plant. （额定容量、额定马力）任何发电机器或系统（如发动机或发电厂）可连续维持的最大功率输出。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 适用于冷加工低碳钢或中碳钢的亚临界退火处理。与最终退火相比，精加工退火是一种折衷处理，可降低残余应力，从而最大限度地降低加工中的变形风险，同时保留冷加工对可加工性的大部分好处。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性发生之前或（b）断裂之前能够承受的最大剪切应力。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大应力强度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲劳循环中应力强度因子的最大值。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全损耗润滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 内燃机润滑油与燃料一起燃烧的系统。 |
| Creep | 蠕变 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物体在重载荷下缓慢的塑性变形，随时间变化的可塑性，材料在恒定载荷或应力下随时间变化的永久变形。应变随时间以随温度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕变可能导致大应变和最终失效，从而限制部件在高温下承受载荷的寿命。当同源温度超过约0.4℃时，金属蠕变变得显著，例如钨为1200℃，钛为504℃，铁为450℃，铝为100℃。 |
| Absorption dynamometer | 吸收式测功机 |
A dynamometer in which input work or power is dissipated by mechanical friction, electrical resistance, hydraulic resistance, etc. 通过机械摩擦、电阻、液压阻力等耗散输入功或功率的测功机。 |
| Materials selection | 材料选择 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒啮合齿轮箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一种齿轮箱，其中提供不同速比的齿轮对始终啮合，通过将相关齿轮连接或断开驱动轴获得不同的速比。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷处理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后进行的处理，以将残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，包括冷却和保持在低于环境温度的温度。 |
| Abelian group | 阿贝尔群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 与二元运算相关的一组元素的属性。在阿贝尔群中，群元素在二元运算下交换。如果a和b是任意两个群元素并且（+）符号表示二元运算 |
| Proof stress | 弹性极限应力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起规定的小永久变形的应力。（2）施加在构件或结构上的规定应力，以表明其承受工作荷载的能力。 |
| Helical spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spring manufactured by forming elastic wire into a helix which may be cylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped, or hourglass in overall form. Closed-coiled springs are used in tension; open-coiled in both tension and compression. 一种弹簧，通过将弹性线材制成螺旋形而制成，螺旋形的整体形状可以是圆柱形、圆锥形、桶形或沙漏形。拉力采用闭合盘簧；在拉伸和压缩中都开卷。 |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通风量（单位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 炉子或锅炉中燃烧气体的压力降低，无论是强制还是由于热气体的浮力，用于吸入燃烧空气并去除燃烧产物。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨机 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一种用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨机，由装有松散钢球或陶瓷球的水平旋转滚筒组成。 |
| Nano machining | 纳米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| B-basis | B-基础 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 机械性能值超过该值时，至少90%的值预计会下降，置信度为95%。 |
| End-quench hardenability test | 端淬淬透性试验 |
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end. 测定钢或其他铁合金淬透性的实验室程序。淬透性是通过将标准试样加热到高于上临界温度，将热试样放置在夹具中，使冷水流冲击一端，并在冷却至室温后，沿试样长度以规则间隔测量试样表面附近的硬度来确定的。数据通常绘制为硬度与距淬火端距离的关系。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奥氏体稳定剂 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3 temperature and an increase of the A4 temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1 temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素扩展了相应相图中的γ相场，这表现为二元合金Fe-M中A3温度的降低和A4温度的升高，以及A1温度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奥氏体稳定剂在铁素体中的溶解度远低于在奥氏体中的溶解度。在奥氏体稳定剂的影响下，奥氏体可以在低至室温时变得热力学稳定。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 从缺口试样表面到缺口底部的距离。在圆柱形试样中，通过加工环形槽去除的原始横截面积的百分比。 |
| Cavitation | 空蚀空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部压力降低而在液体中形成充满蒸汽或气体的空腔，通常原因是流体的加速，例如收敛喷嘴的流动。如果液体中没有溶解气体，当压力降至饱和蒸汽压力以下时，会发生蒸汽空化。如果气泡是由于高温形成的，则该过程称为沸腾。如果存在溶解气体，则由于压力降低、温度升高或扩散（脱气），会发生气穴。在船用螺旋桨尖端和液压机械中，空化气泡的破裂可能会引起噪音和振动，并导致以点蚀形式出现的表面损坏。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 转动螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有时用于描述紧固件拧紧时螺母（或螺栓头）的总体旋转。更常用于定义一种特定的紧固程序，在该程序中，首先以预选扭矩拧紧紧固件，然后通过使螺母额外转动，如“三平面”（180°）进一步拧紧。 |
| Fatigue limit | 疲劳极限 |
The maximum stress that presumably leads to fatigue fracture in a specified number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. Compare with endurance limit. 在指定数量的应力循环中可能导致疲劳断裂的最大应力。还应说明最大应力值和应力比。与耐力极限比较。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在发生增加或减少之前最接近表面的硬度（从芯部到外径时），分别表示渗碳或脱碳。 |
| Stress–strain curve | 应力-应变曲线 |
(stress–strain diagram) A plot of stress vs strain for a solid material obtained from a test in which a specimen is loaded in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof. Diagrams of true stress vs true strain deviate from those of nominal stress vs nominal strain only at large strains where appreciable changes in cross section of testpieces occur. （应力-应变图）从试验中获得的固体材料的应力与应变图，其中试样在拉伸、压缩、剪切或其组合中加载。只有在试件横截面发生明显变化的大应变下，真实应力与真实应变图与标称应力与标称应变图不同。 |
| Proof strength (Unit Pa) | 验证强度（单位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2 or Rp0.2 is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （验证应力，Rp）在永久应变的某个固定值下的屈服强度（偏移屈服强度），由偏离但平行于弹性加载线的线与工程应力-工程应变曲线的交点给出。偏移是任意的，但通常为0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久应变（验证应变）。用于没有明确定义屈服点的材料。对于0.2%的验证应力，采用符号Rp0.2。 |
| Coextrusion | 复合挤压 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通过同一模具同时挤出两种或多种材料的组合。 |
| Normalizing | 正火 |
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. 将铁合金加热至高于转变范围的合适温度，然后在空气中冷却至基本低于转变范围的温度。 |
| Seal | 密封件 |
A component which controls or prevents leakage of fluids into or out of parts of a machine. 控制或防止流体流入或流出机器部件的部件。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干结构 |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一个术语，用于表示湍流剪切流的较大涡流，例如边界层、射流和尾流，它们显示出独特的相关运动模式。 |
| Forced-air quench | 强制空气淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用压缩空气冲击相对较小的零件（例如齿轮）进行的淬火。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 记录系统随时间变化的振动的仪器。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 转速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （单位rps或rpm）对于绕固定轴旋转的物体，旋转速度是物体每单位时间的转数。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（单位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接触强度（单位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 换算成应力的接触体之间的最大允许载荷。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦学 |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 与相对运动中相互作用的表面有关的科学和技术。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| Acicular ferrite | 针状铁素体 |
A highly substructured non-equiaxed ferrite that forms upon continuous cooling by a mixed diffusion and shear mode of transformation that begins at a temperature slightly higher than the temperature transformation range for upper bainite. It is distinguished from bainite in that it has a limited amount of carbon available; thus, there is only a small amount of carbide present. Ferrite crystallite growing, apparently, as in the course of bainitic transformation. It has a lath-like shape and an increased dislocation 一种高度亚结构的非等轴铁素体，在连续冷却时通过混合扩散和剪切相变模式形成，其开始温度略高于上贝氏体的温度转变范围。它与贝氏体的区别在于它的碳含量有限。因此，仅存在少量碳化物。显然，铁素体微晶在贝氏体转变过程中生长。它具有板条状的形状和增加的位错。 |
| Rupture stress | 断裂应力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效时的应力。也称为破裂应力。 |
| Starting taper | 起始锥度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 铰刀或丝锥端部的锥度，有助于开始切割。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（单位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Angle of friction | 摩擦角 |
(friction angle, β) (Unit °) For a body in contact with a plane surface, the angle between the normal to the surface and the resultant force between the body and the surface. If the friction force is F and normal force is N, β is given by F/N = μ = tan β where μ is the coefficient of friction. （摩擦角，β）（单位°）对于与平面接触的物体，表面法线与物体与表面之间的合力之间的夹角。如果摩擦力为F，法向力为N，则β由F/N=μ=tanβ给出，其中μ是摩擦系数。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 临界压缩比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可变压缩单缸活塞发动机中确定的烃类燃料初期爆震的压缩比。2.空气-燃料混合物由于产生的温度升高而自燃的压缩比。 |
| Burning | 燃烧化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通过加热导致初期熔化或晶间氧化而永久损坏金属或合金。参见过热、晶界液化。（2）在磨削过程中，使工件热到足以引起变色或通过回火或硬化改变微观结构。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中固溶体在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）具有平衡图上共析点所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| PSI (pounds per square inch) | PSI（磅/平方英寸） |
Pressure measurement. Psia (pounds per square inch absolute) measures actual pressure with no allowance for atmospheric pressure. Psig (pounds per square inch gauge) measures pressure with the gauge set to zero (0) at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia). In other words psig = psia – 14.7. 压力测量。Psia（绝对磅/平方英寸）测量实际压力，不考虑大气压力。Psig（磅/平方英寸表压）在大气压（14.7 psia）下，将表压设置为零（0）时测量压力。换句话说，psig=psia–14.7。 |
| Carburizing flame | 渗碳火焰 |
A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame. 一种气体火焰，会在气焊操作中将碳引入一些加热的金属中。渗碳火焰是还原火焰，但还原火焰不一定是渗碳火焰。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 总水头（hT）（单位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT = pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 总压力pT以液体柱（通常为水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g为重力加速度，ρ为液体密度。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲劳条纹 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在电子显微镜断口图或疲劳断口表面中经常观察到平行线。这些线横向于局部裂纹扩展方向；连续线之间的距离表示在一个应力变化周期内裂纹前沿的前进。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容积式压缩机 |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何类型的压缩机，包括活塞式和旋转螺杆式，在单位时间内以高压输送固定体积的气体。容积泵每单位时间输送固定体积的流体，通常为液体。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 应力-应变曲线的初始部分与平行于初始部分的线之间沿应变坐标的距离，该线以应力值（通常为0.2%）与应力-变形曲线相交，该应力值用作屈服强度的度量。用于没有明显屈服点的材料。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通过火焰直接加热的退火。 |
| Strain hardening | 应变硬化 |
An increase in hardness and strengthcaused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Also known as work hardening. (workhardening) The increase in stress above the initial yield stress required to deform a metal to greater strains in the plastic range at temperatures below the recrystallization range (cold working). Unloading after some strain or work input gives a harder and stronger material. 在低于再结晶范围的温度下，塑性变形导致硬度和强度的增加。也称为加工硬化。（加工硬化）在低于再结晶范围（冷加工）的温度下，使金属在塑性范围内变形至更大应变所需的高于初始屈服应力的应力增加。在一定的应变或功输入后卸载，会得到更硬、更强的材料。 |
| Compression stroke | 压缩冲程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往复式压缩机或发动机中工作流体被压缩的冲程。 |
| Significance level | 显着性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 当假设为真时，给定的显著性检验将拒绝特定效应不存在的假设的所述概率（风险）。 |
| Intense quenching | 强烈淬火 |
Quenching in which the quenching medium is cooling the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still water. 淬火，其中淬火介质以比静水快至少两倍半的速度冷却零件。 |
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加应力或释放残余应力而发生的与原始尺寸、形状或轮廓的任何偏差。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 摄氏温标 |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K − 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （摄氏度温度标度）现在以开尔文绝对温度标度定义的相对非国际温度标度为°C=K-273.15，其中°C是摄氏度的符号。该刻度以前称为摄氏度刻度，有两个固定点：冰的熔点（冰点）为0°C，水的沸点（蒸汽点）为100°C。 |
| Blue annealing | 蓝色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在开放式炉中将热轧铁板加热到转变范围内的温度，然后在空气中冷却，以软化金属。在表面上形成蓝色氧化物是偶然的。 |
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