| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Fine pitch | 细牙螺纹 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 细螺距螺纹通常用于汽车行业。它们更容易被敲入较硬的材料中，并且不太容易松动。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光烧结 |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一种制造技术，通过这种制造技术，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金属（直接金属激光烧结，DMLS）材料逐层（每个厚度通常为 20 微米）构建，每一层都由扫描激光烧结。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉胀材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比为负的人造材料，其横截面在受到纵向拉应力时会膨胀，在受到纵向压应力时会收缩。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 热容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX where cMIN is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 热交换器分析中出现的无量纲参数，定义为比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流体的热容率c，c值较小，cMAX是流体的值具有较大的c值。不同的流速和比热值产生不同的c值。 |
| Positive-displacement machine | 正排量机 |
A machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. This class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the Roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、阀门等的机器，以确保工作流体的正向进入和输送，并防止不期望的反向流动。这类机器包括所有往复式压缩机和膨胀机以及一些类型的旋转压缩机、罗茨鼓风机、抽水机、凸轮泵和叶片泵。 |
| Gasket stress | 垫片应力 |
The contact stress exerted on the gasket by the joint members. 连接件施加在垫片上的接触应力。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 顶隙（单位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 对于螺纹和齿轮，螺纹（或齿轮）的顶部与啮合螺纹（或齿轮）的根部之间的径向间隙。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| Finished fastener | 精制紧固件 |
Fastener for which all manufacturing steps have been completed, with or without any surface coating and with full or reduced loadability, and which has not been machined into a test piece. 已完成所有制造步骤的紧固件，有或没有任何表面涂层，具有完全或降低的承载能力，并且尚未加工成试件。 |
| Low-E coating | 低辐射涂层 |
(low-emittance coating) A thin metallic or metal-oxide coating on a glass sheet to absorb and reflect infrared radiation. The coating is applied either by a pyrolytic chemical vapour-deposition process (hard coat), or by sputtering (soft coat). （低辐射涂层）玻璃板上的薄金属或金属氧化物涂层，用于吸收和反射红外辐射。通过热解化学气相沉积工艺（硬涂层）或溅射（软涂层）施加涂层。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度试验 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校准机器进行的一种压痕硬度试验，在规定条件下，将具有规定边缘角的菱形棱锥金刚石压头压入受试材料表面，并在移除荷载后测量长对角线。其中压头是一个细长的菱形棱锥，以平行四边形的形式给出压痕，其中较长的对角线约为较短的七倍。用于研究固体材料的各向异性。 |
| Radiation pressure (Unit μPa) | 辐射压力（单位：μPa） |
The pressure exerted on a surface exposed to any form of electromagnetic radiation. If the radiation is absorbed, it is equal to the power-flux density divided by the speed of light. 施加在暴露于任何形式电磁辐射的表面上的压力。如果辐射被吸收，它等于功率通量密度除以光速。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或动量，以其大小和方向来表示。用黑体印刷矢量量的惯例是由物理学家约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Cheese head | 圆柱头 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺钉或螺栓上的圆柱头。为了驱动，它可以是开槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Fatigue wear | 疲劳磨损 |
Wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising from material fatigue. 由材料疲劳引起的断裂引起的固体表面磨损。 |
| Carbon steels | 碳钢 |
(plain carbon steels) Steels in which carbon is the principal alloying element, and the amount of manganese does not exceed 1.65% and the copper and silicon contents are less than 0.60%. There are three main types: low-carbon steels (0.08–0.35% carbon); medium-carbon steels (0.35–0.50% carbon); and high-carbon steels (0.50–2.0% carbon). （普通碳钢）以碳为主要合金元素，锰含量不超过1.65%，铜和硅含量低于0.60%的钢。主要有三种类型：低碳钢（0.08-0.35%碳）；中碳钢（0.35–0.50%碳）；和高碳钢（0.50–2.0%碳）。 |
| Crack | 裂缝 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或结构中的细裂缝状缺陷，材料连续性丧失并降低了身体的强度。 |
| Tyre | 轮胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 车轮罩安装在轮辋上的柔性环形罩，用于支撑车辆（如机动车、飞机或自行车）的重量，并将动力和扭矩传递到路面。有些充气轮胎是直接充气的，有些轮胎有单独的内胎充气。对于某些应用，使用实心轮胎。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非热变化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在没有热波动的情况下进行的反应；也就是说，不需要热激活。相反，在恒温下发生的反应是等温转变。在这种情况下，热活化是必要的，并且反应作为时间的函数进行。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一种等温可逆反应，其中液体溶液在冷却时转化为两种或两种以上紧密混合的固体，形成的固体数量与系统中组分的数量相同。（2）一种合金，其成分由平衡图上的共晶点表示。（3）由共晶反应形成的混合固体成分的合金结构。 |
| Starting taper | 起始锥度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 铰刀或丝锥端部的锥度，有助于开始切割。 |
| Cohesive strength | 内聚强度 |
(Unit Pa) A theoretical fracture strength for solids based on interatomic forces, approximately equal to E/10 where E is Young’s modulus. （单位Pa）基于原子间力的固体理论断裂强度，大约等于E/10，其中E是杨氏模量。 |
| Snap temper | 快速回火 |
A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature. 在淬火后立即对高淬透性钢进行预防性临时应力消除处理，以防止因在规定的更高温度下回火延迟而开裂。 |
| Hydrodynamics | 流体力学 |
A term sometimes used to mean fluid dynamics, even when the fluid is a gas or a liquid other than water. 有时用于表示流体动力学的术语，即使流体是气体或水以外的液体。 |
| Structure | 结构体 |
An assembly, usually load bearing, of connected (pinned, riveted, screwed, bolted, welded, etc.) components, such as bars, tubes, beams, and plates. 由连接（销接、铆接、螺纹连接、螺栓连接、焊接等）部件组成的组件，通常为承重组件，如杆、管、梁和板。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 断裂机制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 导致断裂的微观结构机制，如空隙的萌生、生长和聚结、解理。 |
| Workspace (Unit m³) | 工作空间（单位m³） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空间体积）机器人基架周围的体积，由机器人的可达范围定义。因此，机器人只能执行该体积内的任务。 |
| Acicular ferrite | 针状铁素体 |
A highly substructured non-equiaxed ferrite that forms upon continuous cooling by a mixed diffusion and shear mode of transformation that begins at a temperature slightly higher than the temperature transformation range for upper bainite. It is distinguished from bainite in that it has a limited amount of carbon available; thus, there is only a small amount of carbide present. Ferrite crystallite growing, apparently, as in the course of bainitic transformation. It has a lath-like shape and an increased dislocation 一种高度亚结构的非等轴铁素体，在连续冷却时通过混合扩散和剪切相变模式形成，其开始温度略高于上贝氏体的温度转变范围。它与贝氏体的区别在于它的碳含量有限。因此，仅存在少量碳化物。显然，铁素体微晶在贝氏体转变过程中生长。它具有板条状的形状和增加的位错。 |
| Crosshead | 十字头 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一种往复式构件，在导轨之间滑动，活塞杆一侧固定在其上，连杆另一侧固定在该构件上，用于将往复式运动转换为旋转运动。2.机械试验机早期设计中的活动梁。3.一种螺钉头，其具有采用配合螺丝刀的+形槽。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 绝对比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同温度下，任何体积的物质的重量与等体积的参考物质的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，两者都是在真空中测量的，以避免任何浮力的影响。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶体形成的结晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基体晶格之间的连续性，通常伴随着两个晶格中的一些应变。由于晶格适合于沉淀和基体之间的界面，因此不存在可识别的相边界。 |
| Mass flow rate (ṁ) (Unit kg/s) | 质量流量（ṁ）（单位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (ṁ″), with unit kg/s.m², is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ṁ″ = ṁ/A or ṁ″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 单位时间内流过表面或通过管道或其他管道的材料质量，通常是流体或粉末。相应的质量通量（ṁ″），单位为kg/s.m²，是通过真实表面或通过管道的质量流量除以表面或横截面积A，即ṁ″=ṁ/A或ṁ″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Fillet radius | 圆角半径 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在紧固件的两个相交表面处的凹形接合处。通常用于描述螺纹紧固件的头部和柄部之间的连接处（头部圆角下方）。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Quimby screw pump | 昆比螺杆泵 |
A screw pump with two meshing screws, each having a righthand and a left-hand screw. Liquid enters at either end and is discharged from the middle. 带有两个啮合螺钉的螺杆泵，每个都有一个右旋螺纹和一个左旋螺纹。液体从两端进入，从中间排出。 |
| Coefficient of discharge (CD) | 流量系数（CD） |
For flow through a nozzle or orifice plate, the ratio of the actual mass flow rate to the theoretical mass flow rate calculated assuming the flow to be isentropic. The coefficient of velocity (velocity coefficient) is the corresponding ratio of the actual average velocity to the theoretical value. For incompressible flow, the theoretical flow rate and velocity can be calculated using Bernoulli’s equation. 对于通过喷嘴或孔板的流量，实际质量流量与假设流量为等熵计算的理论质量流量之比。速度系数（速度系数）是实际平均速度与理论值的对应比。对于不可压缩流，可以使用伯努利方程计算理论流量和速度。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工变得容易的特性，比如硫赋予钢的特性，等等。 |
| Absolute expansion | 绝对扩张 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考虑到容纳液体的容器的任何膨胀后，液体随温度的真实体积膨胀。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全阀（安全泄压阀） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根据法律安装在所有压力容器（如蒸汽锅炉）上的机械阀，其打开以防止内部压力超过该容器的最大设计值。一旦压力降至安全水平，阀门将再次关闭。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 J/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到SI的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102J/m²。 |
| Compression member | 压缩构件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一种结构部件，其上的主要载荷是压缩的。 |
| Izod test | 悬臂梁试验 |
A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一种冲击试验，其中垂直安装的V形切口试样受到摆臂末端重量的突然冲击。断开自由端所需的能量是材料冲击强度或韧性的量度。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋转轴的方向上起作用或移动。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接头 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由两个平行悬臂梁压在梁之间的部件上形成的接头。 |
| Axial load (Unit N) | 轴向载荷（单位N） |
In general, a tensile or compressive load directed along the axis of a component. Strictly the load should pass through the centroid of the cross section to avoid inducing bending moments and be perpendicular to the plane of the section. 通常，沿部件的轴定向的拉伸或压缩载荷。严格来说，载荷应通过横截面的质心以避免产生弯矩并垂直于横截面。 |
| Thread rolling | 滚丝 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺纹滚压（也称为滚压螺纹）是一种冷成型工艺，通过将硬化钢模具的压痕滚压到圆柱形或锥形坯料的表面来生产螺纹或其他螺旋或环形形状。多边形坯料也进行螺纹轧制，以制造螺纹成型和自锁螺钉。优选的多边形形状为三棱形，并在平模机中生产。 |
| Radial marks | 径向标记 |
Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the fracture origin and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. Radial lines result from the intersection and connection of brittle fractures propagating at different levels. Also known as shear ledges. 断裂表面上的线，从断裂起点辐射，肉眼可见或在低放大率下可见。径向线是在不同层面上传播的脆性断裂相交和连接的结果。也称为剪切壁架。 |
| Centre of pressure | 压力中心 |
1. The location, on an aerofoil or other body that develops lift, of the resultant lift force. 2. The location, on a surface submerged in a liquid, of the resultant force due to the pressure acting on the surface. Because hydrostatic pressure increases with depth, the centre of pressure is generally below the centroid of the surface. 1.在产生升力的机翼或其他物体上，合成升力的位置。2.在浸没在液体中的表面上，由于作用在表面上的压力而产生的合力的位置。由于静水压力随深度增加，压力中心通常低于表面质心。 |
| Bolt length | 螺栓长度 |
The bolt length shall be the distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the bearing surface of the head to the extreme end of the bolt including point. 螺栓长度应为平行于产品轴线测量的从头部的支承面到包括点在内的螺栓末端的距离。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Fatigue | 疲劳 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料极限抗拉强度的重复或波动应力下导致断裂的现象。疲劳失效通常发生在静态施加的载荷下，不会产生明显影响。疲劳断裂是渐进性的，从在波动应力作用下生长的微小裂纹开始。在承受随机或周期性变化载荷的部件和结构中，指强度逐渐降低，导致在低于单调载荷下导致失效的应力下发生失效的术语。可变负载由失衡的机械和其他振动源、阵风等引起，大部分故障是由疲劳引起的。疲劳是裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展的结果。在制造部件中，裂纹萌生通常发生在应力集中点。在一段时间（通常是数百万次应力循环）后，裂纹达到临界长度，此时下一个峰值载荷会导致突然脆性或韧性断裂。疲劳产生的断裂表面在缓慢裂纹扩展期间显示出从裂纹萌生部位发出的特征条纹或进展标记，最终断裂的表面外观不同。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 测量材料对表面压痕或磨损的阻力；可以认为是产生某些特定类型的表面变形所需的应力的函数。硬度没有绝对刻度，因此为了定量表示硬度，每种类型的试验都有自己的任意定义硬度等级。压痕硬度可通过布氏硬度试验、洛氏硬度试验，维氏硬度试验和努氏硬度试验以及硬化镜硬度试验进行测量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久变形的能力，它是主要通过压痕测试确定的塑性流动性能的量度，也使用划痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度标度不同试验给出的不同硬度测量值，如布氏硬度试验和维氏硬度试验中的压痕压力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Angström (Å) | 昂斯特罗姆（Å） |
An obsolete (non-SI) unit of length, sometimes still employed for atomic and crystallographic measurements. The conversion to SI is 1 Å = 10−10 m. 一种已被淘汰的（非SI）长度单位，有时仍用于原子和晶体学测量。转换为SI为1Å=10-10m。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（单位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手长度的乘积。力或力偶绕轴产生扭转的力矩。 |
| Dead centre | 止点 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄机构中，活塞连杆和曲柄都在一条线上，因此不会有驱动力矩。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕变模量（单位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 从蠕变测试中获得的选定应变水平下的应力/应变比，通常随时间绘制以显示刚度的变化。 |
| Load | 负载 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 对于试验机，施加在试件上的力，以磅力、牛顿或千克力等单位测量。 |
| Hot isostatic pressing | 热等静压 |
Sintering of powdered materials at high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure in order to minimize porosity. 在高温和高静水压力下烧结粉末材料，以尽量减少孔隙率。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在钢上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、紧密粘附的氧化皮（从稻草色到蓝色），从线圈或薄片的边缘延伸。有时称为退火边界。 |
| Austenite stabilization | 奥氏体稳定化 |
Decrease, in comparison to a continuous cooling, in the amount of martensite occurring from austenite when cooling is interrupted at a temperature between Ms and Mf. This can be explained by the relaxation of stresses induced in the austenite by martensite crystals occurring before the interruption. The relaxation, in turn, leads to the dislocation rearrangement and their interaction with martensite/austenite interfaces, which makes the interfaces immobile. 与连续冷却相比，当在Ms和Mf之间的温度中断冷却时，从奥氏体中产生的马氏体的量减少。这可以通过中断前发生的马氏体晶体在奥氏体中引起的应力松弛来解释。反过来，松弛导致位错重排及其与马氏体/奥氏体界面的相互作用，这使得界面无法移动。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服点延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不连续屈服期间，从屈服开始到应变硬化开始测量的应变量。 |
| Acoustics | 声学 |
The science and engineering of sound; its production, propagation, control, interaction with materials, etc. 声音科学与工程；它的产生、传播、控制、与材料的相互作用等。 |
| Gear motor | 齿轮马达 |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本质上是一个齿轮泵反向运行，其中供应到外壳一侧的高压流体导致齿轮旋转。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面处理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保护表面免受腐蚀和磨损或改变其机械性能的工艺，包括化学、电化学、机械和热处理。 |
| Rotary piston flow meter | 旋转活塞流量计 |
A rotary liquid flow meter in which a cylindrical rotor, eccentrically mounted within a cylindrical casing, the axes of the two cylinders being parallel, is caused to rotate by the liquid flow. The flow rate is determined from the number of rotations of the rotor in a given time. 一种旋转式液体流量计，其中偏心安装在圆柱形外壳内的圆柱形转子，两个圆柱体的轴线平行，由液体流引起旋转。流量由转子在给定时间内的转数确定。 |
| Precision | 精确 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 单个重复测量或测试结果之间的一致性。测量误差的标准偏差可用作“不精确性”的度量 |
| Delamination | 分层 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 复合材料的一种失效模式，包括子午线轮胎，其中层由于重复的循环载荷、冲击或弱粘合而分离。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷却应力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷却过程中温度分布不均匀导致的残余应力。 |
| Dew point | 压力露点 |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 气体开始凝结成液体的温度和压力。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 长细比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均匀柱的有效无支撑长度除以横截面积的最小回转半径。 |
| Amontons friction | 阿蒙顿摩擦 |
(Coulomb friction) Friction between surfaces where the ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N is constant and independent of the area in contact. （库仑摩擦）摩擦力F与法向力N之比恒定且与接触面积无关的表面之间的摩擦。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 热弹性效应 |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在绝热弹性变形下的温度变化，例如当加载速度如此之快，以至于材料与其周围环境不处于热平衡时。对于大多数材料，弹性张力降低温度，压缩提高温度。相反的情况发生在弹性体中，如橡胶，其表现出熵弹性，因为拉伸减少了可能的分子构型的数量，从而降低了熵。热弹性效应在循环弹性载荷中产生应力-应变迟滞回线，是振动能量在材料内部耗散的一种机制。 |
| Mechanical metallurgy | 机械冶金 |
The science and technology dealing with the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces. 处理金属在外力作用下的行为的科学技术。 |
| Bearing strain | 轴承应变 |
The ratio of the deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承孔在作用力方向上的变形与轴承测试中销直径的比值。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切线模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何规定的应力或应变下，应力-应变曲线的斜率。另见弹性模量。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要条件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓连接所遭受的每种类型的故障都由三个或四个条件确定。根据故障模式的不同，情况会有所不同，但数量不得超过四个。消除特定类型故障的任何一个基本条件都可以防止该类型故障。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孪晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重结晶过程中晶体中的孪晶形式。 |
| Mechanical properties of solid materials | 固体材料的力学性能 |
The strength and stiffness properties of solid materials such as fracture toughness, the moduli of elasticity, percent elongation, 固体材料的强度和刚度特性，例如断裂韧性、弹性模量、伸长率、 |
| Grinding stress (Unit Pa) | 磨削应力（单位Pa） |
The residual stresses left in the surface of a component after grinding, owing to non-uniform cooling from the high surface temperatures produced. 由于产生的高表面温度造成的不均匀冷却，磨削后留在部件表面的残余应力。 |
| Coining | 压印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一种锻造操作，采用紧密配合的凸模和模具，不允许金属逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面图案印在坯料上。 |
| Clearance | 间距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （单位m或μm）1.装配体中配合组件之间的距离（如果有）。2.机器中两个运动部件之间的距离，或运动部件和静止部件之间的距离（例如活塞和气缸盖之间的间隙）。3.带螺纹时，主要间隙是内螺纹根部的设计形状与其配合的外螺纹牙顶之间的距离；小间隙是内螺纹牙顶和外螺纹牙根之间的对应尺寸。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| mechanical engineering | 机械工业 |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 与能量转换、应力分析、振动、动力学和运动学有关的工程分支，尤其适用于设计（机器设计、机械工程设计）。 |
| Static equilibrium | 静态平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固体上的所有外力和力矩的合力为零，则固体、结构或物理系统（或任何细分部分）无论是静止还是以恒定速度移动，都是处于静态平衡。 |
| Stainless steels | 不锈钢 |
Iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. The predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has BCC crystal structure. Corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. Nickel, which has FCC crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. Other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. There are several classes of stainless steel. 在许多环境中具有高度耐腐蚀性的铁基合金。主要的合金元素是铬，与室温下的铁一样，铬具有BCC晶体结构。钝化抗腐蚀性是通过在钢表面形成氧化铬来实现的。具有FCC晶体结构的镍是某些钢的另一种重要添加剂。其他用于增强性能的添加剂包括锰、钼、铌和钛。不锈钢的种类有好几种。 |
| Maraging steels | 马氏体时效钢 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘aging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“马氏体”和“时效”命名的超高强度铁合金。它们含有镍、铬、钴和钼，在空气冷却下形成强度约为1GPa的马氏体。当再加热至约500°C并老化数小时时，室温强度达到约2.4GPa。 |
| Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | 线弹性断裂力学 |
A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a structure containing a cracklike flaw of known size and shape. 一种断裂分析方法，可确定在含有已知尺寸和形状裂纹状缺陷的结构中引起断裂不稳定性所需的应力（或载荷）。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 径向负荷（单位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| Brayton cycle | 布雷顿循环 |
(Joule cycle) An air standard cycle that is the ideal cycle for a gasturbine engine. As shown on the diagram of pressure (p) ʋs specific volume (ʋ), it consists of four internally reversible processes: isentropic compression in a compressor (1–2), isobaric heat addition in a combustor (2–3), isentropic expansion in a turbine (3–4) and isobaric heat rejection. The cycle can be extended to include regeneration, reheating, and intercooling. （焦耳循环）一种空气标准循环，是燃气轮机发动机的理想循环。循环可以扩展到包括再生、再热和中冷。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蚀磨损 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 与环境发生显着化学或电化学反应的磨损。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系数 |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系数，表示设计人员对剪切接头强度估计的不确定性。用于载荷和阻力系数设计。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允许工作压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 压力系统设计所依据的压力和应设置安全阀的最高压力。系统中最低额定部件的设计安全系数通常为4。 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （时间频率，f）（单位Hz）振荡中每秒的周期数或循环过程的重复率。 |
| Biaxial stress | 双轴应力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物体在一个平面内的广义载荷，没有垂直于它的载荷。 |
| Car furnace | 车炉 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一种间歇式炉，使用轨道上的小车进出炉区。汽车炉用于较低的应力消除范围。 |
| Lubricant | 润滑剂 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 为了减少两个表面之间的摩擦或磨损而置于两个表面间的任何物质。 |
| Hard temper | 硬化回火 |
Same as full hard temper. 和全硬化回火一样。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 简单机器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是负载（输出力）与作用力（输入力）的比值。 |
| Friction | 摩擦 |
The resistance that a body encounters when sliding over another body, or experiences when a viscous fluid flows over its surface. 一个物体在另一个物体上滑动时遇到的阻力，或者当粘性流体流过其表面时所经历的阻力。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通过在油中以低于水淬的冷却速率淬火合适的钢，在回火前形成马氏体，从而降低部件断裂或严重残余应力的可能性。是一种淬火硬化处理，包括在油中冷却。 |
| Microhardness | 显微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通过在非常轻的载荷下将压头（如维氏或努氏压头）压入材料表面来确定的材料硬度；通常压痕很小，必须用显微镜测量。能够确定结构内不同微组分的硬度，或测量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Freezing point | 冰点 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物质从液态变为固态的温度。大多数物质的冰点随着压力的增加而增加。从固体到液体的逆过程是熔化；熔点与凝固点相同。 |
| Scale effect | 规模效应 |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能随材料、部件或结构尺寸的变化。例如，立方体平方比例，其中一个元素随体积变化，另一个元素因面积变化，如在射弹或飞船的射程、液滴形成和断裂力学中。 |
| Steady pin | 定位销 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑轮在其轴上转动的销钉、键或销。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定寿命图 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 实验得出的疲劳寿命数据图；可能是用于表示此类数据的最复杂和最完整的流行图表。 |
| Forging | 锻造处理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 将生钢制成特定形状的过程。锻造产品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夹和障碍销。 1. 一种通过手工或机器锤击金属（落锻、压力机）制造部件的方法。2.通过锻造工艺制成的零件。 |
| Torsion spring | 扭簧 |
1. A spring in the form of a torsion bar. 2. A helical spring to which torque can be applied at the ends. 1.一种扭杆形式的弹簧。2.一种螺旋弹簧，其端部可施加扭矩。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 临界压缩比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可变压缩单缸活塞发动机中确定的烃类燃料初期爆震的压缩比。2.空气-燃料混合物由于产生的温度升高而自燃的压缩比。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| Pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（单位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 产生负推力的变桨距螺旋桨的桨距。 |
| Condensing boiler | 冷凝锅炉 |
A relatively small industrial or domestic boiler that burns sulfur-free natural gas so that the products of combustion do not contain sulfuric acid and can be allowed to condense on heat-transfer surfaces without danger of corrosion. 一种相对较小的工业或家用锅炉，燃烧无硫天然气，因此燃烧产物不含硫酸，并且可以在传热表面上冷凝而没有腐蚀的危险。 |
| Silky fracture | 丝状断口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一种金属断裂，断裂的金属表面具有精细的纹理，通常外观暗淡。具有坚韧和坚固金属的特征。 |
| Drift pin | 冲头 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| Impact wrench | 冲击扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一种气动或电动扳手，使用小锤子多次敲击来产生输出扭矩以拧紧紧固件，用于通过在一系列快速脉冲中施加扭矩来拧紧或松开螺母。 |
| Ion carburizing | 离子渗碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一种表面硬化方法，利用高压电能将碳离子在真空中扩散到工件中。与等离子渗碳或辉光放电渗碳同义。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相变温度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 发生相位变化的温度。该术语有时用于表示转变范围的极限温度。以下符号用于钢铁。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重载紧固件中的局部塑性变形允许一个零件陷入较软或更重载的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺纹嵌入螺母螺纹等。 |
| Lock nut | 锁紧螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一种在振动下防止松动的螺母。锁定动作通过挤压、夹紧或卡住螺栓螺纹来完成。通过提供某种形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋转锁紧螺母中，通过完全拧紧时变形、夹紧或咬入配合零件，提供额外的抗振动松动能力（超出适当预载产生的能力）。1.一个薄的辅助螺母，拧紧到另一个螺母上以防止松动。2.具有防止松动的特殊功能的单个螺母。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| Preload relaxation | 预载松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓头下的轴承应力过大（由局部斑点高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母轴承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能会在首次向螺栓施加预载荷后导致预载荷松弛。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶断裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集体中的晶粒或晶体之间发生的开裂或断裂。也称为晶间断裂。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| Compound pendulum | 复摆 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可绕轴自由摆动的刚体。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一种用于在孔中切割螺纹的螺纹硬金属塞。它具有纵向凹槽，用于在切割时清除切屑。渐进式切割通过连续使用三个丝锥实现：锥度、二次和塞。第一和第二丝锥具有锥度，以帮助沿孔的轴线开始螺纹；塞式丝锥没有锥度，用于盲孔的最终切割。2.管道中或管道末端的阀门。 |
| Strength (Unit Pa) | 强度（单位Pa） |
The maximum stress, in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof, that may be monotonically applied to a material, component, or structure before failure (defined as fracture, yielding, buckling, etc. as appropriate). 在破坏前（视情况定义为断裂、屈服、屈曲等），材料、部件或结构在拉伸、压缩、剪切或其组合中可能单调施加的最大应力。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋输送机 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋输送机、螺旋输送机、蜗杆输送机）一种用于散装搬运半固态材料的机器，由在槽或外壳中旋转的螺旋螺杆组成。 |
| Radian (rad) | 弧度（rad） |
A coherent derived SI unit defined as the plane angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc having a length equal to the radius. Thus 2π radians are equivalent to 360° and 1 rad ≈ 57.3°. 一种相干导出的国际单位制单位，定义为在圆心处被长度等于半径的弧对向的平面角。因此，2π弧度相当于360°和1弧度≈57.3°. |
| Gear ratio | 传动比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 对于接触的两个齿轮，主动齿轮上的齿数与从动齿轮上的齿数之比。 |
| Combustible | 易燃 |
(inflammable) A term for substances that can be ignited and burned. （易燃）可点燃和燃烧的物质的术语。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角车床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一种绞盘车床，其中绞盘由机械或液压驱动，以提供指定的刀具路径，在零件的重复生产中执行指定的操作顺序。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系数（μ） |
(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （动摩擦系数、滑动摩擦系数、摩擦系数，μ）两个接触表面之间摩擦力F与法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。静摩擦是指没有相对滑动时；有摩擦时的动摩擦。对于相互滑动的结构部件，摩擦系数是引起滑动的力与垂直于滑动部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系数是无量纲的，其值介于0和1之间。代表一种材料沿另一种材料的表面滑动或滚动所需的力的数字。如果一个物体的重量为N并且摩擦系数为μ，那么在没有加速度的情况下沿水平表面移动它所需的力F为F=μN。静摩擦系数决定了启动运动所需的力；动摩擦系数决定了保持运动所需的力。动摩擦通常小于静摩擦。两个物体之间的力（F）与将这些物体压在一起的法向力（N）的无量纲比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Volume flow rate | 体积流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m³/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （体积流量）（单位m³/s）单位时间内流经表面或管道或其他管道的材料体积，通常为流体或粉末。 |
| Stroke | 一击 |
1. (stroke length) (Unit m) The linear distance between top dead centre and bottom dead centre of a piston in a reciprocating engine or mechanism. 2. The movement of a piston or plunger in a reciprocating machine to execute a particular function; for example, the exhaust stroke of an engine in which the exhaust gases are expelled from a cylinder. 1.（冲程长度）（单位：m）往复式发动机或机构中活塞上止点和下止点之间的线性距离。2.活塞或柱塞在往复式机器中执行特定功能的运动；例如发动机的排气冲程，其中排气从气缸中排出。 |
| Modulus of resilience | 回弹系数 |
The amount of energy stored in a material when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. 当加载到其弹性极限时，材料中储存的能量量。通过测量应力-应变曲线下直至弹性极限的面积来确定。 |
| Standard gauge | 标准量规 |
A highly-accurate reference gauge against which to check working gauges. 一种高精度的基准量规，用于检查工作量规。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Metric ton (tonne, t) | 公制吨（吨，t） |
An SI-accepted, but non-SI, unit of mass defined as 1 t = 103 kg. SI系统可接受但非国际单位制的质量单位，定义为1t=103kg。 |
| Threading machine | 螺纹机 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割杆、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺纹或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的内螺纹的机器。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一种已被淘汰的（即非国际单位制）能量单位，等于1000卡。 |
| Widmanstätten structure | 魏氏组织 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一种结构，其特征是沿母体固溶体的某些晶体学平面形成新相而形成的几何图案。新相中晶格的取向在晶体学上与母相中晶格的定向相关。通过适当的热处理，在许多合金中容易产生这种结构。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Altitude | 高度 |
(Unit m) Vertical height measured relative to a specified datum such as sea level. （单位m）相对于特定基准（例如海平面）测量的垂直高度。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 摄氏热量单位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （摄氏热量单位，CHU）一个已被淘汰的（即非国际单位制）单位，等于在一个标准大气压的压力下将一磅纯净的无空气水的温度从14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料条件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有内部尺寸的上限的情况。 |
| Kinetic energy | 动能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物体因运动而拥有的能量。它是赋予物体使其运动的能量。撞击时，它被转换成其他形式的能量，如应变、热、声和光。 |
| Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) | 应力腐蚀开裂（SCC） |
A common form of Stress cracking in which an Electrolyte encourages the growth of a crack in a highly stressed bolt. Only a tiny quantity of electrolyte need be present, at the tip or face of the crack. A time-dependent process in which a metallurgically susceptible material fractures prematurely under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and sustained loading at lower stress levels than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. Tensile stress is required at the metal surface and may be a residual stress resulting from heat treatment or fabrication of the metal or the result of external loading. Cracking may be intergranular or transgranular, depending on the combination of alloy and environment. 一种常见的应力开裂形式，其中电解液促使高应力螺栓中的裂纹扩展。在裂纹尖端或表面，只需存在少量电解质。一种随时间变化的过程，其中冶金敏感材料在同时腐蚀和持续加载的条件下过早断裂，其应力水平低于无腐蚀环境时的要求。在金属表面需要拉应力，拉应力可以是金属的热处理或制造或外部负载产生的残余应力。裂纹可能是沿晶开裂或穿晶开裂，这取决于合金和环境的组合。 |
| Push rod | 推杆 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在顶置气门活塞发动机中，通过气门摇臂打开和关闭气门的杆。连杆由曲轴箱中的凸轮轴驱动。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蚀失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或结构在腐蚀后失效，使承重面积减少到无法支撑的程度。2.由于腐蚀产物阻止关节处的自由运动，导致机构无法运行的情况。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| Gear wheel | 齿轮 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齿轮，特别是用于传递运动和动力的共轭齿的齿轮。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP发电厂） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用镜子或透镜集中太阳辐射的发电厂，通常使用抛物面槽镜，将太阳辐射沿着槽的焦线聚焦到接收管上。在另一种布置中，由安装在塔上的太阳能接收器加热的熔盐通过蒸汽发生器循环。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺纹 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺纹上相应点之间的间距相对较大的螺纹。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（单位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有单个主旋翼的直升机中，机身沿与旋翼相反的方向旋转的趋势。 |
| Chain | 链 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列连接的链接，通常是钢制的。对于提升、拉动、固定等，每个链节都是一个闭合环，通常呈环形。对于动力传输，链节设计为与链轮的齿啮合。与皮带传动相比，链传动往往用于高扭矩应用。 |
| Statistic | 统计 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根据样本中的观察值计算得出的汇总值。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通过将金属浸入热氧化盐或盐溶液中产生的黑色饰面。 |
| Proof stress | 弹性极限应力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起规定的小永久变形的应力。（2）施加在构件或结构上的规定应力，以表明其承受工作荷载的能力。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一种淬火工艺，将奥氏体化铁质工件淬火到适当的介质中，该介质的温度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在该介质中直到其温度在整个过程中均匀，但不足以形成贝氏体，然后在空气中冷却。处理后经常进行回火。（2） 当该工艺应用于渗碳材料时，控制Ms温度与实际情况相同。这个过程的变化经常被称为淬火。 |
| Semiguided bend | 半导弯曲 |
The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge, or is supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free bend. 通过将力直接施加于待弯曲部分中的试样而获得的弯曲。将试样固定在一端，并围绕销或圆边施力，或者在靠近端部的位置支撑试样，并通过施加在试样与支撑件相对的一侧以及两者中间的力进行弯曲。在某些情况下，折弯以此方式开始，然后以自由折弯的方式结束。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接头 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一种螺纹管件，允许连接和拆卸两个管道，而无需旋转任何一个管道，且不会损坏管道端部。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起动扭矩（单位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 电机在零转速下产生的扭矩，以启动所施加负载的旋转。 |
| Compressor | 压缩机 |
A turbomachine, of either axial or radial type, that increases the pressure of a gas or vapour. 一种增加气体或蒸汽压力的轴向或径向涡轮机。 |
| Fatigue test | 疲劳测试 |
A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)stresses a material can withstand without failing. 一种确定材料可以承受而不会失效的交变（波动）应力范围的方法。 |
| Available resource | 可用资源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （总资源）（单位J）理论上可从可再生能源（例如海浪、风或总入射太阳能）获得的年度总能量。 |
| Free carbon | 游离碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 钢或铸铁中总碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。与结合碳形成对比。 |
| Austenite | 奥氏体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. Solid solution of alloying elements and/or carbon in γ-Fe. It is named after British metallurgist W. C. Roberts-Austen. 一种或多种元素在面心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（如镍奥氏体），溶质通常假定为碳。合金元素和/或碳在γ-Fe中的固溶体。它以英国冶金学家WCRoberts-Austen的名字命名。 |
| Galling | 磨损 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在涡扇发动机中，旁通流的质量流量与通过发动机核心的质量流量之比。 |
| Slip joint | 滑动接头 |
A mechanical connection which allows limited endwise relative movement of two components such as pipes, rods, and ducts. 一种机械连接，允许两个部件（如管道、杆和管道）进行有限的轴向相对运动。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金属在远低于其再结晶温度的温度下通过轧制（冷轧）、拉拔、锻造（冷锻）等方式发生塑性变形，这不仅会导致永久的形状变化，还会增加强度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Flattening test | 压扁试验 |
This term as applied to tubing refers to a method of testing a section of tubing by flattening it until the inside walls are parallel and separated by a given distanceusually equal to three times the wall thickness for seamless tubes and five times the wall thickness for lap-welded tubes. Boiler tubes subjected to this test should show no cracks or flaws. The flattening test applied to rivets, consists in flattening a rivet head while hot to a diameter equal to 21⁄2 times the diameter of the shank or body of the rivet. Good rivet steel must not crack at the edges of the flattened head. 该术语适用于管材，是指通过压扁管材直至内壁平行并隔开给定距离（通常等于无缝钢管壁厚的三倍，搭接焊管壁厚的五倍）来测试管材截面的方法。进行该试验的锅炉管应无裂纹或缺陷。适用于铆钉的压扁试验包括在热态下压扁铆钉头，使其直径等于铆钉柄或铆钉体直径的21⁄2倍。良好的铆钉钢不得在扁平头部边缘开裂。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面应力断裂韧性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在线弹性断裂力学中，由试样的R曲线和临界裂纹扩展力曲线之间的切线确定的不稳定条件下裂纹扩展阻力的值。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“发条”）或螺旋（圆柱形）弹簧。以螺旋状缠绕的弹簧钢丝。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等变换 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等温或等压相变，其中相关的两个相在整个过程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 离心力（单位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 惯性反作用力对向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Shim | 垫片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一块薄的材料，如厚度精确已知的金属，放置在两个表面之间，以确保它们之间的距离正确。放置在两个表面之间以获得适当配合、调整或对齐的一块薄材料。还可以对工件进行分析，以测量熔炉碳势（也就是说，在熔炉中，工件将快速渗碳至与熔炉碳势能相等的水平）。 |
| Cementation | 胶结 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高温下通过扩散将一种或多种元素引入金属物体的外部。 |
| Cone pulley | 锥轮 |
A stepped pulley having several diameters which, when linked by a laterallymoveable transmission belt to a corresponding pulley, gives a series of speed ratios. 具有多种直径的阶梯式皮带轮，当通过可横向移动的传动带连接到相应的皮带轮时，会产生一系列速比。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 额定压力（单位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 压力容器、锅炉、储罐、管道等设计用于安全运行的内部压力。 |
| Thread milling | 螺纹铣削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺纹铣削是在螺纹铣刀中用铣刀切削螺纹的一种方法。螺纹铣刀为单形或多形，用于传统或行星式螺纹铣刀。 |
| Homogenizing | 均质化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高温以消除或减少扩散引起的化学偏析。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受应力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每单位承载面积的力。 |
| Slug wrench | 缓动扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有铁砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通过用大锤敲击铁砧产生的。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直径（单位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋弹簧或空心圆柱体或球体的内径和外径的平均值 |
| System engineering | 系统工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一种将所有学科和专业组整合到团队工作中的方法，形成从概念到生产再到运营的结构化开发过程。 |
| Composite material | 复合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （复合结构）用于组合作用的两种或多种材料或结构的通用术语（例如混凝土、钢筋混凝土、纤维增强聚合物、层压材料、颗粒增强材料、切割梁），从而产生强度、刚度或韧性值大于单独的基体材料。 |
| Hoseclip | 软管夹 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （软管夹）一种圆形金属带，其一端有一个螺钉组织，另一端穿过该螺钉组织，使螺钉与带子上的凹口啮合，从而可以拧紧或松开夹子。用于将软管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Latent heat | 潜热 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物质发生相变时吸收或释放的热能。 |
| Coaxial | 同轴 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同轴线的部件的术语，例如同心轴。 |
| Air cleaner | 空气净化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一种设备，例如过滤器、水力旋流器或静电除尘器，用于从气流中去除颗粒和气溶胶。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺丝攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一种杠杆，其中心有一个可调节的方孔，丝锥柄安装在该孔中，以便施加扭矩以切断螺纹。 |
| Joint | 关节接合处 |
The part of a robot arm permitting either rotational or translational motion. Each joint provides a single degree of freedom, and thus a minimum of six is required if the robot is to be able to position and orientate the end effector anywhere within the workspace. A joint is described by four parameters: the joint angle, joint offset, joint twist, and link length. The joint angle is the angle between an extrapolation of the previous link length and the present link length, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the joint axis. This is variable in a rotational joint and fixed in a translational joint. The joint offset is the distance between the link length for the previous link and that for the present link, measured along the joint axis. This is variable for a translational joint and fixed for a rotational joint. The joint twist for the nth joint is the angle between the axes of joints Jn and Jn+1, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the link length and viewed from the position of the Jn+1 joint. The link length is the mutually perpendicular distance between planes passing through the axes of joint Jn and Jn+1. Both the joint twist and link length are fixed in all joints. 机器人手臂上允许旋转或平移运动的部分。每个接合处都有自由度，如果机器人要能够在工作空间内的任何位置定位和定向末端执行器，则至少需要六个接合处具有自由度。关节接合处由四个参数描述：关节角度、关节偏移、关节扭曲和链接长度。关节角度是在垂直于关节轴的平面内逆时针测量的先前连杆长度和当前连杆长度的外推之间的角度。这在旋转关节中是可变的，在平移关节中是固定的。关节偏移是沿关节轴测量的前一个连杆和当前连杆的连杆长度之间的距离。这对于平移关节是可变的，对于旋转关节是固定的。第n个关节的关节扭曲是关节Jn和Jn+1轴之间的角度，在垂直于连杆长度的平面内逆时针测量，从Jn+2关节的位置观察。连杆长度是穿过关节轴Jn和Jn+1的平面之间相互垂直的距离。关节扭曲和连杆长度在所有关节中都是固定的。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 结构完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷载条件下，评估部件和结构因屈曲、断裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Screw machine | 螺丝机 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一种用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的机床。 |
| Imperial system | 英制单位体系 |
The units of measurement developed in the UK. Formerly known as the fps system, which is an abbreviation for the ‘foot-pound-second system of units. 英国开发的计量单位。以前称为fps系统，是“英尺-磅-秒（foot-pound-second）单位制”的缩写。 |
| Finishing temperature | 终轧温度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成热加工的温度。 |
| Mechanical units | 机械单位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的单位，其量纲包括质量、长度和时间。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用绳子、链条、钢筋等拉动车辆移动。2.用于加固的纤维束。 |
| Machine tool | 机床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一种动力机器，如钻孔机、磨床、车床、铣床或刨床，用于切割和成形金属、塑料、复合材料等（机加工）。加工中心是围绕多个轴工作的CNC机床，具有刀具库存和自动换刀能力，能够在自动化控制下进行各种加工操作。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一种形成关节的可拆卸机构。关节的两个组件的连接器。1.连接两个或多个轴或机构部件的任何机械紧固件，以传递动力。2.连接两辆车的装置。 |
| Clip gauge | 夹规 |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一种位移计，由两个通过刀刃连接到试件上的薄应变测量悬臂组成，以提供断裂力学试件中的载荷线位移，或用作拉伸试验中的引伸计。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一个通用术语，涵盖适用于钢的几种工艺，这些工艺通过吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改变表层的化学成分，并通过扩散形成浓度梯度。常用的工艺有渗碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共渗。优选使用适用的特定工艺名称。 |
| Working fluid | 工作流体 |
In thermodynamics, the fluid contained within the boundary of a system that experiences changes in its properties during any fluid dynamic or thermodynamic process. 在热力学中，包含在系统边界内的流体，在任何流体动力学或热力学过程中其性质发生变化。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 净重（单位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其内容物）的毛重与空容器皮重之间的差值。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 风冷发动机 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一种由气流直接冷却的内燃机，而不是通过流经发动机缸体的水被散热器冷却。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火时效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶热处理后快速冷却引起的时效。 |
| Typical basis | 典型基础 |
The typical property value is an average value. No statistical assurance is associated with this basis. 典型的属性值是平均值。没有与此基础相关的统计保证。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 钢或铸铁中的游离碳。 |
| Physical properties | 物理性质 |
Properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及试样变形或破坏的材料特性，例如密度、电导率、热膨胀系数、磁导率和晶格参数。不包括化学反应性或更适当地视为机械的性质。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 弹性应变能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物体弹性变形所消耗的能量。本质上，弹性变形过程中所做的所有功都以弹性能的形式存储，并且在释放所施加的力时恢复该能量。 |
| Plug gauge | 塞规 |
A steel gauge used to determine the dimension or dimensions of a hole. It may be straight or tapered, and is typically circular, but in principle can have any cross section. 用于确定孔的尺寸的钢制量规。它可以是直的或锥形的，通常是圆形的，原则上可以有任何横截面。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根细长的凸肋。 |
| Band clutch | 带式离合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一种摩擦离合器，其驱动是通过一条带在离合器边缘上收缩来实现的。 |
| Machine screw | 机械螺丝 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 带有机加工螺纹的沉头开槽螺钉，如螺栓上的螺纹。一种相对较小的螺钉，直径通常小于20毫米，螺纹沿整个长度一直延伸到头部，用于拧入螺纹孔中。如果通过装配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，则会导致螺纹与孔表面接触不良。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纤维 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 当紧固件应无腐蚀性、低导电性或对电磁波透明时，玻璃纤维用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦学 |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 与相对运动中相互作用的表面有关的科学和技术。 |
| Chilled castings | 冷铸件 |
Iron castings cooled at a rate that results in white iron (slow enough to avoid the formation of martensite, yet fast enough to prevent any silicon present from causing decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite). 铸铁件以产生白口铁的速度冷却（足够慢以避免形成马氏体，但足够快以防止任何存在的硅导致渗碳体分解成铁和石墨）。 |
| Vice | 老虎钳 |
A workshop tool used to hold a workpiece and consisting of two jaws, one fixed and the other moved by turning a screw. 一种用于夹持工件的车间工具，由两个钳口组成，一个固定，另一个通过转动螺钉移动。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸标注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程图纸上对部件每个特征的尺寸（例如长度、半径、角度或间距）和相对位置（例如角位置）的规范。数值通常包括公差。尺寸不应超过制造组件所需的尺寸。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| Surface hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produces, by quench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. The processes commonly used are carbonitriding, carburizing, induction hardening, flame hardening, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing. Use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一个通用术语，涵盖适用于仅通过淬火硬化产生比型芯更硬或更耐磨的表面层的合适铁合金的几种工艺。表面层的化学成分没有显著改变。常用的工艺有碳氮共渗、渗碳、感应淬火、火焰淬火、氮化和氮碳共渗。最好使用适用的特定工艺名称。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕销 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 从曲柄上伸出的一个螺柱，作为连接杆的附件。锻造合金最初铸造，然后通过挤压、锻造或轧制等工艺成形为最终形状的金属合金。 |
| Ferrite | 铁素体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一种或多种元素在体心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（例如，铁酸铬），否则通常假定溶质为碳。在一些平衡图上，有两个铁素体区域被一个奥氏体区域隔开。下部区域为α铁素体；上部，δ铁氧体。如果没有指定，则假定为 α 铁氧体。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓应力（单位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通过拧紧在螺栓中产生的轴向拉应力。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 维氏硬度测试 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金刚石棱锥压头（维氏硬度计）和可变载荷的压痕硬度测试，能够对从极软铅到碳化钨的所有硬度范围使用一个硬度标度。也称为钻石金字塔硬度测试。 |
| Grain coarsening | 晶粒粗化 |
A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. 产生过大奥氏体晶粒的热处理。 |
| Brake fluid | 制动液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于将力传递到盘式制动器中的活塞或鼓式制动器中的轮缸的液压油。要求包括高沸点和低吸湿性。 |
| Granular fracture | 粒状断裂 |
A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken that is characterized by a rough, grainlike appearance, rather than a smooth or fibrous one. It can be subclassified as transgranular or intergranular. 金属破碎时产生的一种不规则表面，其特征是粗糙的颗粒状外观，而不是光滑或纤维状的外观。它可以细分为穿晶或晶间。 |
| Rotor | 转子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 绕轴（转子轴）绕其自身轴线旋转的机器部件，如涡轮叶片、直升机叶片或罗茨鼓风机的旋转部件。 |
| Tempered martensite embrittlement | 回火马氏体脆化 |
Embrittlement of ultrahigh-strength steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205 to 400 °C (400 to 750 °F); also called 350 °C or 500 °F embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prioraustenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the segregation of impurities at prioraustenite grain boundaries. 超高强度钢在205至400°C（400至750°F）温度范围内回火引起的脆化；也称为350°C或500°F脆化。回火马氏体脆化被认为是由于渗碳体沉淀在原奥氏体晶界或层间晶界上以及杂质在原奥氏体晶粒边界处偏析的综合影响。 |
| Aging treatment | 时效处理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 针对时效硬化的热处理；它包括溶液和沉淀处理。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Wrist | 腕关节 |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 机器人上的最后三个关节，模拟人类手腕提供的旋转，从而允许其通过手腕插座连接到的末端执行器的方向。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六边形的螺母。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道尔顿定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道尔顿附加压力定律的扩展，包括以下陈述：气体混合物的内能、焓和熵等于各个成分单独存在时的内能、焓和熵之和。相同的温度和体积。吉布斯定律是与熵有关的定律的一部分。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 两个连杆连接在一起形成运动副，其中接触面为螺纹，因此它们的相对运动包括旋转和滑动。 |
| Jack | 杰克装置 |
A lifting device that exerts large forces over small displacements, achieved by mechanical gearing or hydraulics. 通过机械传动或液压装置在小位移上施加大力的提升装置。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 转向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 气流通过斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨胀风机时所经历的方向变化。 |
| Waste heat | 废热 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.内燃机、燃气轮机、发电机、电气设备和工业过程产生的热量，这些热量不是直接使用的，而是通过热烟气或废气排放到环境中。2.废物产生的热量 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕变极限（单位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕变变形不超过规定限度的最大许用应力。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 应力集中系数（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加应力的倍增系数，允许存在结构不连续性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不连续区域的最大应力与整个截面的标称应力之比。也称为理论应力集中系数。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 国际单位制能量单位。一焦耳是一牛顿的力在一米的距离上所做的功。符号为J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水银柱施加的压力。大约等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大应力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在应力循环中具有最高代数值的应力，拉应力被认为是正的，压应力被认为是负的。名义应力是最常用的。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋转关节 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在机器人技术中，一种单自由度关节，其中受控变量为关节角度。 |
| Forging cracks | 锻造裂纹 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 这可能发生在紧固件制造过程中的切削或锻造操作中，并且位于头部的顶部或带锯齿的头部螺栓的凸起周边上。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 断裂力学 |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂纹物体的应力分析。当初始存在缺陷（或在加载过程中形成缺陷）时，使用应力集中系数和传统材料强度的其他修正系数是不够的，因为断裂不仅取决于应力，还取决于裂纹的大小。传统的材料强度应力计算既不能预测已知缺陷存在时的安全工作应力，也不能预测给定工作应力下可容忍的缺陷临界尺寸。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡机 |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一种装置，用于评估旋转部件的静态和动态平衡状态，并指示为获得平衡而添加的砝码的大小和位置。 |
| Gamma iron | 加马铁 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 纯铁的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）温度范围内稳定。 |
| Shank | 螺杆 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 锐缺口强度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半径非常小（接近加工能力极限）的试样测量的缺口抗拉强度；锐缺口强度值通常取决于缺口根部半径。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分离器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 从螺栓上去除锈蚀螺母的工具。它由一个围绕螺母放置的刚性钢环组成。穿过环的螺纹径向支撑在楔形尖端上，该尖端凹陷并穿过螺母的表面。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外径（单位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外径，OD）在外表面上的相对点之间测量的圆柱管或球体的直径。 |
| Hot quenching | 热淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一个不精确的术语，用于涵盖各种淬火程序，其中淬火介质规定温度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 热容量（C）（单位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不发生相变的情况下将物体的温度提高1K所需的能量。热容量是一种广泛的热力学性质，取决于温度和压力。 |
| Dowel | 销钉 |
A headless cylindrical pin that fits into corresponding holes in mating components, thus ensuring relative location. A round metal or wooden pin. A pin, usually of circular shape like a cylinder, used to pin or fasten something in position temporarily or permanently. 一种圆头金属或木制圆柱销，可插入配合组件的相应孔中，从而确保相对位置，用于暂时或永久地将某物固定或固定到位。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 气压 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大气由于其重量（对地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用气压计测量，通常以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。以毫巴为单位表示。海平面的标准大气压为1013.25mb。 |
| Breaking load | 断裂载荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加载到破裂的试样或结构构件上的最大载荷（或力）。 |
| Inspection gauge | 检验规 |
Any of various gauges used in manufacturing and quality control to check dimensions, finish, etc. 任何用于制造和质量控制的各种量规，以检查尺寸、光洁度等。 |
| Celsius | 摄氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0ºC) and the boiling point of water (100ºC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰点（0ºC）和水的沸点（100ºC）的温标。这些点之间的间隔被划分为100度。这个比例是由安德斯·摄氏设计的。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母转动法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通过将螺母旋转一个与给定伸长率相对应的角度来施加预载荷。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 与规范不同的部分公差。在大规模生产中，使用自动机器时，零件应完全或部分可互换，在批量生产中，零件应理想匹配，无需选择。在实践中，由于刀具磨损、原材料变化、热效应等原因，批量生产的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，将精度偏差（称为公差）指定给基本尺寸上允许的尺寸。 |
| Transfer moulding | 转移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （树脂传递模塑，RTM）一种对聚合物进行压缩模塑的方法，其中模具在操作开始前关闭。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奥氏体稳定剂 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3 temperature and an increase of the A4 temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1 temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素扩展了相应相图中的γ相场，这表现为二元合金Fe-M中A3温度的降低和A4温度的升高，以及A1温度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奥氏体稳定剂在铁素体中的溶解度远低于在奥氏体中的溶解度。在奥氏体稳定剂的影响下，奥氏体可以在低至室温时变得热力学稳定。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 气动控制阀 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （气动阀）一种阀门，其中阀杆的位置随开口面积的变化而变化，由压缩空气作用在隔膜上产生的净力决定，隔膜克服压缩弹簧的力进行操作。根据弹簧的布置，在供气故障的情况下，阀门可以打开或关闭。 |
| Supercharging | 增压 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| Blue annealing | 蓝色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在开放式炉中将热轧铁板加热到转变范围内的温度，然后在空气中冷却，以软化金属。在表面上形成蓝色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏压（单位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由压力差控制的流体装置中，该差值的大小。 |
| Forced-air quench | 强制空气淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用压缩空气冲击相对较小的零件（例如齿轮）进行的淬火。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容积式压缩机 |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何类型的压缩机，包括活塞式和旋转螺杆式，在单位时间内以高压输送固定体积的气体。容积泵每单位时间输送固定体积的流体，通常为液体。 |
| Standard fit | 标准匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根据标准间隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Dynamic coupling | 动态耦合 |
In vibrations, the existence of inertial terms depending on mass in the governing equations, so that there is only a force if there is a corresponding acceleration. 在振动中，惯性项的存在取决于控制方程中的质量，因此只有当有相应的加速度时才有力。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 铁素体不锈钢 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 铁素体不锈钢具有铁素体（BCC）晶体结构，含有10-28%的铬，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均为重量%）。它们具有磁性，可通过冷加工硬化。它们具有良好至中等的机械性能，在高温下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性，在400至540°C的温度下易脆化。用于涡轮零件、高温阀、汽车排气部件和核反应堆堆芯部件。 |
| Inclusions | 夹杂物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金属基体中的小块非金属杂质。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂纹扩展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 缓慢的裂纹扩展，伴随着明显的塑性变形，需要从外部提供能量。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保护介质中退火以防止光亮表面变色。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶热处理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 将合金加热到合适的温度，在该温度下保持足够长的时间以使一种或多种成分进入固溶体，然后快速冷却以将这些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| Bulk velocity | 体积速度 |
(average velocity, V) (Unit m/s) For fluid flow in a pipe or duct, the average flow velocity, given by V = ṁ/ρA where ṁ is the mass flow rate, ρ is the fluid density, and A is the duct cross-sectional area. （平均速度，V）（单位m/s）对于管道或管道中的流体流动，平均流速，由V=ṁ/ρA给出，其中ṁ是质量流量，ρ是流体密度，A是管道截面积。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作应力（单位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或结构设计为在正常条件下运行的应力。 |
| Progressive aging | 渐进时效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通过在时效周期中逐步或连续升高温度进行增加时效。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火时效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1 (the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳钢的脆化是由于溶质碳在现有位错处的沉淀和铁素体在不同温度下的差异导致的钢沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由钢从略低于Ac1的温度（奥氏体开始形成的温度）快速冷却引起的，可以通过从较低温度淬火来最小化。 |
| Age softening | 时效软化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些应变硬化合金，尤其是铝合金，在室温下会发生强度和硬度的自发降低。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 压缩应力（单位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某点的每单位面积的压缩载荷。 |
| Counter sink | 台面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物体上切割或塑造一个凹陷，使螺钉的头部可以齐平或低于表面。 |
| Square thread | 方螺纹 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺纹的一种形式，螺纹的横截面形成正方形，使螺纹的宽度等于螺纹之间的间距。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Wedge | 楔子 |
A short triangular prism whose major surfaces subtend an acute angle, that can be driven between two objects or parts of an object to split, tighten, or secure them, or to widen an opening or raise a heavy object. The acute angle gives a high mechanical advantage. 一种短的三棱镜，其主面对着一个锐角，可在两个物体或物体的一部分之间驱动，以将它们分开、拧紧或固定，或加宽开口或举起重物。锐角具有很高的机械优势。 |
| Machine | 机器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在执行有用任务时传递能量的机制。一个地方有一台以上的连接或执行单独的功能，称为机器。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺杆位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 刚体绕轴旋转，同时刚体沿同一轴平移。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接触强度（单位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 换算成应力的接触体之间的最大允许载荷。 |
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