| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Bearing failure | 轴承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 当横向载荷除以承载面积产生导致永久塑性变形的应力时，铆接或螺栓连接中发生的失效。 |
| Torque converter | 变矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的涡轮机，由叶轮、涡轮机和反作用构件组成。应用包括机动车变速器。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系统中长度的基本单位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒内传播的距离。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋转轴的方向上起作用或移动。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止动垫圈（锁紧垫圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一种垫圈，具有一个或多个突出凸耳，可弯曲以防止螺母或螺栓头松动。 |
| Vent | 发泄 |
A small valve that allows the release of pressurized fluid from a pipe, pressure vessel, etc., often to the atmosphere. 一种小阀门，允许将加压流体从管道、压力容器等中释放到大气中。 |
| Wind pump | 风泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的风车直接驱动的泵。广泛应用于偏远地区。 |
| Ratchet marks | 棘轮痕 |
Lines on a fatigue fracture surface that result from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures propagating from multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall direction of crack propagation and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. 疲劳断裂面上由从多个源头传播的疲劳断裂的交叉和连接产生的线。棘轮标记与裂纹扩展的整个方向平行，肉眼或低倍镜下均可看到。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例极限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能够产生的最大应力不偏离应力和应变之间的直线比例。 |
| Atomization | 雾化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通过喷嘴（雾化器）喷射从液体（例如柴油或汽油）中产生细小液滴喷雾。 |
| Flange rotation | 法兰转角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法兰在螺栓和反作用力影响下的角度变形。相对于法兰横截面的中心测量。 |
| Elastic constants | 弹性常数 |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 将材料的弹性位移与施加的力相关联的比例因子。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度试验 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 与洛氏硬度测试相同，只是使用较小的次要载荷和主要载荷。 |
| Caustic quenching | 苛性淬火 |
Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 用5%至10%氢氧化钠（NaOH）水溶液淬灭。 |
| Impact extrusion | 冲击挤压 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 挤压单独的软金属组件，其特性允许快速执行操作。 |
| Spring materials | 弹簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金属，包括普通碳钢和耐腐蚀钢、磷青铜、弹簧黄铜、铍铜和镍合金，所有这些金属在其加工硬化状态下都允许大的可逆弹性应变而不会产生永久变形。 |
| Volumetric efficiency | 容积效率 |
For a piston engine, the ratio of the volume of the induced charge per induction stroke, determined at a reference pressure and temperature, to the swept volume. 对于活塞式发动机，在参考压力和温度下确定的每个进气冲程的进气体积与扫掠体积之比。 |
| Fracture test | 断裂试验 |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一种试验，其中试样被破坏并用肉眼或低倍显微镜检查其断裂表面，以确定成分、晶粒尺寸、表层深度或内部不连续性等因素。1.记录单调加载试样的载荷偏转（或应力-应变），直到其在拉伸、压缩、剪切或扭转中断裂。2.在疲劳技术中，确定试样在不同重复载荷模式下的断裂循环次数。3.测定断裂韧性的实验。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸长力产生伸长的力或载荷。1.从两端拉出的杆、带、电缆、弹簧、线、线等的状态。2.（张力）（单位N）与张力相关的力。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蚀电池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 当两种具有不同电势的金属（阳极和阴极）在液体（电解质）存在下连接在一起时形成的天然“电池”。 |
| Threading machine | 螺纹机 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割杆、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺纹或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的内螺纹的机器。 |
| Lead angle | 导角 |
The angle of the helix of a screw thread or worm thread. It is the measure of the inclination of a screw thread from a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. 螺纹或蜗杆螺纹的螺旋角。它是螺纹从垂直于螺钉轴线的平面的倾斜度的量度。 |
| Tensioner | 张紧器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一种液压工具，用于通过拉伸紧固件而不是对螺母施加较大扭矩来拧紧紧固件。张力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以适当的扭矩将螺母向下压靠接头，张紧器与紧固件分离。螺母保持张紧器产生的拉伸。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 扩散系数 |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一个比例因子，表示在单位时间内通过单位浓度梯度扩散到单位面积上的物质量。 |
| Compressible flow | 可压缩流动 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 马赫数M高到足以使气体密度发生显着变化的气流。对于空气，这是当M>0.3时。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的杆，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如电钻。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 带齿锁紧垫圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 这些垫圈用于将紧固件（如螺栓和螺母）锁定到组件的零部件上，或增加紧固件与组件之间的摩擦力。它们的设计方式类似于螺旋弹簧锁紧垫圈，可采用碳钢。 |
| Amontons friction | 阿蒙顿摩擦 |
(Coulomb friction) Friction between surfaces where the ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N is constant and independent of the area in contact. （库仑摩擦）摩擦力F与法向力N之比恒定且与接触面积无关的表面之间的摩擦。 |
| Crest of screw thread | 螺纹牙顶 |
The top surface joining the two sides of flanks of a thread. 连接螺纹牙侧两侧的顶面。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毁坏荷载（单位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足够的塑性铰链以发生坍塌，结构成为机制的施加载荷。 |
| Oxidation | 氧化 |
(1) A reaction in which there is an increase in valence resulting from a loss of electrons. (2) A corrosion reaction in which the corroded metal forms an oxide; usually applied to reaction with a gas containing elemental oxygen, such as air. （1）因电子损失而导致价态增加的反应。（2）腐蚀反应，其中被腐蚀的金属形成氧化物；通常用于与含有元素氧的气体如空气反应。 |
| Standard | 标准 |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （标准规范）为实现一致性、效率和特定质量而制定的一套组件、机器、材料或工艺规范。在英国，英国标准协会（BSI）发布的标准现在基本上是国际标准化组织（ISO）的标准。 |
| Crank pin | 曲柄销 |
It is a short shaft parallel to the axis of the crankshaft but radially offset from it, to which is attached the big end of a connecting rod in a bearing. Sometimes the crank pin is supported at one end only (a wrist pin) but in built-up or one-piece forged crankshafts, the crank pin is supported by thick plates (crank arms, crank webs) at either end. 它是一个短轴，平行于曲轴的轴线，但径向偏移，轴承中连杆的大端连接到该短轴上。有时曲柄销仅在一端支撑（腕销），在组合式或整体锻造曲轴中，曲柄销在两端由厚板（曲柄臂、曲柄腹板）支撑。 |
| Austenite | 奥氏体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. Solid solution of alloying elements and/or carbon in γ-Fe. It is named after British metallurgist W. C. Roberts-Austen. 一种或多种元素在面心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（如镍奥氏体），溶质通常假定为碳。合金元素和/或碳在γ-Fe中的固溶体。它以英国冶金学家WCRoberts-Austen的名字命名。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生长 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金属中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高温加热的结果。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m³/s or kg/s) | 额定流量（单位：m³/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液压系统或机器中，制造商为部件指定的体积或质量流量是其按设计运行所需的最大值。 |
| Maraging steels | 马氏体时效钢 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘aging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“马氏体”和“时效”命名的超高强度铁合金。它们含有镍、铬、钴和钼，在空气冷却下形成强度约为1GPa的马氏体。当再加热至约500°C并老化数小时时，室温强度达到约2.4GPa。 |
| Vertical engine | 立式发动机 |
A piston engine having the cylinders above the crankshaft. 气缸位于曲轴上方的活塞发动机。 |
| Stress cracking | 应力开裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每种模式都涉及高应力和化学作用。该系列包括氢脆、应力腐蚀开裂、应力脆化和氢辅助应力腐蚀。 |
| Transgranular | 穿晶 |
Through or across crystals or grains. Also known as intracrystalline or transcrystalline. 穿过或横穿晶体或颗粒。也称为晶内或晶间。 |
| Hydrodynamics | 流体力学 |
A term sometimes used to mean fluid dynamics, even when the fluid is a gas or a liquid other than water. 有时用于表示流体动力学的术语，即使流体是气体或水以外的液体。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性变形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加应力下的永久（非弹性）变形，使材料应变超过其弹性极限。 |
| Transmissibility | 传递率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振动干扰的系统的传递力与干扰力之比。该比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度来定义。 |
| Gearbox | 变速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一种由啮合齿轮组成的机构，将动力和扭矩从直接连接到发动机的输入轴传递到输出轴。该机构通常包含在充满润滑油的外壳内。示例一个简单的四速滑动啮合齿轮箱，其中具有不同齿数的齿轮沿着齿轮箱内的平行花键轴滑动，以相互啮合并改变输出与输入速度的比率（齿轮比）。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 压缩应力（单位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某点的每单位面积的压缩载荷。 |
| Initial stress | 初始应力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在应力松弛发生之前，在应力松弛试验中达到给定的恒定应变条件时，试样立即应变所产生的应力。有时称为瞬时压力。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在轴上或与轴成一体以提供轴向位置的环。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽压力曲线 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 对于纯物质，绘制了饱和压力与饱和温度的曲线。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦学中，在任何温度下直接接触的金属表面之间的结合。与钎焊和钎焊不同，接合面至少软化或更通常熔化的接合工艺。在固态（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金属或热塑性塑料可通过向热界面施加压力来连接。在锻造焊接中，通过压缩预热工件之间的连接来实现连接。在摩擦焊接（旋转焊接）中，一个接触表面在被加载到另一个表面之前快速旋转。接触时，摩擦产生的热量使材料软化，并允许密封接头的严重塑性变形。在搅拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋转，使表面凹陷，并横穿形成连接线。电阻焊涉及同时产生的压力和电产生的热量，如点焊，在点焊中，大电流短时间通过电极之间压在一起的金属板。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 结构材料塑性变形的证据。也称为塑性流动或蠕变。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松动 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| Elongation measurement | 伸张率测量 |
Bolt elongation is directly proportional to axial stress when the applied stress is within the elastic range of the material. If both ends of a bolt are accessible, a micrometer measurement of bolt length made before and after the application of tension will ensure the required axial stress is applied. 当施加的应力在材料的弹性范围内时，螺栓伸长率与轴向应力成正比。如果螺栓的两端都可以接近，则在施加张力前后对螺栓长度进行测微计测量，以确保施加所需的轴向应力。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 国际单位制能量单位。一焦耳是一牛顿的力在一米的距离上所做的功。符号为J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Mechanical units | 机械单位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的单位，其量纲包括质量、长度和时间。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一种齿轮扳手，可增加输入扭矩并提供输出扭矩读数。实际上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的组合。 |
| Wave spring | 波形弹簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一种压缩弹簧，类似于螺旋弹簧，但由沿圆周成波浪形的条状物制成。 |
| Torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
A gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a Torque wrench). The output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. There is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一种齿轮箱，用于增加小手动扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）产生的扭矩。倍增器的输出以比输入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驱动螺母或螺栓。倍增器上没有扭矩计或读数。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 离心风机 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一种带有转子的机器，转子由安装在轮毂周围的许多叶片组成，用于移动空气或其他气体。气体轴向进入转子并在增加的压力下径向排出。 |
| Fog quenching | 雾淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在细蒸汽或薄雾中淬火。 |
| Cylinder head | 气缸盖 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式发动机缸体上方的机械铸件，通常由铝合金或铸铁制成，用于封闭气缸。它通常包括燃烧室的一部分以及阀门和火花塞的孔。 |
| Eutectic melting | 共晶熔化 |
Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微观区域的熔化，其成分对应于系统中的共晶成分。 |
| Profile | 轮廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物体的横截面形状，如机翼或凸轮。 |
| Spring | 弹簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 储存机械能并在变形时施加力的弹性部件。作用力F与弹簧x偏转的曲线斜率dF/dx称为弹簧率或弹簧模量k，单位为N/m。对于线性弹簧，F（x）曲线成比例，k称为弹簧常数。一种弹性装置，在应力或压力下屈服，但在应力和压力消除后恢复到其原始状态或位置。 |
| Electrode | 电极 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 电池或腐蚀电池中释放电子（阳极）或吸引电子（阴极）的两个金属体。 |
| Stretch forming | 拉伸成型 |
A manufacturing process in which sheet-metal components are physically stretched over a forming die using a press, punch, or edge clamps. Stretching combined with bending reduces springback. 一种制造工艺，其中使用压力机、冲头或边缘夹具在成形模上物理拉伸金属板部件。拉伸与弯曲相结合可减少回弹。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于从奥氏体化温度以低于特定钢临界冷却速度的速度淬火而导致钢的不完全硬化，导致除马氏体外还形成一种或多种相变产物。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一种非SI压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水银柱施加的压力。大约等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Diffusion coating | 扩散涂层 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金属上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂层。涂层是通过在高温下加热与粉末、液体或气体形式的合金接触的金属，从而使涂层的原子扩散到基体中而产生的。实例包括基底上的铬、铝或硅，如镍基高温合金、钢和耐火金属。 |
| Radiosity (J) (Unit W/m²) | 辐射度（J）（单位W/m²） |
The total radiation leaving a given surface per unit area, including emitted, reflected, and transmitted radiation. 每单位面积离开给定表面的总辐射，包括发射、反射和透射辐射。 |
| Spray quenching | 喷雾淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用喷嘴将水或其他液体喷射到零件上的淬火过程。淬火速率由每单位撞击时间内每单位面积的液体速度和体积控制。 |
| Clutch | 离合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一种用于连接和断开旋转轴的装置，例如在发动机和变速箱之间。 |
| Sigma-phase embrittlement | σ相脆化 |
Embrittlement of iron-chromium alloys (most notably austenitic stainless steels) caused by precipitation at grain boundaries of the hard, brittle intermetallic sigma phase during long periods of exposure to temperatures between approximately 565 and 980 °C (1050 and 1800 °F). Sigmaphase embrittlement results in severe loss in toughness and ductility and can make the embrittled material structure susceptible to intergranular corrosion. 铁铬合金（最显著的是奥氏体不锈钢）的脆化是由于在长时间暴露于约565至980°C（1050至1800°F）的温度下，硬脆金属间化合物σ相的晶界处沉淀造成的。σ相脆化导致韧性和延展性的严重损失，可使脆化的材料结构易于发生晶间腐蚀。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金属中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面积或体积的量度，通常表示为单个尺寸相当均匀时的平均值。在含有两相或多相的金属中，除非另有说明，晶粒尺寸是指基体的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每单位面积或体积的晶粒数、平均直径或从面积测量得出的晶粒尺寸数来报告。 |
| Safe working load (Unit N) | 安全工作负荷（单位：N） |
The steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. It is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或结构设计用于正常运行的稳定或不稳定荷载。该值低于因屈曲、断裂或屈服而导致失效的值，以适应不确定性、可能的故障或事故条件。 |
| Ballonet | 气囊 |
An airbag used in a hybrid airship. Helium gas expels air from the ballonet during ascent. Fans draw air in during descent. 混合动力飞艇中使用的安全气囊。氦气在上升过程中将空气从气囊中排出。风扇在下降过程中吸入空气。 |
| Fracture strength | 断裂强度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （断裂应力）（单位Pa）材料断裂时的应力。对于给定的材料，它不是绝对的，因为它取决于断裂力学定律，并且取决于尺寸。 |
| Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) | 常温常压（NTP） |
Reference conditions defined by NIST as 20°C and 1 atm. NIST定义的参考条件为20°C和1atm。 |
| Dowel | 销钉 |
A headless cylindrical pin that fits into corresponding holes in mating components, thus ensuring relative location. A round metal or wooden pin. A pin, usually of circular shape like a cylinder, used to pin or fasten something in position temporarily or permanently. 一种圆头金属或木制圆柱销，可插入配合组件的相应孔中，从而确保相对位置，用于暂时或永久地将某物固定或固定到位。 |
| Nanotechnology | 纳米技术 |
The science and engineering of materials that have been structured on length scales of 1–100 nm, resulting in modified physical properties owing to changes in the ratio of surface area to volume (atoms on surfaces having different symmetry from those in the bulk) and because many of the fundamental physical processes that underpin the properties of materials have a characteristic length scale of a few nm, so that alteration of microstructure at the nm level alters the bulk properties. 材料科学与工程，其结构长度为1-100nm，由于表面积与体积之比的变化（表面上的原子与体中的原子具有不同的对称性），并且支撑材料性质的许多基本物理过程具有几纳米的特征长度尺度，因此改变纳米级微观结构会改变体性质。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Elastic resilience | 弹性回弹 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加应力直至弹性极限所吸收的能量；或者当应力从弹性极限释放时可以恢复的能量值。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面应力断裂韧性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在线弹性断裂力学中，由试样的R曲线和临界裂纹扩展力曲线之间的切线确定的不稳定条件下裂纹扩展阻力的值。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微动疲劳 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在发生微动的表面区域开始的疲劳断裂。由微动引起的对固体表面的渐进性损坏。 |
| Bypass valve | 旁通阀 |
A valve that directs flow through a bypass. 引导流过旁路的阀门。 |
| Form of thread | 螺纹形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一个螺距长度的螺纹在轴向平面中的轮廓。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波义耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在给定的绝对温度T下，气体的压力p与其体积的乘积是恒定的。与查尔斯定律一起，它产生了理想的气体方程p=Mrt，其中m是气体的质量，R是特定的气体常数。恒温下气体的体积与压力成反比。这意味着随着压力的增加，气体的体积会减少。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳势 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的环境在规定条件下改变或保持钢的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定环境中，所达到的碳含量将取决于温度、时间和钢成分等因素。 |
| Free joint | 万向节 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 机器人手臂和手腕上的关节，当指定的力施加到末端执行器时，会导致末端执行器的最大运动，即相对于力具有最低刚度。 |
| Spring clip | 弹簧夹 |
A clip made of a material such as spring steel which grips an inserted part. 由弹簧钢等材料制成的夹子，用于夹住插入的零件。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭杆悬架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一种汽车悬架，其中扭力杆的一端刚性固定在底盘上，而另一端带有一个杠杆，杠杆上连接着承载车轮的部件。在扭转梁悬架中，梁连接车辆两侧的车轮。 |
| Observed value | 观测值 |
The particular value of a characteristic determined as a result of a test or measurement. 作为测试或测量结果确定的特性的特定值。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一种可以永久变形到大应变而不断裂的材料。如果螺栓在断裂前可以很好地拉伸超过其屈服点，则称其具有延展性。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防冻液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一种物质，如乙二醇，添加到水冷发动机的冷却系统中，以降低冷却水的冰点，并抑制生锈和其他沉积物的形成。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（单位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有单个主旋翼的直升机中，机身沿与旋翼相反的方向旋转的趋势。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷冻过程中形成的碳化物，是参与铁合金共晶反应的互不溶相之一。 |
| Angle of attack (α) | 攻角（α） |
(Unit °) The angle between a reference line on a lifting body and the vector direction of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. In the case of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade, the usual reference line is the chord line. （单位°）升力体上的参考线与升力体与其运动通过的流体之间的相对速度的矢量方向之间的角度。在机翼、涡轮或压缩机叶片的情况下，通常的参考线是弦线。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心载荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一个或多个紧固件上的外部载荷的合力未穿过紧固件组的质心（偏心剪切载荷）或与螺栓轴不重合（偏心拉伸载荷），则称该外部载荷为偏心。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通过活塞的往复运动、叶片的旋转或叶轮的旋转而使液体、气体、蒸汽或泥浆流动的机器。 |
| Bend test | 弯曲试验 |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 确定待成形金属（通常为薄板、带材、板材或线材）的相对延展性或确定金属的坚固性和韧性（例如，焊接后）的试验。试样通常在规定的直径上重复弯曲一个规定的角度，然后在规定的循环次数内弯曲。弯曲试验有四种一般类型，根据施加在试样上的力进行弯曲的方式命名：自由弯曲、引导弯曲、半引导弯曲和环绕弯曲。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根细长的凸肋。 |
| Blowing | 吹气 |
The process by which a gas is transferred through a porous surface over which there is a gas flow. The effect is used to decrease skin friction and increase heat transfer, for example in turbine-blade cooling. 气体通过有气流的多孔表面转移的过程。该效应用于减少表面摩擦和增加传热，例如在涡轮叶片冷却的过程中。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 热强度（单位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔点一半（以开尔文为单位）的温度下的屈服应力（有时为断裂应力）。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均匀渗碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用渗碳工艺将低碳铁合金转化为整个截面中碳含量均匀且较高的合金。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕变疲劳 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金属和其他材料（例如具有时间相关行为的聚合物）在高同源温度下的组合蠕变和疲劳的影响。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接头 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓轴线的载荷的接头。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制垫圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 设计用于沉头螺钉的垫圈。在某些应用中用于增强外观。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大应力强度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲劳循环中应力强度因子的最大值。 |
| Nominal stress | 名义应力 |
The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 通过简单弹性理论在净截面上计算的点处的应力，不考虑孔、槽、圆角等应力提升器产生的应力影响。 |
| Crystalline defects | 结晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 与完美的三维原子堆积的偏差是造成材料的大部分结构敏感特性的原因。晶体缺陷可以是点缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（空位）、线缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Gasket factors | 垫片系数 |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 实验得出的“常数”用于定义垫圈的行为或可接受行为所需的组件和使用条件。 |
| Decalescence | 退色 |
A phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一种现象，与铁或钢加热（过热）时α铁向γ铁的转变有关，由于转变潜热的快速吸收导致温度突然降低，金属表面变黑。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶热处理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 将合金加热到合适的温度，在该温度下保持足够长的时间以使一种或多种成分进入固溶体，然后快速冷却以将这些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| Gamma iron | 加马铁 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 纯铁的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）温度范围内稳定。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪、雾、露水和颗粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。这些酸分别来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人为排放。酸烟灰由未燃烧的碳颗粒组成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大气中。这些颗粒是化石燃料燃烧不良造成的。 |
| Impact testing | 冲击测试 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速条件下测定材料的机械性能。通常根据测试件在被钟摆撞击或从已知高度坠落的重物或夹在两个霍普金森棒之间时的行为来确定。 |
| High-tensile bolt | 高强度螺栓 |
(high-tension bolt) A bolt manufactured from an alloy steel that has a high tensile strength of about 1 GPa. （高压螺栓）由合金钢制成的螺栓，具有约1GPa的高抗拉强度。 |
| Wrist | 腕关节 |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 机器人上的最后三个关节，模拟人类手腕提供的旋转，从而允许其通过手腕插座连接到的末端执行器的方向。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起动扭矩（单位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 电机在零转速下产生的扭矩，以启动所施加负载的旋转。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂纹扩展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 缓慢的裂纹扩展，伴随着明显的塑性变形，需要从外部提供能量。 |
| Structure | 结构体 |
An assembly, usually load bearing, of connected (pinned, riveted, screwed, bolted, welded, etc.) components, such as bars, tubes, beams, and plates. 由连接（销接、铆接、螺纹连接、螺栓连接、焊接等）部件组成的组件，通常为承重组件，如杆、管、梁和板。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 转变温度（单位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定义的温度，位于金属断裂特性（通常通过缺口试样的试验确定）快速变化的温度范围内，如从主要纤维（剪切）断裂到主要结晶（解理）断裂。（2） 有时用于表示延性随温度快速变化的范围内的任意定义的温度。（转变点）1.具有面心立方晶体结构的金属合金的断裂机制从韧性孔洞生长转变为脆性解理的温度。2.材料从一种晶体状态转变为另一种晶体的温度。 |
| Thermal reactor | 热反应器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一种扩大的排气歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式发动机的气缸盖上，其中一氧化碳和未燃烧碳氢化合物的氧化作用增强。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷挤压 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用简单的术语来说，冷挤压可以定义为迫使未加热的金属流过成形模具。这是一种通过在室温下压缩使金属塑性变形来成形金属的方法，同时金属处于由工具形成的模腔中。金属至少在一个方向上从模具中流出，并具有所需的横截面轮廓，这是由工具产生的孔口所允许的。冷挤压总是在远低于金属再结晶温度的温度下进行（钢约1100至1300华氏度），因此总是发生加工硬化。在热挤压中，再结晶消除了加工硬化的影响，除非挤压的快速冷却阻止再结晶完成。 |
| Load ratio, R | 负载比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲劳中，疲劳循环中最小载荷与最大载荷的代数比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也称为应力比。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服务器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一种真空操作的伺服电机，用于机动车中，以提供大于驾驶员能力的制动力。 |
| Countersinking | 埋头孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 从钻孔的边缘向外张开以形成截锥形凹陷，以容纳具有锥形头的螺钉，从而提供齐平的配件。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化学元素性质的最小物质单位。原子的最简单描述（玻尔模型）是由一个或多个轨道电子包围的致密原子核。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 摄氏温标 |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K − 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （摄氏度温度标度）现在以开尔文绝对温度标度定义的相对非国际温度标度为°C=K-273.15，其中°C是摄氏度的符号。该刻度以前称为摄氏度刻度，有两个固定点：冰的熔点（冰点）为0°C，水的沸点（蒸汽点）为100°C。 |
| Friction materials | 摩擦材料 |
Materials having a high coefficient of friction which, when coupled with a long life, may be employed as brake linings or the facing of the plates of a clutch. 具有高摩擦系数的材料，当与长寿命相结合时，可用作制动衬片或离合器片的饰面。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 烧结 |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一种固态扩散致密化工艺，用于从粉末、粒状、网状、穿孔片或纤维形式的原材料中生产物体，尤其是多孔物体，方法是加热至低于熔点的温度，直到成分结合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金属。烧结材料的应用包括过滤、分离、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化温度的高温下加热时，通过分子或原子引力将大量颗粒的相邻表面结合起来。烧结增强了粉末质量，通常会产生致密化，在粉末金属中还会产生再结晶。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 万向节（胡克接头） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一种双枢轴连接，允许动力和扭矩以一定角度在两个轴之间传递。对于输入磁轭的恒定驱动角速度，输出磁轭的角速度根据轴的相交角度波动。当插入中间轴时，驱动轴和从动轴的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接头），中间轴的两端都有万向节。主动轴和从动轴必须与中间轴倾斜相等，中间轴的两个叉必须位于同一平面内。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 设计荷载（单位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或结构在正常运行条件下预期承受的最大负载。 |
| Wrought iron | 锻铁 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一种高韧性（但各向异性）的铁，含有细长的矿渣纤维，由生铁中多余的碳燃烧和加工的制造方法产生。屈服强度约为200MPa，抗拉强度为320MPa，50mm标距上的面积缩减率高达35%。现在被钢所取代。 |
| Precision | 精确 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 单个重复测量或测试结果之间的一致性。测量误差的标准偏差可用作“不精确性”的度量 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 钢或铸铁中的游离碳。 |
| Nut factor | 螺母系数 |
An experimental constant used to evaluate or describe the ratio between the torque applied to a fastener and the Preload achieved as a result. 用于评估或描述施加在紧固件上的扭矩与由此获得的预载之间的比率的实验常数。 |
| Sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| Connecting rod | 连杆 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （连杆）将动力从一个系统传递到另一个系统的连杆，通常由线性运动变为旋转运动，如图所示，连杆将活塞连接到往复式压缩机或泵的曲轴或内燃机的曲轴上。大端（底端）是连接到曲轴一个曲柄销上轴承的大端。小端（小端）通过活塞销连接到活塞上。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化镜硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 与落在被测材料上的菱形锤的回弹高度相关的数字。通过将锤子从淬火（达到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具钢试块上的平均回弹分为100个单位来测量。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物学、医学、农业等方面的应用。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水过滤器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽设备中的过滤器，用于在将冷凝水添加到给水中之前去除冷凝水中的颗粒物。 |
| Slug | 猛击 |
1. A starting workpiece for forging and similar operations, such as a length of wire or rod to make a bolt blank on which a thread can be rolled or cut. 2. (geepound) An obsolete imperial (non-SI) unit of mass, being the mass which under an acceleration of one foot per second squared gives a force of one pound-force. The conversion to SI is 1 slug = 14.593 902 94 kg. 3. A large-scale flow structure which occurs in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe. 1.一种用于锻造和类似操作的起始工件，如用于制造螺栓毛坯的一段线材或棒材，在该毛坯上可以轧制或切割螺纹。2.（吉磅）一种已被淘汰的英制（非国际单位制）质量单位，在一英尺/秒平方加速度下产生一磅力的质量。转化为SI国际单位制的转化率为1slug=14.59390294kg。3.一种大规模流动结构，其发生在管道中从层流到湍流的过渡中。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼装置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 机动车辆上的一种转向联动装置，在转向点附近两个车轮几乎不会打滑。这是通过使内短轴（在转弯曲线的内侧）比外短轴移动更大的角度来实现的。 |
| Rated load (Unit N) | 额定负荷（单位：N） |
The maximum load that a structure or component has been designed to carry. 结构或部件设计承受的最大荷载。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱状结构 |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由单向生长形成的平行细长晶粒的粗略结构，最常见于铸件中，但有时也出现在伴随固态转变的扩散生长产生的结构中。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉积量计 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降计）在空气污染研究中使用的仪器，用于测量在给定条件下在给定时间内沉积在给定区域上的污染物量。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 热力学循环的净功与实际功之比。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 贝氏体硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化处理主要导致贝氏体的形成。 |
| Compression member | 压缩构件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一种结构部件，其上的主要载荷是压缩的。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金钢经淬火产生马氏体，在550°C以上回火时产生细小沉淀的过程，这抑制了位错运动，扭转了在较高回火温度下强度降低的趋势。 |
| Noble metals | 贵金属 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金属元素，即钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金。它们抗腐蚀和氧化，用于电触点、薄膜电路和电镀。用于珠宝的金、银和铂也被称为贵金属。它们具有面心立方晶体结构和良好的延展性。 |
| Square | 正方 |
1. A regular quadrilateral, i.e. a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. An instrument to check angles of internal and external surfaces and flatness. 1.正四边形，即具有四条等边和四个直角的多边形。2.一种检查内外表面角度和平面度的仪器。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷却盘管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一种简单的热交换器，由通常由铜或不锈钢制成的盘管组成，冷却剂如制冷剂、冷冻水或与乙二醇混合的水通过盘管循环。应用包括空调、工艺冷却和制冷。 |
| Induction tempering | 感应回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| Remaining stress | 残留应力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在应力松弛试验期间在给定时间内剩余的应力。参见压力松弛。 |
| Decompression chamber | 减压舱 |
A chamber in which ambient-air pressure can be increased to levels found in deep-sea diving. It is used to gradually acclimatize divers back to normal conditions and avoid ‘the bends’. 环境气压可以提高到深海潜水水平的腔室。它用于逐渐使潜水员适应正常条件，避免“弯曲”。 |
| Transfer machines | 转印机 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 当零件在自动输送机上移动时，这些专用机床用于对零件或夹具中的零件执行各种加工操作，自动输送机是机床设置的一部分。在设置中，零件可以从其入口点直线移动到其出口点，或者设置可以构造为U形，以便零件在其起点附近排出。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式电极炉 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一种通过使用浸入陶瓷衬里中的电极加热熔融盐浴对零件进行液体渗碳的炉。 |
| Tyre | 轮胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 车轮罩安装在轮辋上的柔性环形罩，用于支撑车辆（如机动车、飞机或自行车）的重量，并将动力和扭矩传递到路面。有些充气轮胎是直接充气的，有些轮胎有单独的内胎充气。对于某些应用，使用实心轮胎。 |
| Subcritical annealing | 不完全退火 |
A process anneal performed on ferrous alloys at a temperature below Ac1. 在低于Ac1的温度下对铁合金进行的工艺退火。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里温度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性转变温度，低于此温度金属或合金为铁磁性，高于此温度则为顺磁性。 |
| Working section | 工作区 |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 风洞中放置模型进行测试或进行详细测量的部分。 |
| Grip length | 夹紧长度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夹紧在一起的所有部件的总厚度，包括垫圈、垫圈和接头构件。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 热能（单位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 内能的感知和潜在形式。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次应力（单位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 与主要荷载引起的应力不同，但主要荷载产生的应力；例如，桶装压缩试件和锻件周围产生的环向应力。 |
| Closed-die forging | 闭模锻造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一对具有待制造部件的阴模的模具（闭模）内通过压缩形成工件，多余的金属在模具相遇处作为飞边排出。 |
| Length of engagement | 啮合长度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺纹和内螺纹具有理论接触的轴向测量。 |
| Nanomanufacturing | 纳米制造 |
1. The manufacture of nanoscale materials. 2. The manufacture of components or devices that have critical dimensions of order 1 nm. 1.纳米材料的制造。2.具有1nm级临界尺寸的部件或装置的制造。 |
| Gauge | 测量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于测量或检查尺寸的仪器，包括可调节量规（例如千分尺）和不可调节量规（例如指示制造过程中组件允许的最大和最小尺寸的通过/不通过限制量规）。2. 常用于表示仪器的术语，例如压力表。3.根据标准的线材直径或片材厚度。4.铁路轨道的钢轨之间的距离。 |
| Elastic deformation | 弹性变形 |
A change in dimensions directly proportional to and in phase with an increase or decrease in applied force. 尺寸的变化与施加的力的增加或减少成正比并同相。 |
| Dew point | 压力露点 |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 气体开始凝结成液体的温度和压力。 |
| Percent error | 误差百分比 |
For testing machines, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the error to the correct value of the applied load. 对于试验机，以百分比表示的误差与所施加载荷的正确值之比。 |
| Fit | 装配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用术语，用于表示配合零件设计中公差和公差的特定组合可能导致的紧密性范围。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一种环形合成橡胶环，位于加工成平面或圆柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Wheel | 轮 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一个实心圆盘，或一个带有辐条的圆环，辐条从一个中心毂放射出来，或附在一个绕其旋转的轴上，或与一个旋转轴一起旋转。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 减压阀 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 将压力容器或流体动力系统中的最大压力限制在规定水平的阀门。 |
| System engineering | 系统工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一种将所有学科和专业组整合到团队工作中的方法，形成从概念到生产再到运营的结构化开发过程。 |
| GGas turbine | G燃气轮机 |
An engine in which air, compressed by a multi-stage axial compressor and/or one or more centrifugal compressors, flows into a combustion chamber (or chambers) where fuel is burned and the hot gases then drive an axial turbine which powers the compressor. 由多级轴流压缩机和/或一个或多个离心压缩机压缩的空气流入燃烧室（或多个燃烧室），在燃烧室中燃烧燃料，然后热气体驱动轴流涡轮，为压缩机提供动力。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 热力学压力（单位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流体密度，T是流体的绝对温度。 |
| Engine emissions | 发动机排放 |
(exhaust emissions) The pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine. （废气排放）内燃机废气中所含的污染物。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可热处理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一种可以通过热处理硬化的合金。 |
| Principal stress (normal) | 主应力（正常） |
The maximum or minimum value of the normal stressat a point in a plane considered with respect to all possible orientations of the considered plane. On such principal planes the shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of stress at a point may be: (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of the three principal stresses are zero; (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only one of the three principal stresses is zero; or (3) triaxial, a state of stress in which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either biaxial or triaxial stress. 相对于所考虑平面的所有可能方向，所考虑平面中某点处的法向应力的最大值或最小值。在这样的主平面上，剪切应力为零。在三个相互垂直的平面上有三个主应力。一点的应力状态可以是：（1）单轴，三个主应力中的两个为零的应力；（2）双轴，三个主应力中只有一个为零的应力状态；或（3）三轴，即主应力均不为零的应力状态。多轴应力是指双轴或三轴应力。 |
| Calorizing | 热化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通过在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齿轮传动 |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原则上，切向接触的圆盘之间的摩擦可用于在轴之间传递旋转和动力，但动力水平非常有限，速比受滑动的影响。为了使驱动积极，使用齿轮代替，齿轮中的齿延伸到理想滚动接触的圆盘直径（节圆直径）的上方和下方。该图显示了直齿轮的名称，这是平行轴之间最简单的齿轮传动类型，其形状为圆柱形，直齿平行于旋转轴。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流体运动的特点是无序、旋转（即旋涡）三维速度波动，覆盖广泛的频率和长度尺度。压力、温度和其他流体特性也会波动，热、质量和动量的扩散会大大增强。与层流和过渡流一样，牛顿流体的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，该方程原则上可以通过直接数值模拟（DNS）求解，在直接数值模拟中，波动运动的所有时间和长度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲劳失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 当经历疲劳的试样完全断裂成两部分或因热加热或开裂而软化或刚度显着降低时发生的失效。 |
| Maximum continuous load | 最大连续负载 |
(maximum continuous rating) (Unit kg/s) The maximum rate of steam output that a boiler can supply for a specified period, usually 24 hours. （最大连续额定功率）（单位为kg/s）锅炉在规定时间内（通常为24小时）可供应的最大蒸汽输出率。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 热疲劳 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于温度梯度的存在而产生的疲劳，温度梯度随时间变化，从而在结构中产生循环应力。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孪晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重结晶过程中晶体中的孪晶形式。 |
| Homogenizing | 均质化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高温以消除或减少扩散引起的化学偏析。 |
| Fatigue test | 疲劳测试 |
A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)stresses a material can withstand without failing. 一种确定材料可以承受而不会失效的交变（波动）应力范围的方法。 |
| Turboblower | 涡轮鼓风机 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 离心式或轴流式压缩机或风扇。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸标注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程图纸上对部件每个特征的尺寸（例如长度、半径、角度或间距）和相对位置（例如角位置）的规范。数值通常包括公差。尺寸不应超过制造组件所需的尺寸。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真应力（σ）（单位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通过将给定时刻施加在构件上的荷载除以其作用的横截面积而获得的值。与工程应力相比。施加在试样上的荷载除以其作用的当前横截面积。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷载除以其作用的原始横截面面积得出的工程应力，ε是真实应变。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 离心式压缩机 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一种压缩机，其中动能通过叶轮中的径向加速度添加到流体中，然后通过扩散器的流动转换为压力增加。 |
| Compressor blades | 压缩机叶片 |
The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor(s) and stator(s) of an axial-flow compressor. The aerodynamic design is more critical than is the case for turbine blades because there is an increase in pressure across each row of blades. The arrows in the diagram indicate the flow direction relative to the blades. 形成轴流式压缩机的转子和定子的翼型叶片。空气动力学设计比涡轮叶片的情况更为关键，因为每排叶片的压力都会增加。图中的箭头表示相对于叶片的流动方向。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| Ferrite | 铁素体 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一种或多种元素在体心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（例如，铁酸铬），否则通常假定溶质为碳。在一些平衡图上，有两个铁素体区域被一个奥氏体区域隔开。下部区域为α铁素体；上部，δ铁氧体。如果没有指定，则假定为 α 铁氧体。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（单位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s², so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物体上的吸引力。物体的重量是其质量和该点引力场强度的乘积。质量保持不变，但重量取决于物体在地球表面的位置，随着海拔的升高而减小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，则质量m的重量由W=mg给出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度约为9.81m/s²，因此1千克质量的重量为9.81N。更一般地说，重量是在另一个物体的重力场中施加在物体质量上的力。 |
| Pre-stress | 预应力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡胶硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 测量负载下压痕深度的橡胶类材料的压痕硬度。这是对弹性模量的测量，而不是对韧性材料的屈服应力，因为卸载橡胶材料时几乎没有（如果有的话）永久压痕。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| Total combustion air (Unit kg/s) | 总燃烧空气（单位：kg/s） |
1. The combination of the stoichiometric flow of air required for combustion together with any excess air. 2. The flow of fresh air into a boiler plus any flue gas recirculated. 1.燃烧所需的化学计量空气流与任何过量空气的组合。2.进入锅炉的新鲜空气流加上再循环的任何烟气。 |
| Verified loading range | 验证加载范围 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 对于试验机，试验机在规定允许偏差范围内给出结果的指示载荷范围。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式湿度计 |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通过吸收到吸湿介质中来确定大气中水蒸气含量的仪器。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接触强度（单位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 换算成应力的接触体之间的最大允许载荷。 |
| Q-factor | 品质因素 |
(quality factor, sharpness of resonance) A non-dimensional parameter that describes, for a given resonant mode, the sharpness of the peak in the frequency response of a lightly-damped linear oscillator: Q = ωRES/Δω where ωRES is the resonance frequency and Δω is the half-power bandwidth of the resonance. It is inversely related to the damping such that a broad peak corresponds to high damping and a narrow peak to low damping. （品质因数，共振尖锐度）一个无量纲参数，用于描述给定共振模式下，轻阻尼线性振荡器频率响应峰值的尖锐度：Q=ωRES/Δω，其中ωRES是共振频率，Δω是共振的半功率带宽。它与阻尼成反比，因此宽峰值对应于高阻尼，窄峰值对应于低阻尼。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 带腰柄的紧固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄径ds |
| Pressure loss (Unit Pa) | 压力损失（单位Pa） |
The loss in stagnation pressure in internal flow due to wall friction and minor losses in fittings. 壁面摩擦引起的内部流动停滞压力损失和配件的微小损失。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通过含有磨料颗粒的高速水射流切割岩石等材料。 |
| Cementation | 胶结 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高温下通过扩散将一种或多种元素引入金属物体的外部。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡试验筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一种闭路循环水隧洞，其中静压可降至足够低的水平，以便进行气蚀研究。 |
| Junker machine | 容克机 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的测试机，用于测试紧固件的抗振性。 |
| Sample average | 样本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m³) | 比重（γ）（单位：N/m³） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物质单位体积的重量：W是物质体积的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 过共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共晶的合金系统中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微观结构包含一些共晶结构。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口铸铁和某些钢在长时间退火过程中形成的细小、明显的无定形碳颗粒。也称为回火碳。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷载（单位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋转力施加在物体上的载荷分量，如齿轮，倾向于引起或阻止旋转。 |
| Taper pins | 圆锥销 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其长度逐渐变细的圆形横截面的销钉或销钉。用于在轴上定位和固定机器零件的钢销。 |
| Coefficient of discharge (CD) | 流量系数（CD） |
For flow through a nozzle or orifice plate, the ratio of the actual mass flow rate to the theoretical mass flow rate calculated assuming the flow to be isentropic. The coefficient of velocity (velocity coefficient) is the corresponding ratio of the actual average velocity to the theoretical value. For incompressible flow, the theoretical flow rate and velocity can be calculated using Bernoulli’s equation. 对于通过喷嘴或孔板的流量，实际质量流量与假设流量为等熵计算的理论质量流量之比。速度系数（速度系数）是实际平均速度与理论值的对应比。对于不可压缩流，可以使用伯努利方程计算理论流量和速度。 |
| Pressure tap | 测压口 |
A small hole in the wall of a pipe or pressure vessel to which is attached a tube, the other end of which is connected to one side of a pressure transducer. 管子或压力容器壁上的小孔，与管子相连，管子的另一端与压力传感器的一侧相连。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起动阀（调节器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 将蒸汽从锅炉送入蒸汽机汽缸的阀门。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 顶隙（单位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 对于螺纹和齿轮，螺纹（或齿轮）的顶部与啮合螺纹（或齿轮）的根部之间的径向间隙。 |
| Mode of failure | 故障模式 |
The various ways in which a material can fail when subjected to loading, surface damage, chemical attack, heating, cooling, or radiation, in either isolation or combination. The failure modes include fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion, erosion, and embrittlement. 材料在受到载荷、表面损伤、化学侵蚀、加热、冷却或辐射时，可能发生失效的各种方式，无论是单独还是组合。失效模式包括断裂、疲劳、蠕变、腐蚀、侵蚀和脆化。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲劳条纹 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在电子显微镜断口图或疲劳断口表面中经常观察到平行线。这些线横向于局部裂纹扩展方向；连续线之间的距离表示在一个应力变化周期内裂纹前沿的前进。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一种热交换器，通过将物质的温度降低到饱和温度以下，将其从气相变为液相。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化导致的系统、组件或结构失效。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺纹 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺纹加工是一种通过使用实心或自开模具在圆柱形或锥形表面上切削外螺纹的加工工艺。模具螺纹加工是一种比滚丝加工更慢的外螺纹加工方法，但它比车床中的单点螺纹加工要快。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷却。适用时，应使用以下更具体的术语：盐水淬火、碱淬火、冷模淬火、强制空气淬火、强淬火、油淬火、压力淬火、喷射淬火、直接淬火、雾淬火、热淬火、间断淬火、选择性淬火、时间淬火和水淬火。1.通过将物体放入水、油、盐、熔融金属或其他介质的浴中快速冷却的过程。这是一种热处理方法，特别用于形成回火钢前的马氏体。浴温度是淬火温度。2.燃烧的抑制。3.在活塞式发动机中，燃烧过程中一部分气体的冷却，通常通过减小活塞顶和气缸盖之间的间隙来实现。 |
| Screw pump | 螺杆泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一种容积式泵，使用一个或多个在外壳内旋转的螺旋转子输送液体或泥浆。 |
| Screw machine | 螺丝机 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一种用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的机床。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Bearing area | 承载面积 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m²) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 轴承测试中销（或孔）直径和试样厚度的乘积。（承载面）（单位m²）承载横向载荷的孔（例如铆钉孔）的投影面积。 |
| Initial strain | 初始应变 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕变试验中（蠕变发生之前）达到给定载荷条件后，试样立即产生的应变。有时称为瞬时应变。 |
| Swept volume (Unit m³) | 扫描体（单位m³) |
In the cylinder of a piston engine or other device, the volume between top and bottom dead centre positions of a piston; equal to πR2S where R is the piston radius and S is the stroke. 在活塞发动机或其他装置的气缸中，活塞上止点和下止点位置之间的体积；等于πR2S，其中R是活塞半径，S是冲程。 |
| Mohs scale | 莫氏硬度 |
A scale of scratch hardness originally developed for minerals. 最初为矿物开发的划痕硬度标尺。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中负荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的区域上的部件上的载荷，理想化为楔形或刀刃的线载荷和锥体的点载荷。 |
| Compression wave | 压缩波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨胀波）在流体或固体中，压缩介质传播的行波或波前。 |
| Macrodeviation | 宏观偏差 |
Errors from–irregular surface departures from the design profile, often caused by lack of accuracy or stiffness of the machine system. 不规则表面偏离设计轮廓的误差，通常是由于机器系统缺乏准确性或刚度造成的。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度测试 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm² but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一种试验，其中不同的硬压头在不同载荷下压入固体表面，以产生永久压痕，所产生的压力称为硬度。布氏试验采用球形压头；维氏硬度测试是一个方形金字塔。压痕硬度H与单轴屈服应力Y之间的关系约为H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm²为单位，但现在通常在Pa.2中给出。划痕和锉刀硬度测试要么与一种材料能够标记另一种材料（矿物的莫氏硬度标度）有关，要么与刚性压头在表面上滑动产生的凹槽大小有关。3.回弹硬度涉及掉落压头或旋转臂端部压头撞击表面后的回弹高度。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶断裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶体材料中的断裂，其中裂纹路径主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Notch ductility | 缺口延展性 |
The percentage reduction in area after complete separation of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen. 在缺口试样的拉伸试验中，金属完全分离后的面积减少百分比。 |
| Aspect ratio | 纵横比 |
The ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a shape or object e.g. the chord-to-thickness ratio of an aerofoil or the span-to-chord ratio of a wing. 形状或物体的最长与最短尺寸之比，例如机翼的弦厚比或机翼的翼展弦比。 |
| Tightness, acceptable | 密封性，可接受的 |
Wholly leak-free joints are impossible, at least if the contained fluid is a gas, so it has been proposed that the design of a gasketed joint should start with the selection of an ‘‘acceptable’’ leak rate. The designer would dimension bolts and joint members so that the actual leak rate would never exceed this. Three standard levels of tightness have been proposed as well. 至少在所含流体为气体的情况下，完全无泄漏的接头是不可能的，因此有人建议，垫圈接头的设计应从选择“可接受”的泄漏率开始。设计师将确定螺栓和接头构件的尺寸，以便实际泄漏率永远不会超过此值。还提出了三种标准的密封性等级。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶断裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集体中的晶粒或晶体之间发生的开裂或断裂。也称为晶间断裂。 |
| Young’s modulus | 杨氏模量 |
A term used synonymously with modulus of elasticity. The ratio of tensile or compressive stresses to the resulting strain. 与弹性模量同义的术语。拉伸或压缩应力与产生应变的比率。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂纹尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 从基准面到观察到的裂纹前沿的距离。该距离可以表示沿裂纹前沿的若干测量的平均值。基准面取决于试样形状，通常视为边界或包含试样或板的载重线或中心线的平面。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大致对应于冷加工状态，超过该状态，材料就不能再通过弯曲形成。在规范中，完全硬质回火通常定义为与完全退火后的特定冷压下率百分比相对应的最小硬度或最小抗拉强度（或者，硬度或强度范围）。对于铝来说，完全硬回火相当于从极软状态减少75%；对于奥氏体不锈钢，减少约50%至55%。 |
| SI system | SI国际单位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的缩写，即国际单位计量系统——一种基于旧公制的国际公认计量单位系统。 |
| Profiling machine | 仿形机 |
(profile milling machine) A milling machine in which the cutter is guided by the contour of a pattern having the required shape. （仿形铣床）铣刀由具有所需形状的图案轮廓引导的铣床。 |
| Magnetic test | 磁性测试 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. The test works by utilizing the change in magnetic properties of metals at their Curie point–the temperature above which metals lose their magnetism. 用于测试各种淬火剂的热提取率的方法。该测试通过利用金属在居里点（即金属失去磁性的温度）的磁性变化来进行。 |
| Dynamic recovery | 动态恢复 |
A process occurring in hot working of metals in which a fine subgrain structure forms within the elongated grains due to annihilation of dislocations due to easy cross slip and climb. It results in a lowering of the flow stress. Dynamic recovery, as opposed to dynamic recrystallization that occurs in hot working, occurs in metals of high stacking fault energy such as aluminum, αiron, and most bcc metals. 金属热加工中发生的一种过程，由于易于交叉滑动和攀爬，位错湮灭，细长晶粒内形成细亚晶粒结构。这导致流动应力降低。与热加工中发生的动态再结晶相反，动态回复发生在高层错能金属中，如铝、α铁和大多数bcc金属。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸机器、机构、系统或装置，测量其组成部分，并识别所用材料，以便在需要时可以生产出功能正常的复制品。 |
| Tempered martensite embrittlement | 回火马氏体脆化 |
Embrittlement of ultrahigh-strength steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205 to 400 °C (400 to 750 °F); also called 350 °C or 500 °F embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prioraustenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the segregation of impurities at prioraustenite grain boundaries. 超高强度钢在205至400°C（400至750°F）温度范围内回火引起的脆化；也称为350°C或500°F脆化。回火马氏体脆化被认为是由于渗碳体沉淀在原奥氏体晶界或层间晶界上以及杂质在原奥氏体晶粒边界处偏析的综合影响。 |
| Bar | 巴（气压单位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105 Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0ºC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4ºC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一种广泛使用的（非SI）压力单位，大约等于海平面上的正常大气压。转换为SI为1bar=105Pa。压力单位——0ºC时75.006厘米高的水银柱或4ºC时约33.45英尺水柱产生的压力。它等于105帕斯卡。标准大气压（海平面）为1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Galvanic protection | 电流保护 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide galvanic protection if it is more anodic than the fastener and will, therefore, be destroyed instead of the fastener. Zinc plate (galvanizing) provides galvanic protection to steel fasteners, for example. 如果紧固件上的涂层比紧固件更具阳极性，则据说它可以提供电流保护，将会因此被破坏而不是紧固。例如，锌板（镀锌）为钢紧固件提供电流保护。 |
| Caterpillar | 毛虫式履带 |
(crawler vehicle) A vehicle that ‘lays its own road’ by running on endless belts, driven by toothed wheels, on each side. Used on soft ground where spreading of the load reduces contact stress. （履带式车辆）通过在每一侧由齿轮驱动的环形皮带运行来“铺设自己的道路”的车辆。用于负载分散可减少接触应力的松软地面。 |
| Fatigue wear | 疲劳磨损 |
Wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising from material fatigue. 由材料疲劳引起的断裂引起的固体表面磨损。 |
| Stiffness | 刚度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金属或形状抵抗弹性变形的能力。（2）所述应力增加速率相对于在所述金属或形状中诱导的应变增加速率；产生给定应变所需的应力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接头 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由两个平行悬臂梁压在梁之间的部件上形成的接头。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 机器人中的关节对应于人的腰部，即提供绕垂直轴的旋转。在关节式机器人中，第一个关节安装在基架上。 |
| Torque meter | 扭矩计 |
An instrument for measuring torque using spring-loaded, piezoelectric, or strain-gauged devices. 使用弹簧加载、压电或应变测量装置测量扭矩的仪器。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 迈耶硬度（单位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 与布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面积而不是表面面积。 |
| Physical testing | 物理测试 |
Methods used to determine the entire range of physical properties of a material. In addition to density and thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, physical testing methods can be used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color, crystalline form, and melting point. 用于确定材料整个物理特性范围的方法。除了密度和热、电、磁特性外，物理测试方法还可用于评估简单的基本物理特性，如颜色、结晶形式和熔点。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 适用于冷加工低碳钢或中碳钢的亚临界退火处理。与最终退火相比，精加工退火是一种折衷处理，可降低残余应力，从而最大限度地降低加工中的变形风险，同时保留冷加工对可加工性的大部分好处。 |
| Overheating | 过热 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 将金属或合金加热至其性能受损的高温。当通过进一步热处理、机械加工或加工与热处理的组合无法恢复原始性能时，过热称为燃烧。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷却应力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷却过程中温度分布不均匀导致的残余应力。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩尔（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. SI国际单位制中物质量的基本单位。此前，它被定义为一个系统中的物质量，该系统包含的基本实体数量与0.012千克碳-12中的原子数量相同。从2019年5月20日起，它已被定义为包含6.02214076×1023个基本实体的物质量。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 压力（p）（单位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在热力学和流体力学中，每单位面积流体施加的压缩力。流体施加在表面上的压力垂直于表面。 |
| Anode | 阳极 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 电池或腐蚀电池中产生电子的电极。被破坏（腐蚀）的是电极。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| Maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低温度计 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, Six’s thermometer) A liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高温度计，Six's温度计）一种液体玻璃仪器，用于记录给定时间段内经历的最高和最低温度。 |
| Spring constant | 弹簧常数 |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在弹簧（或螺栓）上的力与其挠度之间的比率。具有每单位长度变化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也称为刚度。 |
| Stress relaxation | 应力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定挠曲条件下，零件（如螺栓）内的应力水平缓慢降低，该零件承受重荷载。蠕变的“表亲”，是在恒定应力条件下几何结构的缓慢变化。在恒定温度下，由于蠕变，固体在恒定应变下的应力随时间变化的减小。金属的应力松弛行为通常显示在应力松弛曲线中。 |
| Computational domain | 计算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他数值方法中，执行计算的区域或体积以及在其外围指定边界条件的区域或体积。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系数（μ） |
(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （动摩擦系数、滑动摩擦系数、摩擦系数，μ）两个接触表面之间摩擦力F与法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。静摩擦是指没有相对滑动时；有摩擦时的动摩擦。对于相互滑动的结构部件，摩擦系数是引起滑动的力与垂直于滑动部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系数是无量纲的，其值介于0和1之间。代表一种材料沿另一种材料的表面滑动或滚动所需的力的数字。如果一个物体的重量为N并且摩擦系数为μ，那么在没有加速度的情况下沿水平表面移动它所需的力F为F=μN。静摩擦系数决定了启动运动所需的力；动摩擦系数决定了保持运动所需的力。动摩擦通常小于静摩擦。两个物体之间的力（F）与将这些物体压在一起的法向力（N）的无量纲比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Circular pitch | 齿距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在节线上测量的从一个轮齿中心到下一个轮齿中心的距离。 |
| Pressure difference (Unit Pa) | 压差（单位Pa） |
(pressure differential, Δp) The difference between two pressures, one of which may be a reference pressure such as barometric pressure. In many flow processes, the pressure difference is more important than the absolute pressure level. （压差，Δp）两个压力之间的差值，其中一个压力可以是参考压力，如大气压力。在许多流动过程中，压差比绝对压力水平更重要。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 纵向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金属中的主要流动方向。另请参见法向和横向。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 两级压缩机 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一种机器，其中气体在低压气缸中从低压压缩到中压，然后在高压气缸中压缩到最终压力。如果两个气缸由中冷器分离，则效率提高。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 断裂负荷（单位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某个点施加到导致断裂的部件或结构的载荷。断裂应力（断裂强度）是构件断裂时的平均应力，由断裂载荷除以其作用的面积给出。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全阀（安全泄压阀） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根据法律安装在所有压力容器（如蒸汽锅炉）上的机械阀，其打开以防止内部压力超过该容器的最大设计值。一旦压力降至安全水平，阀门将再次关闭。 |
| Absolute humidity | 绝对湿度 |
The weight of water vapor in a gadwater vapor mixture per unit volume of space occupied, expressed, for example, in grains or pounds per cubic foot. 单位体积空间占用的水蒸气混合物中水蒸气的重量，例如，以谷物或磅/立方英尺表示。 |
| Compression | 压缩 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加载，其主要作用是挤压和缩短部件或试件。2.压力增加导致物质体积减少和密度增加。 |
| Hypoeutectoid alloy | 亚共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈现共析的合金系统中，与共析成分相比，其成分具有过量母材的任何合金，并且其平衡微观结构包含一些共析结构。 |
| Turbine | 涡轮 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 绝对比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同温度下，任何体积的物质的重量与等体积的参考物质的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，两者都是在真空中测量的，以避免任何浮力的影响。 |
| Clearance hole | 间隙孔 |
A hole of specified size such that a bolt, stud, etc. of the same nominal size will always pass through. 指定尺寸的孔，使相同标称尺寸的螺栓、螺柱等可以通过。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多个数据点的平均值。通过将所有数据的总和除以数据点的数量来计算。 |
| Transducer | 传感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋弹簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“发条”）或螺旋（圆柱形）弹簧。以螺旋状缠绕的弹簧钢丝。 |
| Austempered steels | 等温钢 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等温淬火，机械性能得到改善的中高碳钢。在加热到800°和900°C之间形成奥氏体相后，将它们淬火并保持在略高于马氏体转变范围（260°和370°C之间）以形成贝氏体，然后进一步冷却。球墨铸铁的等温淬火导致贝氏体和球状石墨的微观结构。等温淬火球墨铸铁具有优异的韧性和耐磨性。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 设计热负荷（单位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日数的加热要求，或在给定的外部温度下将建筑物或其他封闭空间保持在指定温度下所需的加热要求。 |
| Nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| Shim | 垫片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一块薄的材料，如厚度精确已知的金属，放置在两个表面之间，以确保它们之间的距离正确。放置在两个表面之间以获得适当配合、调整或对齐的一块薄材料。还可以对工件进行分析，以测量熔炉碳势（也就是说，在熔炉中，工件将快速渗碳至与熔炉碳势能相等的水平）。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一个通用术语，表示一种处理，包括加热并保持在合适的温度，然后以合适的速率冷却，主要用于软化金属材料，但也同时产生其他性能或微观结构的所需变化。 |
| Hardenability | 淬透性 |
Defined as the ability of a ferrous material to acquire hardness after austenitization and quenching. The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface where the metal exhibits a specific hardness (50 HRC, for example) or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. 定义为黑色金属材料在奥氏体化和淬火后获得硬度的能力。铁合金从高于上临界温度的温度淬火时形成马氏体的相对能力。淬透性通常以淬火表面下方的距离来测量，金属在淬火表面处表现出特定硬度（例如50HRC）或微观结构中马氏体的特定百分比。 |
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